U.S. patent number 10,420,199 [Application Number 15/019,313] was granted by the patent office on 2019-09-17 for methods and apparatuses for treating agricultural matter.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Applied Quantum Energies, LLC. The grantee listed for this patent is Applied Quantum Engeries, LLC. Invention is credited to Rick Jarvis, George Paskalov, Jerzy P. Puchacz, Benjamin Wolfe.
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United States Patent |
10,420,199 |
Wolfe , et al. |
September 17, 2019 |
Methods and apparatuses for treating agricultural matter
Abstract
Methods and apparatuses to activate, modify, and sanitize the
surfaces of granular, powdered, or seed material placed in a
continuous flow of a low-temperature, reduced-pressure gas plasma.
Said plasma may be created with radio-frequency power, using
capacitive-inductive, or a combination of both types of discharge.
The plasma is generated at pressures in the 0.01 to 10 Torr range.
RF frequency ranges from 0.2 to 220 MHz, and correspond to a plasma
density between about
n.sub.e.times.10.sup.8-n.sub.e.times.10.sup.12 or 0.001 to 0.4
W/cm.sup.3. Inserts and electrodes may be temperature controlled to
control process conditions. RF discharge may be pulsed or modulated
by different frequency in order to stimulate energy exchange
between gas plasma and process material. The apparatuses may be
grounded, biased and mechanically activated (e.g., vibration,
rotation, etc.).
Inventors: |
Wolfe; Benjamin (Naples,
FL), Paskalov; George (Torrance, CA), Jarvis; Rick
(Naples, FL), Puchacz; Jerzy P. (Pleasanton, CA) |
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Applied Quantum Engeries, LLC |
Naples |
FL |
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
Applied Quantum Energies, LLC
(Naples, FL)
|
Family
ID: |
56565157 |
Appl.
No.: |
15/019,313 |
Filed: |
February 9, 2016 |
Prior Publication Data
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Document
Identifier |
Publication Date |
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US 20160227699 A1 |
Aug 11, 2016 |
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Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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62113819 |
Feb 9, 2015 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H05H
1/46 (20130101); H05H 1/2406 (20130101); A61L
2/14 (20130101); A01C 1/08 (20130101); H05H
2001/466 (20130101); H05H 2001/4682 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
A01C
1/02 (20060101); H05H 1/24 (20060101); B08B
7/00 (20060101); A01C 1/08 (20060101); A61L
2/14 (20060101); H05H 1/46 (20060101) |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
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2227639 |
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Aug 1990 |
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GB |
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2076555 |
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Apr 1997 |
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RU |
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2246814 |
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Feb 2005 |
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RU |
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2013090340 |
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Jun 2013 |
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WO |
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2013090418 |
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Jun 2013 |
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WO |
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2013168038 |
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Nov 2013 |
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WO |
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2014086129 |
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Jun 2014 |
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WO |
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Other References
Bormashenko, Edward et al.; Cold Radiofrequency Plasma Treatment
Modifies Wettability and Germination Speed of Plant Seeds;
Scientific Reports 2:741; Oct. 17, 2012. cited by applicant .
Ling, Li et al.; Effects of cold plasma treatment on seed
germination and seedling growth of soybean; Scientific Reports
4:5859; Jul. 31, 2014. cited by applicant .
Jiang, Jiafeng; Effect of Cold Plasma Treatment on Seed Germination
and Growth of Wheat; Plasma Science and Technology, vol. 16, No. 1;
Jan. 2014. cited by applicant .
Mitra, Anindita et al.; Inactivation of Surface-Borne
Microorganisms and Increased Germination of Seed Specimen by Cold
Atmospheric Plasma; Food Biopress Technol (Springerlink.com); May
9, 2013. cited by applicant .
Jiang, Jiafeng; Effect of Seed Treatment by Cold Plasma on the
Resistance of Tomato to Ralstonia solanacearum (Bacterial Wilt);
Plos One; vol. 9, Issue 5 (www.plosone.org); May 2014. cited by
applicant .
Volin, John et al.; Modification of Seed Germination Performance
through Cold Plasma Chemistry Technology;
https://dl.sciencesocieties.org/publications/cs/abstracts/40/6/1706;
Oct. 13, 1999. cited by applicant .
Flatova, I. et al.; The Effect of Plasma Treatment of Seeds of Some
Grain and Legumes on Their Sowing Quality and Productivity; Paper
presented at the 15th International Conference on Plasma Physics
and Applications, Jul. 1, 2010. cited by applicant.
|
Primary Examiner: Mayekar; Kishor
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Squire Patton Boggs US LLP
Parent Case Text
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent
Application No. 62/113,819, filed on Feb. 9, 2015, the disclosure
of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A treatment module comprising: an airtight cylindrical housing
comprising an external wall and an internal chamber, the housing
having a structural integrity to withstand a low-pressure
environment; an inlet for loading plant seeds into the chamber,
wherein the inlet is sealable and distal to the chamber; a port for
creating a low-pressure environment substantially free of gas and
introducing gas into the chamber; a vacuum connected to the port,
the vacuum being configured to remove gas from the chamber to a
pressure between 0.001 and 10 torr; a plasma generator, selected
from the group consisting of an electrode pair, a coil, and
electrode pair and coil, configured to create a plasma at the
pressure from the gas introduced into the chamber; a plurality of
discs, disposed substantially linearly within the chamber, and; an
egress for unloading plant seeds from the chamber, wherein the
egress is sealable and distal to the chamber.
2. The treatment module of claim 1, wherein the inlet couples with
an egress of a second treatment module and the egress of the second
treatment module couples with an ingress of a third treatment
module.
3. The treatment module of claim 2, wherein the treatment modules
each further comprise a matching network.
4. The treatment module of claim 1, wherein the housing has a
structural integrity to withstand the low-pressure environment of
0.001 to 10 Torr.
5. The treatment module of claim 1, further comprising at least one
volume for receiving liquid from a temperature-controlled
circulating bath.
6. The treatment module of claim 1, wherein the discs are
interchangeable and replaceable.
Description
FIELD OF INVENTION
The present disclosure is directed to methods and apparatuses used
in the treatment of matter. More particularly, the present
disclosure is directed to methods for treating agricultural matter,
such as seeds, with plasma. Further, the present disclosure is
directed to apparatuses for treating agricultural matter with
plasma.
BACKGROUND
Treating agricultural matter for sanitation and germination
purposes is known. Known treatments include washing, scrubbing, and
applying substances (e.g., powder) to agricultural matter. The
treatments may be modified to produce various activation,
modification, and sanitization results.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In one embodiment, a treatment module comprises an airtight
cylindrical housing comprising an external wall and an internal
chamber, the housing having a structural integrity to withstand a
low-pressure environment, at least one inlet for loading plant
seeds into the chamber, wherein the inlet is sealable and distal to
the chamber, and at least one port for creating a low-pressure
environment substantially free of gas and introducing gas into the
chamber. The treatment module further comprises at least one plasma
generator, selected from the group consisting of an electrode pair,
a coil, and electrode pair and coil, for creating a plasma from gas
introduced into the chamber, a plurality of discs, disposed
substantially linearly within the chamber, and at least one egress
for unloading plant seeds from the chamber, wherein the egress is
sealable and distal to the chamber.
In another embodiment, an apparatus comprises a hopper having an
upper opening, a lower opening, and at least one side wall that
connects the upper and lower openings, an elongated, airtight
seed-processing chamber that receives seeds fed through the hopper,
a load lock seal, disposed between the hopper and the airtight
chamber, a vacuum, operably connected to the chamber, for removing
gas from the chamber, and a gas supply, operably connected to the
chamber, for delivering gas to the chamber. The apparatus further
comprises at least one pair of electrodes, disposed about the
chamber, capable of generating a plasma environment, a temperature
regulator comprising a temperature sensor, a temperature control
unit, a temperature control element, a plurality of first inserts,
disposed in the chamber, each first insert having an annular
passage and a cross sectional area that substantially coincides
with the cross sectional area of the chamber, a plurality of second
inserts, disposed in the chamber, each second insert having
apertures and a cross sectional area that substantially coincides
with the cross sectional area of the chamber, and an outlet,
through which seeds processed in the chamber pass, and a load lock
seal, disposed between the chamber and the outlet.
In a different embodiment, a method for treating agricultural
matter comprises providing seeds to a cascading treatment
apparatus, introducing seeds into a chamber in the cascading
treatment apparatus, hindering the vertical flow of seeds within
the chamber with encumbrance structures, evacuating gas from the
chamber, introducing gas to the chamber, ionizing gas introduced
into the chamber, monitoring and regulating ionizing energy within
the chamber, and monitoring and regulating temperature within the
chamber. The method may further comprise the steps of introducing
seeds into a second chamber in the cascading treatment apparatus,
hindering the vertical flow of seeds within the second chamber with
encumbrance structures, evacuating gas from the second chamber,
introducing gas to the second chamber, ionizing gas introduced into
the second chamber, and monitoring and regulating temperature
within the second chamber.
For apparatuses and methods used for treating seeds, a wide variety
of seeds may be used. In one embodiment, the seeds are
broadcasting- or row-crop seeds. In another embodiment, the seeds
are selected from the group consisting of sorghum, tomato, corn,
and alfalfa.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
In the accompanying drawings, structures are illustrated that,
together with the detailed description provided below, describe
exemplary embodiments of the claimed invention. Like elements are
identified with the same reference numerals. It should be
understood that elements shown as a single component may be
replaced with multiple components, and elements shown as multiple
components may be replaced with a single component. The drawings
are not to scale and the proportion of certain elements may be
exaggerated for the purpose of illustration. For the methods
disclosed, the steps described need not be performed in the same
sequence discussed or with the same degree of separation. Likewise,
various steps may be omitted, repeated, or combined, as necessary,
to achieve the same or similar objectives
FIG. 1a is a perspective view of one embodiment of a treatment
apparatus;
FIG. 1b is a perspective view of one embodiment of an insert with
an aperture;
FIG. 1c is a perspective view of one embodiment of an insert;
FIG. 1d is a perspective view of one embodiment of an apparatus
utilizing a coil;
FIG. 2a is a perspective view of an embodiment of the temperature
control element shown in FIG. 1a;
FIG. 2b is a front elevational view of an alternative embodiment of
the temperature control element shown in FIG. 2a;
FIG. 2c is a isometric view of an alternative embodiment of the
temperature control element shown in FIG. 2a;
FIG. 2d is a perspective view of select components of an
alternative embodiment of a treatment apparatus;
FIG. 2e is an alternative embodiment of the components shown in
FIG. 2d;
FIG. 2f is an alternative embodiment of the components shown in
FIG. 2d and FIG. 2e;
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a modular
treatment apparatus;
FIGS. 4a-h are top views of discs and inserts used in the
apparatuses of FIGS. 1-3;
FIGS. 5a-5d are block diagrams depicting RF power source systems
used to create and maintain plasma environments;
FIGS. 6a-6b are flowcharts depicting generalized processes for
treating matter; and
FIGS. 7a-7b are flowcharts depicting processes for treating matter
using a cascade treatment apparatus.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The following includes definitions of selected terms employed
herein. The definitions include various examples and/or forms of
components that fall within the scope of a term and that may be
used for implementation. The examples are not intended to be
limiting. Both singular and plural forms of terms may be within the
definitions.
"Etching" refers to a process for removing a layer of material from
the surface of an object.
"Surface activation," when used in conjunction with plasma
treatments, refers to increasing the reactive properties (e.g.
hydrophilic properties) on an object's surface.
While similar terms used in the following descriptions describe
similar components, it is understood that because the terms carry
slightly different connotations, one of ordinary skill in the art
would not consider any one of the following terms to be purely
interchangeable with any other term used to describe a common
component.
FIG. 1a is a perspective view of one embodiment of a treatment
apparatus 100. The treatment apparatus 100 includes a hopper 105.
Agricultural matter for treatment is placed in hopper 105. As
shown, hopper 105 is a cone with an upper opening, a lower opening,
and a side wall that connects the upper and lower openings. In an
alternative embodiment (not shown), the hopper is pyramidal. In
another alternative embodiment, the hopper can be made
airtight.
Hopper 105 connects to load lock seal 110 and chamber 120. Load
lock seal 110 allows agricultural matter from hopper 105 to travel
to chamber 120 without breaking vacuum conditions in chamber 120.
In an alternative embodiment (not shown), a valve, such as a
four-way valve, replaces the load lock seal. It should be
understood that many valves are suitable. Examples of suitable
valves include without limitation, quarter-turn valves, sliding
gate valves, and solenoid valves all applicable valves.
Apparatus 100 further comprises a housing 115 that surrounds
chamber 120. Housing 115 supports an airtight cylinder that defines
the boundaries of chamber 120. In an alternative embodiment (not
shown), the housing does not define the boundaries of the chamber.
As an example, additional components could be disposed between the
housing and the chamber. In additional embodiments, the housing
and/or chamber are prisms. In further embodiments, the housing
includes an energy shield. As one of ordinary skill in the art will
understand, a variety of shapes may be used for the housing and/or
chamber.
As shown, a plurality of first inserts 125 are disposed within
chamber 120. The first inserts 125 are circular and have a diameter
that substantially coincides with the cross-sectional area of
chamber 120. The diameter of the first inserts 125 substantially
coincides with the cross-sectional area of chamber 120 such that
agricultural matter cannot pass between the edge of the first
inserts 125 and a chamber wall. In an alternative embodiment (not
shown), the first inserts have a cross-sectional area between about
75-95% of the cross-sectional area of the chamber. In another
embodiment, the first inserts have a cross-sectional area between
about 50-70% of the cross-sectional area of the chamber.
In one embodiment, the first inserts 125 are inclined or angled
with respect to the horizon (FIG. 2b and FIG. 2e depict inclined
inserts). Suitable inclination angles include, without limitation,
5-60.degree. with respect to the horizon. In an alternative
embodiment (not shown), only a portion of a first insert is
inclined. In another embodiment, a first insert is curved with
respect to a horizontal plane.
The first inserts 125 feature apertures 130 (as shown in FIG. 1b).
Agricultural matter passes through apertures 130 as its progresses
through chamber 120. As one of ordinary skill in the art will
understand, a wide variety of cross-sectional shapes are suitable
for apertures 130. Additionally, apertures 130 can be tuned to
accommodate different applications. For example, the cross
sectional area of aperture 130 can be decreased to slow the passage
of material through chamber 120. Conversely, the cross sectional
area of apertures 130 can be increased to promote the passage of
material through chamber 120. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1a,
apertures 130 are disposed at the edges of the first inserts 125.
In an alternative embodiment (not shown), the apertures are
disposed on an interior portion of the plates. In additional
alternative embodiments, apertures are scattered across the
inserts. In another embodiment, the apertures are omitted so that
the apparatus lacks apertures and only has edges allowing
agricultural matter to spill off an edge.
In addition to the first inserts 125, a plurality of second inserts
135 are disposed within chamber 120. As shown in FIG. 1c, the
second inserts 135 are inclined or curved and contain an inner ring
that allows agricultural matter to pass through chamber 120 near
the center (i.e., the core) of the chamber. When the first inserts
125 and the second inserts 135 are both curved, the second inserts
135 may be curved opposite of the first inserts 125. In another
embodiment (not shown), the second inserts are flat.
In FIG. 1a, first and second inserts 125,135 are arranged in
alternating fashion. When the first and second inserts are inclined
and interspersed, material is directed between the periphery and
the core of the apparatus 100 as it proceeds through the apparatus.
In embodiments where the inserts are flat, movement produced by,
without limitation, vibration, rocking, or gas diffusion, is used
to direct material to proceed through the apparatus. For
embodiments utilizing mechanical movement, an axis running through
the apparatus could be used as a driving shaft for the mechanical
motion. Additionally, mechanical arms or appendages may be used to
direct material over the inserts or through the chamber.
The first and second inserts are not permanently attached as to
allow for removal and maintenance. The first and second inserts may
be made from a variety of materials, including, without limitation,
dielectrics, metals, and metals coated with dielectric.
Apparatus 100 further comprises a vacuum 140, which removes gas
from apparatus 100. In one embodiment, the vacuum removes gas from
the apparatus to a pressure between 0.01 and 730 torr. In another
embodiment, the vacuum removes gas from the apparatus to a pressure
of between 0.01 and 10 torr. In yet another embodiment, the vacuum
removes gas from the apparatus to a pressure of between about 500
and 1,000 mTorr.
In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1a, vacuum 140 connects to chamber
120 via a hose and port and removes gas from chamber 120. As one of
ordinary skill in the art will understand, vacuum 140 may evacuate
gas from chamber 120 via various airtight pathways (including
intermediate pathways) between chamber 120 and vacuum 140. In an
alternative embodiment (not shown), the apparatus further includes
a valve that seals the port. In an embodiment where the hopper 105
is airtight, the vacuum may also connect to the hopper 105. In yet
another embodiment, the vacuum is provided separately from the
apparatus.
Apparatus 100 further comprises a gas supply 145. Gas supply 145
connects to chamber 120 via a hose and port and provides gas to
chamber 120. In one embodiment, the gas supply provides a variety
of gasses to the chamber, including without limitation, air, water
vapor, nitrogen, oxygen, argon, hydrogen, noble gasses, and various
combinations thereof. In another embodiment, the gas supply
provides nitrogen and oxygen in various combinations. In a
different embodiment, the gas supply provides ambient gas to the
chamber.
As one of ordinary skill in the art will understand, the gas supply
may provide gas to the chamber via various airtight pathways
(including intermediate pathways) between the gas supply and
chamber. In an alternative embodiment (not shown), the apparatus
further includes a valve that seals the port. In another
alternative embodiment, the gas supply and vacuum share a port. In
yet another embodiment, the gas supply is provided separately from
the apparatus. An exemplary flow rate is, without limitation,
0-2,000 sccm.
Apparatus 100 further comprises at least a first electrode 150 and
a second electrode 155. First electrode 150 and second electrode
155 are powered by an RF generator. The electrodes are located on
an opposite sides of exterior surface of chamber 120. The RF
frequency generated ranges from 0.2 to 220 MHz, corresponding to a
plasma density between about
n.sub.e.times.10.sup.8-n.sub.e.times.10.sup.12 or 0.001 to 0.4
W/cm.sup.3. The electrodes may be used to generate capacitively
coupled plasma, helicon, helicoil, inductively coupled plasma, or a
combination of the aforementioned. The electrodes are used in
conjunction with a plasma control unit and RF circuit matching
network (discussed below). In an alternative embodiment (not
shown), the electrodes are separate from the apparatus and do not
form a part of the apparatus.
Apparatus 100 further comprises a temperature control unit 160. In
FIG. 1a, temperature control unit 160 is depicted as a block
temperature display; one of ordinary skill in the art will
understand that temperature control unit 160 comprises a
temperature sensor 165, a processor 170 that regulates temperature,
and a temperature control element 175 (temperature control element
175, which is shown in FIGS. 2a-c, is omitted from FIG. 1). In one
embodiment, the temperature control unit holds temperature within
the chamber and on most surfaces between room temperature
(20-26.degree. C.) and 50.degree. C. In another embodiment, the
temperature control unit holds temperature within the chamber
between room temperature and 45.degree. C. In a different
embodiment, the temperature control unit holds temperature within
the chamber between 0.degree. C. and room temperature.
Temperature sensor 165 senses the temperature in chamber 120.
Suitable sensors include, without limitation, analog and digital
sensors. In an alternative embodiment (not shown), the temperature
sensor senses the temperature of a component of the apparatus, such
as a chamber wall, which is then used to estimate the temperature
in the chamber.
Processor 170 is programmed to control the temperature of the
chamber. A desired chamber temperature is selected and then input
into the processor 170. Processor 170 obtains or receives the
temperature from temperature sensor 165, and then compares the
temperature to the desired chamber temperature. If the desired
chamber temperature is lower than the sensed temperature, then
processor 170 sends a signal to temperature control element 175 to
adjust the temperature utilizing the control devices in the system.
If the desired chamber temperature is higher than the sensed
temperature, then processor 170 sends a signal to temperature
control element 175 to turn off (passive cooling). In an
alternative embodiment, if the desired chamber temperature is
higher than the sensed temperature, then processor 170 sends a
signal to temperature control element 175 to remove energy from the
system (active cooling). In another embodiment, the processor sends
a signal to the temperature control element without receiving the
sensed temperature.
Apparatus 100 further includes a collector 180. Collector 180
channels agricultural matter that has passed through chamber 120.
As shown, collector 180 is a cone-shaped funnel. In an alternative
embodiment (not shown), the collector is a pyramid-shaped funnel.
In another embodiment, the collector is a rectangular receptacle.
As one of ordinary skill in the art will understand, a variety of
structures may be used for the collector.
Apparatus 100 further includes a second load lock seal 185.
Collector 180 bridges load lock seal 185 and chamber 120, although
collector 180 need not bridge the second load lock seal 185 and
chamber 120. Similar to load lock seal 110, second load lock seal
185 allows agricultural matter to exit chamber 120 without breaking
vacuum conditions in chamber 120.
Apparatus 100 further comprises an actuator 190. In one embodiment,
actuator 190 ultrasonically vibrates at least one first insert 125,
a plurality of first inserts 125, at least one second insert 135, a
plurality of second inserts 135, or a combination of the inserts.
In a second embodiment, actuator 190 moves apparatus 100 or any
subpart, thus promoting the movement of agricultural material
through apparatus 100. As one of ordinary skill in the art will
understand, in this embodiment, actuator 190 may be configured to,
without limitation, rock, vibrate, or rotate apparatus 100.
Apparatus 100 and actuator 190 may also be configured so that
certain components of apparatus 100 move while other components
remain still or relatively still. In additional alternative
embodiments, the chamber or components of the apparatus are
vibrated mechanically.
Apparatus 100 further comprises a hood 195. Hood 195 prevents
ambient matter from interacting with matter exiting chamber 120.
Hood 195 is an inverted cone. In an alternative embodiment (not
shown), the hood further comprises a bag attachment. In additional
embodiments, the hood is a pyramid-shaped funnel or a rectangular
chute. As one of ordinary skill in the art will understand, a
variety of structures may be used for the hood.
FIG. 1b is a perspective view of one embodiment of a first insert
125 with an aperture 130.
FIG. 1c is a perspective view of one embodiment of a second insert
130. Second insert 130 features a slope to a central collection
exit point that directs agricultural material movement to the next
insert below.
FIG. 1d is a perspective view of one embodiment of an apparatus 100
that features a coil C. The coil winds around the chamber and is
used in applications utilizing inductive plasma generation
techniques. Various elements depicted in FIG. 1a are omitted for
simplification.
FIG. 2a is a perspective view of an embodiment of the temperature
control element 175 for use in the apparatus 100 shown in FIG. 1a.
While inserts 125, 135 from apparatus 100 are shown, various
elements depicted in FIG. 1a are omitted for simplification.
Temperature control element 175 features at least one supply line
205a. Supply line 205a runs vertically and contains a circulating
bath fluid (the connection between the line at the top of the
apparatus and the line on the side of the apparatus is not shown).
Optionally, a second supply line 205b may be used to deliver a
circulating bath medium. In an alternative embodiment (not shown),
a supply line spirals with respect to the vertical direction. One
of ordinary skill in the art will understand that a suitable medium
for the circulating bath includes, without limitation, liquid,
steam, or gas.
Temperature control element 175 further features a plurality of
feeder paths 210. The feeder paths 210 extend annularly from the
supply lines 205 into the chamber. In one embodiment, the feeder
paths extend linearly from a supply line until forming an annulus.
In another embodiment, the feeder paths extend annularly. The
elements of the temperature control element 175, such as the supply
line 205 or the feeder paths 210, may be used to support the
inserts.
In a specific embodiment (not explicitly shown in FIG. 2a), at
least one supply line 205 or one feeder path 210 of the temperature
control element 175 connects into at least one first insert 125.
Alternatively, a plurality of feeder paths 210 connect into a
plurality of first inserts 125. The supply line 205 or feeder paths
210 may also connect into at least one second insert 135 or a
plurality of second inserts 135.
In another embodiment (also not shown), the fluid in a
temperature-controlled circulating bath can be run through or
around, without limitation, a volume associated with the housing,
the chamber, and the inserts.
FIG. 2b is a front elevational view of an alternative embodiment of
the temperature control element 175 shown in FIG. 2a. In comparison
to FIG. 2a, the feeder path 210 shown in FIG. 2b connects into at
least one first insert 125. Thus, in this embodiment, the fluid
within the feeder path also circulates into at least one first
insert 125.
FIG. 2c is an isometric view of an alternative embodiment of the
temperature control element shown in FIG. 2a. In comparison to FIG.
2a, the feeder path 210 shown in FIG. 2c runs down the center of
the apparatus.
FIG. 2d is a perspective view of an alternative embodiment of
select components utilized in a treatment apparatus 200. Various
elements from the apparatus 100 depicted in FIG. 1a are omitted for
simplification.
In FIG. 2d, apparatus 200 features a first connection 215 and a
second connection 220 that extend from apparatus 200. First
connection 215 and second connection 220 are connected to an RF
generator (not shown). First connection 215 also connects to first
line 225, which extends axially down an outer section of apparatus
200 (the connection between first connection 215 and first line 225
is not depicted). Second connection 220 also connects to second
line 230, which extends axially down an outer section of apparatus
200. In the illustrated embodiment, connections 215, 220 and lines
225, 230 are made of conductive materials. Like first electrode 150
and second electrode 155, the first line 225 and second line 230
may be used in connection with other components to generate
plasma.
In another embodiment, the first inserts 125 connect to the first
line 225, and the first inserts 125 are utilized for an internal RF
connection, to generate plasma. When connected in this manner, the
first inserts 125 are charged independently of the second inserts
135. Optionally, the second line 230 may be connected to the second
inserts 235 for plasma generation purposes. As one of ordinary
skill in the art will understand, connections to ground have been
omitted for simplicity.
FIG. 2e is a front elevational view of an alternative embodiment of
the select components utilized in a treatment apparatus 200 shown
in FIG. 2d. In comparison to FIG. 2d, only the first line 225 is
shown, and it is shown as connecting to a first insert 125 at
connection 240.
FIG. 2f is an isometric view of an alternative embodiment of the
select components utilized in a treatment apparatus 200 shown in
FIG. 2d. In comparison to FIG. 2d, only the first line 225 is
shown, and it is shown as running down the center of apparatus
200.
FIG. 3 is a perspective view of one embodiment of a modular
treatment apparatus 300. Modular treatment apparatus 300 comprises,
inter alia, treatment modules 305. Each treatment module 305 may
include any of the components discussed above. As shown, modular
treatment apparatus 300 features three treatment modules 305. In an
alternative embodiment (not shown), the modular treatment apparatus
features two treatment modules. In another embodiment, the modular
treatment apparatus features four treatment modules. In additional
embodiments, the modular treatment apparatus features five or more
treatment modules. In a different embodiment, the modular treatment
apparatus features a single (replaceable) treatment module. As one
of ordinary skill in the art will understand, the treatment modules
in modular treatment apparatus need not be identical.
Modular treatment apparatus 300 features a holding receptacle 310.
Agricultural matter is placed into holding receptacle 310. Holding
receptacle 310 is a simple receptacle with no sensors, agitators,
or regulators. In an alternative embodiment (not shown), the
holding receptacle features a sensor that measures the amount of
agricultural material in the receptacle. The sensor may be digital
or analog. In another embodiment, the holding receptacle features
an agitator that agitates agricultural material in the receptacle.
Examples of agitators include, without limitation, stirrers,
vibratory actuators, and pneumatic agitators. In yet another
embodiment, the holding receptacle includes a regulator, such as a
wheel, that regulates the amount of agricultural material that
enters a treatment module. In further embodiments, the holding
receptacle contains a combination of sensors, agitators, and
regulators.
Modular treatment apparatus 300 further comprises a first seal 315.
First seal 315 is resealable, airtight, and distal to treatment
module 305. First seal 315, as shown, is disposed between holding
receptacle 310 and treatment module 305. In an alternative
embodiment (not shown), the first seal is incorporated into at
least one treatment module. In another embodiment, the first seal
is incorporated into the holding receptacle.
Module 305 further comprises an inlet 320 and a chamber 325. Inlet
320, as shown, is a cylindrical passageway disposed between holding
receptacle 310 and chamber 325 of treatment module 305. Inlet 320
is airtight and distal to treatment module 305. Optionally, inlet
320 may be sealable. In an alternative embodiment (not shown), the
inlet is formed in a treatment module wall and does not extend from
the treatment module. In another embodiment, the cross sectional
area of the inlet opening is adjustable. As one of ordinary skill
in the art will understand, the inlet may be made of a variety of
materials, including without limitation, ceramic, glass, plastic,
quartz, rubber, or zirconia.
As shown, chamber 325 is an airtight cylinder, yet chamber 325 is
not limited to a cylindrical form. Regardless of the shape of
chamber 325, chamber 325 is durable enough to withstand low
pressure environments and the creation and containment of plasma.
Suitable materials for chamber 325 include, without limitation,
quartz, glass, plastic, ceramic, and metal. In an alternative
embodiment (not shown), the chamber further includes a cage. In
another embodiment, the chamber further includes an opening that
allows access to the chamber.
Treatment module 305 features porous discs 330. The perimeter of
each porous disc 330 is coextensive with the interior of the
chamber 325, but the perimeter of porous disc 330 does not need to
be coextensive with the interior of chamber 325. Porous discs 330
are suspended within the interior of chamber 325, and porous discs
330 may be secured by attachment to an internal, axial column (not
shown). In an alternative embodiment, the porous discs rest on
cantilevers. The cantilevers may extend into the chamber from an
external wall or an internal, axial column. In yet another
embodiment, the porous discs slide into a structure having
compartments that is disposed within the treatment module or
chamber.
Each porous disc 330 is sloped so that gravity pulls agricultural
matter through the chamber. Varying the slope of the porous disc
between adjacent plates allows agricultural matter to be directed
through different regions of the chamber (e.g., from an interior
toward a perimeter, and vice versa). Likewise, varying the slope of
the porous disc allows agricultural matter to pass through the
chamber at different rates. In an alternative embodiment (not
shown), each porous disc is flat and motion is applied to modular
treatment apparatus 300 so that agricultural material passes
through the pores of the porous discs.
Each treatment module 305 contains a plurality of porous discs 330.
While FIG. 3 shows each treatment module 305 having multiple porous
discs, treatment module 305 does not require a specific number of
porous discs, and different treatment modules within modular
treatment apparatus 300 can have varying numbers of porous discs.
In an alternative embodiment (not shown), at least one solid disc
is disposed between two porous discs. In yet another embodiment,
the plurality of discs is replaced with a plurality of spokes
disposed throughout the chamber.
Each treatment module 305 features at least one pair of electrodes
335. Electrodes 335 are positioned on the exterior of treatment
module 305. In the embodiment shown, electrodes 335 are permanently
attached to treatment module 305 and connected to the RF power
source. In an alternative embodiment (not shown), the electrodes
are separate from the treatment module and do not form a part of
the treatment module. In another embodiment, multiple electrode
pairs are individually associated with two or more treatment
modules within the modular treatment apparatus.
As shown, each treatment module 305 also features a port 340. Port
340 is positioned distal to treatment module 305, although it could
be positioned anywhere on treatment module 305. In an alternative
embodiment (not shown), each treatment module contains two
ports--preferably disposed at opposite distal ends of the chamber.
In another embodiment, only one treatment module in the modular
treatment apparatus contains a port. In a different embodiment,
only two treatment modules in the modular treatment apparatus
contain ports. As one of ordinary skill in the art will understand,
a port can be used to remove gas from the chamber or add gas to the
chamber.
Each treatment module 305 also features an egress 345. In the
illustrated embodiment, egress 345 is a funnel that is positioned
distal to the chamber. Optionally, egress 345 may be sealable. In
another embodiment (not shown), the egress is a cylindrical
passageway disposed between the chamber and an exterior of
treatment module. In an alternative embodiment, the egress is
formed in a treatment module wall and does not extend from the
treatment module wall. In another embodiment, the cross sectional
area of a portion of the egress is adjustable. As one of ordinary
skill in the art will understand, the egress may be made of a
variety of materials, including without limitation, glass, plastic,
rubber, or metal.
Modular treatment apparatus 300 further comprises a second seal
350. Second seal 350 is resalable, airtight, and distal to
treatment module 305. Second seal 350, as shown, is disposed
between an egress and an exterior of treatment module 305 or
modular treatment apparatus 300. In an alternative embodiment (not
shown), the second seal is incorporated into at least one treatment
module. In another embodiment, the second seal is incorporated into
a base.
Modular treatment apparatus 300 also features a base 355. The base
provides stability to modular treatment apparatus 300. Agricultural
material may exit modular treatment apparatus 300 through the
bottom of base 355 or via a side chute (not shown). As one of
ordinary skill in the art will understand, a variety of structures
may be used for the base, and the base may also be used to house or
store various components or materials used in connection with
modular treatment apparatus 300.
When multiple treatment modules 305 are used in modular treatment
apparatus 300, as shown in FIG. 3, inlet 320 connects to egress 345
to form an airtight pathway between adjacent chambers 325. Inlet
320 and egress 345 feature smooth surfaces (which may be
lubricated, for example, with vacuum grease). In an alternative
embodiment (not shown), the inlet and egress screw together. In
another embodiment, a bridge passage, such as a tube, is used to
join adjacent chambers. The bridge may be rigid or flexible, and it
may be sealable.
FIGS. 4a-h are top views of discs and plates 405, which are two
types of encumbrance structures.
As shown in FIG. 4a, the apertures 410 in disc 405 are uniform,
circular holes. The apertures 410 are disposed along an interior
perimeter of disc 405, and the dimensions of apertures 410 may be
selected so that multiple seeds of a given plant species can
simultaneously pass through an aperture 410. Alternatively, the
dimensions of the apertures may be selected so that only one seed
of a given plant species can pass through an aperture at a given
time. In an alternative embodiment (not shown), the apertures are
randomly disposed throughout the disc.
As shown in FIG. 4b, the apertures 410 in disc 405 may vary in
size. The large pores allow multiple seeds within a single seed
species to pass through the disc, while the small holes allow a
single seed within a single seed species to pass through the disc.
When the variation in seed size is large between plant species, the
disc shown in FIG. 4b can be used to accommodate treating multiple
plant species without having to change discs 405, because larger
seeds will pass over the smaller apertures without passing through
a plate. In an alternative embodiment (not shown), all of the
apertures are the same size.
As shown in FIG. 4c, the apertures 410 in disc 405 are slits. In
alternative embodiments (not shown), the slits may be triangular,
rectangular, trapezoidal, or any other similar elongated shape. In
an alternative embodiment, two thin discs with slits are stacked on
top of each other. At least one disc is rotatable in relation to
the other disc, such that the size of apertures may be adjusted.
This arrangement allows a user to adjust the apertures without
substantial modifications or replacement of various components.
As shown in FIG. 4d, the apertures 410 in disc 405 are disposed
along an interior ring 415. The interior ring 415 may form part of
internal, axial column. Disposing the apertures along an interior
ring allows the agricultural material, such as seeds, to move from
an outer edge of a disc to an interior edge of the disc. Further,
interspersing discs having apertures disposed along an interior
ring with discs having apertures disposed along an outer perimeter
allows the agricultural material to move across the discs, thus
facilitating movement of material.
As shown in FIG. 4e, the apertures 410 in disc 405, along with disc
405, may be ovals. Interior ring 415 may also be an oval.
As shown in FIG. 4f, disc 405 may be a square. Disc 405 may also be
solid, as shown. When disc 405 is solid, seeds may pass through the
disc via a passage along an interior edge ring (not shown) or along
an exterior edge ring (also not shown).
As shown in FIG. 4g, disc 405 is triangular and contains hexagonal
apertures 410. The edges of angular discs, such as the example
shown in FIG. 4g, may also be rounded.
As shown in FIG. 4h, disc 405 is rectangular and has an interior
square 420. Similar to the interior edge ring discussed above, an
internal, axial column may be disposed within interior square 420.
Alternatively, the area of interior square 415 may be left
void.
FIGS. 5a-5d are block diagrams depicting various RF power source
systems used to create and maintain capacitively coupled or
inductively coupled plasma environments. The RF frequencies
generated by RF power sources of FIGS. 5a-5d may range from about
0.2-220 MHz. In one embodiment, a plasma ionization device
generates plasma at a frequency range between 11-16 MHz. In another
embodiment, the plasma ionization device generates plasma at a
frequency range between 0.2-2.0 MHz. In yet another embodiment, the
plasma ionization device generates plasma at a frequency range
between 25-30 MHz. In a different embodiment, the plasma ionization
device generates plasma at a frequency range between 38-50 MHz.
Additional frequencies may be utilized with shielding
equipment.
In FIG. 5a, RF power source system 500a features a controller 505
that controls RF generator 510 and matching network 515. RF
generator 510 provides the voltage source to strike gas into
plasma. Matching network 515 provides impedance matched to the
impedance of the RF generator. As one of ordinary skill in the art
will understand, matching the impedance of the network to the
impedance of the RF generator optimizes power transfer.
RF power source system 500a strikes the gas within reactor 520 into
plasma. Plasma within reactor 520, in turn, is monitored by the
controller 505. Similarly, the impedance of matching network 515 is
also monitored by controller 505.
In the embodiment depicted in FIG. 5b, RF power source system 500b
creates plasma within a first reactor 520a, a second reactor 520b,
and a third reactor 520c. The first, second, and third reactors
520a-c can be operated in series or in parallel.
In the depicted configuration, RF generator 510 and matching
network 515 provide a power source that power splitter 525 splits
between first reactor 520a, second reactor 520b, and third reactor
520c. Controller 505 monitors the RF generator, the matching
network 515, and the reactors 520a-c to ensure optimal plasma
conditions at each reactor.
FIG. 5c depicts an RF power source system 500c with additional
matching networks that allow for further control functions. In the
illustrated embodiment, three matching networks are shown--first
matching network 515a, second matching network 515b, and third
matching network 515c. In this embodiment, power splitter 525 is
disposed between RF generator 510 and the matching networks 515a-c.
Each matching network 515a-c pairs with a reactor 520ac. Matching
networks 515a-c and reactors 520a-c may be connected in series or
in parallel with the controller 505.
FIG. 5d depicts an RF power source system 500d featuring a
controller 505 and a power oscillator 530. When power oscillator
530 is utilized, reactor 520 forms a part of the resonant circuit.
In this embodiment, controller 505 mitigates efficiency and
frequency control issues.
FIGS. 6a-6b are flowcharts describing a generalized processes for
treating agricultural matter.
In FIG. 6a, method 600a starts with setting and regulating 610 the
temperature in the treatment compartment. In setting and regulating
step 610, a temperature control unit is activated. Setpoint
regulation, or feedback control, is used to ensure that the
temperature remains within a desired range.
Method 600a continues with loading 620 agricultural matter into a
treatment compartment. In loading step 620, matter may be loaded
from a source external to the treatment compartment or from a
source connected to the treatment compartment.
Method 600a then continues with evacuating 630 gas from the
treatment compartment. In evacuating step 630, a vacuum is used to
remove existing gas from the treatment compartment.
Method 600a then continues with providing 640 a specific gas to the
treatment compartment. Exemplary gases and the pressures at which
they are provided are discussed above.
After providing step 640 occurs, method 600a continues with
creating 650 a plasma environment. In creating step 650, the plasma
environment is created using the RF power source systems and
electrodes.
Once a plasma environment is created in creating step 650, the
matter within the plasma environment is agitated 660. In agitating
step 660, the matter may be stirred within the treatment
compartment. Alternatively, the matter may be agitated by, without
limitation, rocking, vibrating, rotating, or tilting the treatment
chamber.
In agitating step 660, the matter within the treatment compartment
is treated with plasma. In one embodiment, the surface of the
matter is activated such that the contact angle of the matter is
increased. In another embodiment, the surface of the matter is
activated such that the contact angle of the matter is
decreased.
Method 600a then continues, and concludes with, unloading 670 the
matter from the treatment compartment. In unloading step 670,
material may be, without limitation, directed into packaging or
storage, set aside for testing, or directed into another treatment
compartment.
FIG. 6b shows an alternative embodiment of method 600a. In method
600b, loading step 620, evacuating step 630, and providing step 640
are performed prior to creating step 650. Loading step 620,
evacuating step 630, and providing step 640 may be performed in any
order prior to creating step 650, and they may also be performed
concurrently. Agitating step 660 and unloading step 670 are then
performed subsequent to creating step 650. In method 600b, setting
and regulating step 610 (shown in dashed lines) is optional.
Setting and regulating step 610 may be performed at any time in
connection with method 600b.
FIG. 7a and FIG. 7b are flowcharts describing processes for
treating agricultural matter using a cascade treatment
apparatus.
In FIG. 7a, method 700a starts with providing 705 seeds to a
cascade treatment apparatus. In providing step 705, seeds may be
provided (continuously or semi-continuously) to a storage
receptacle or directly to a treatment chamber.
Method 700a continues with monitoring and regulating 710 the
temperature in the cascade apparatus. In one embodiment, the
temperature in the treatment chamber may be monitored and
regulated. In another embodiment, a temperature sensor senses the
temperature of a component of the apparatus, such as a treatment
chamber wall, which is then used to estimate and regulate the
temperature in the treatment chamber.
Method 700a then continues with evacuating step 715, introducing
step 720, and ionizing step 725. Evacuating step 715, introducing
step 720, and ionizing step 725 are substantially similar to
evacuating step 630, providing step 640, and creating step 650.
After ionizing step 725, method 700a continues with monitoring and
regulating 730 the ionizing energy used in ionizing step 725.
Once a plasma environment is created, seeds are introduced 735 into
a treatment chamber. In one embodiment of introducing step 735,
seeds are introduced in batches. In an alternative embodiment,
seeds are introduced continually.
As seeds are introduced in introducing step 735, the flow of seeds
within the chamber is hindered 740 with the use of encumbrance
structures such as inserts or porous discs. Optionally, gas may be
injected 745 through an encumbrance structure to generate a force
that momentarily opposes gravity. This force further hinders the
flow of seeds within the chamber. Likewise, an optional agitation
step 750 may also be practiced as the seeds are introduced or
hindered. Agitation step 750 is substantially similar to agitating
step 660.
Method 700a then continues, and concludes with, removing 755 seeds
from the cascade treatment apparatus. In removing step 755,
material may be, without limitation, directed into packaging or
storage, set aside for testing, or directed into another treatment
compartment. The material may be removed, directed, or set aside
continuously or semi-continuously.
FIG. 7b shows an alternative embodiment, method 700b, of method
700a. Like method 600b, method 700b shows that various steps in
method 700a may be performed concurrently or in more than one
order.
To the extent that the term "includes" or "including" is used in
the specification or the claims, it is intended to be inclusive in
a manner similar to the term "comprising" as that term is
interpreted when employed as a transitional word in a claim.
Furthermore, to the extent that the term "or" is employed (e.g., A
or B) it is intended to mean "A or B or both." When the applicants
intend to indicate "only A or B but not both" then the term "only A
or B but not both" will be employed. Thus, use of the term "or"
herein is the inclusive, and not the exclusive use. See, Bryan A.
Garner, A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage 624 (2d. Ed. 1995).
Also, to the extent that the terms "in" or "into" are used in the
specification or the claims, it is intended to additionally mean
"on" or "onto." Furthermore, to the extent the term "connect" is
used in the specification or claims, it is intended to mean not
only "directly connected to," but also "indirectly connected to"
such as connected through another component or components.
While the present disclosure has been illustrated by the
description of embodiments thereof, and while the embodiments have
been described in considerable detail, it is not the intention of
the applicants to restrict or in any way limit the scope of the
appended claims to such detail. Additional advantages and
modifications will readily appear to those skilled in the art.
Therefore, the disclosure, in its broader aspects, is not limited
to the specific details, the representative apparatus and method,
and illustrative examples shown and described. Accordingly,
departures may be made from such details without departing from the
spirit or scope of the applicant's general inventive concept.
* * * * *
References