U.S. patent number 10,416,267 [Application Number 15/401,749] was granted by the patent office on 2019-09-17 for apparatus and method for calibration of time origin of an rf pulse in mri data acquisition systems.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Canon Medical Systems Corporation. The grantee listed for this patent is Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation. Invention is credited to Michael R. Thompson, Andrew James Wheaton.
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United States Patent |
10,416,267 |
Wheaton , et al. |
September 17, 2019 |
Apparatus and method for calibration of time origin of an RF pulse
in MRI data acquisition systems
Abstract
An apparatus and method are disclosed for determining a time
origin of an input RF pulse of a plurality of input RF pulses. The
method includes generating an RF echo based on the plurality of
input RF pulses, a time-duration between the input RF pulses being
controllable in order to determine a time instance corresponding to
an ideal position of the RF echo. The method further includes
acquiring a data signal corresponding to a scan of a subject, and
computing a time-difference between a measured peak of the acquired
data signal and the time instance corresponding to the ideal
position of the RF echo, the computed time difference corresponding
to a measure of a time-shift of an effective magnetic center of the
input RF pulse.
Inventors: |
Wheaton; Andrew James (Vernon
Hills, IL), Thompson; Michael R. (Vernon Hills, IL) |
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation |
Otawara-shi |
N/A |
JP |
|
|
Assignee: |
Canon Medical Systems
Corporation (Otawara-shi, JP)
|
Family
ID: |
62783023 |
Appl.
No.: |
15/401,749 |
Filed: |
January 9, 2017 |
Prior Publication Data
|
|
|
|
Document
Identifier |
Publication Date |
|
US 20180196115 A1 |
Jul 12, 2018 |
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G01R
33/583 (20130101); G01R 33/4816 (20130101); G01R
33/5659 (20130101); G01R 33/4833 (20130101); G01R
33/56572 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G01V
3/00 (20060101); G01R 33/58 (20060101); G01R
33/48 (20060101); G01R 33/483 (20060101); G01R
33/565 (20060101) |
Field of
Search: |
;324/309 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
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|
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2015/082128 |
|
Jun 2015 |
|
WO |
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2016/075020 |
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May 2016 |
|
WO |
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Other References
S Hafner, Fast Imaging in Liquids and Solids With the
Back-projection Low Angle ShoT (BLAST) Technique, Magnetic
Resonance Imaging, vol. 12, No. 7, pp. 1047-1051, 1994. cited by
applicant .
Yaotang Wu, PhD, et al., Bone Mineral Imaged in Vivo by .sup.31P
Solid State MRI of Human Wrists, Journal of Magnetic Resonance
Imaging 34:623-633 (2011). cited by applicant .
David M. Grodzki, et al., Ultrashort Echo Time Imaging Using
Pointwise Encoding Time Reduction With Radial Acquisition (PETRA),
Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 67:510-518 (2012). cited by
applicant .
Masahiro Ida, MD, et al., Quiet T1-Weighted Imaging Using PETRA,
Initial Clinical Evaluation in Intracranial Tumor Patients, Journal
of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 41:447-453 (2015). cited by
applicant.
|
Primary Examiner: Fuller; Rodney E
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Oblon, McClelland, Maier &
Neustadt, L.L.P.
Claims
The invention claimed is:
1. A method for determining a time origin of an input RF pulse of a
plurality of input RF pulses, the method comprising: generating, by
circuitry, an RF echo based on the plurality of input RF pulses, a
time-duration between the input RF pulses being controllable in
order to determine a time instance corresponding to an ideal
position of the RF echo; computing a time-difference between a time
corresponding to a measured peak of an acquired data signal and the
time instance corresponding to the ideal position of the RF echo,
the computed time difference corresponding to a measure of a
time-shift of the time origin of the input RF pulse; repeating, for
a predetermined number of iterations, the steps of generating the
RF echo based acquiring the data signal; computing, for each
subsequent iteration, a time-difference between a measured peak of
the data signal that is subsequently acquired and an ideal position
of a subsequent RF echo; and computing the measure of the
time-shift of the time origin of the input RF pulse based on the
computed subsequent time-differences.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of input RF pulses
have a substantially similar time-duration, amplitude, waveform
shape, and flip-angle.
3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: applying a gradient
waveform having a uniform amplitude for an amount of time lasting
from a time of input of the plurality of input RF pulses to a time
of acquisition of the data signal.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the plurality of input RF pulses
is a pair of input RF pulses.
5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: incrementing, by a
predetermined amount by the circuitry, a time duration between the
input RF pulses of the subsequent iterations.
6. A method for determining a time origin of an input RF pulse of a
plurality of input RF pulses, the method comprising: generating, by
circuitry, an RF echo based on the plurality of input RF pulses, a
time-duration between the input RF pulses being controllable in
order to determine a time instance corresponding to an ideal
position of the RF echo; and computing a time-difference between a
time corresponding to a measured peak of an acquired data signal
and the time instance corresponding to the ideal position of the RF
echo, the computed time difference corresponding to a measure of a
time-shift of the time origin of the input RF pulse, wherein the
plurality of input RF pulses includes at least three input RF
pulses.
7. A method for determining a time origin of an input RF pulse of a
plurality of input RF pulses, the method comprising: generating, by
circuitry, an RF echo based on the plurality of input RF pulses, a
time-duration between the input RF pulses being controllable in
order to determine a time instance corresponding to an ideal
position of the RF echo; computing a time-difference between a time
corresponding to a measured peak of an acquired data signal and the
time instance corresponding to the ideal position of the RF echo,
the computed time difference corresponding to a measure of a
time-shift of the time origin of the input RF pulse; repeating, for
a predetermined number of iterations, the steps of generating the
RF echo based acquiring the data signal; and generating, by the
circuitry, a line based on data corresponding to occurrences of the
subsequent peaks of the acquired data signals, and associated
time-shifts in the occurrences of the subsequent peaks, the
time-shifts corresponding to the incremented time durations between
the input RF pulses of the subsequent iterations.
8. A device for determining a time origin of an input RF pulse of a
plurality of input RF pulses, the device comprising: circuitry
configured to generate an RF echo based on the plurality of input
RF pulses, a time-duration between the input RF pulses being
controllable in order to determine a time instance corresponding to
an ideal position of the RF echo, compute a time-difference between
a time corresponding to a measured peak of an acquired data signal
and the time instance corresponding to the ideal position of the RF
echo, the computed time difference corresponding to a measure of a
time-shift of the time origin of the input RF pulse, repeat, for a
predetermined number of iterations, the steps of generating the RF
echo based acquiring the data signal, compute for each subsequent
iteration, a time-difference between a measured peak of the
subsequently acquired data signal and an ideal position of a
subsequent RF echo, and compute the measure of the time-shift of
the time origin of the input RF pulse based on the computed
subsequent time-differences.
9. The device of claim 8, wherein the circuitry is configured to
generate the RF echo based on the plurality of input RF pulses,
which have a substantially similar time-duration, amplitude,
waveform shape, and flip-angle.
10. The device of claim 8, wherein the circuitry is further
configured to apply a gradient waveform having a uniform amplitude
for an amount of time lasting from a time of input of the plurality
of input RF pulses to a time of acquisition of the data signal.
11. The device of claim 10, wherein the circuitry is configured to
generate the RF echo based on the plurality of input RF pulses,
which is a pair of input RF pulses.
12. The device of claim 8, wherein the circuitry is further
configured to: increment by a predetermined amount, a time duration
between the input RF pulses of the subsequent iterations.
13. A device for determining a time origin of an input RF pulse of
a plurality of input RF pulses, the device comprising: circuitry
configured to generate an RF echo based on the plurality of input
RF pulses, a time-duration between the input RF pulses being
controllable in order to determine a time instance corresponding to
an ideal position of the RF echo, compute a time-difference between
a time corresponding to a measured peak of an acquired data signal
and the time instance corresponding to the ideal position of the RF
echo, the computed time difference corresponding to a measure of a
time-shift of the time origin of the input RF pulse, wherein the
circuitry is further configured to repeat the generating and the
acquiring steps for a predetermined number of iterations, and
generate a line based on data corresponding to occurrences of the
subsequent peaks of the acquired data signals, and associated
time-shifts in the occurrences of the subsequent peaks, the
time-shifts corresponding to the incremented time durations between
the input RF pulses of the subsequent iterations.
14. A device for determining a time origin of an input RF pulse of
a plurality of input RF pulses, the device comprising: circuitry
configured to generate an RF echo based on the plurality of input
RF pulses, a time-duration between the input RF pulses being
controllable in order to determine a time instance corresponding to
an ideal position of the RF echo, compute a time-difference between
a time corresponding to a measured peak of an acquired data signal
and the time instance corresponding to the ideal position of the RF
echo, the computed time difference corresponding to a measure of a
time-shift of the time origin of the input RF pulse, and generate
the RF echo based on the plurality of input RF pulses, which
includes at least three input RF pulses.
Description
BACKGROUND
Field
The present disclosure relates generally to a technique of
determining a time origin of an RF pulse in an MRI data acquisition
system.
Description of Related Art
The background description provided herein is for the purpose of
generally presenting the context of the disclosure. Work of the
presently named inventors, to the extent the work is described in
this background section, as well as aspects of the description that
may not otherwise qualify as prior art at the time of filing, are
neither expressly nor impliedly admitted as prior art against the
present disclosure.
In MRI data acquisition techniques, such as zero-echo-time (ZTE)
and pointwise-encoding-time-reduction with radial-acquisition
(PETRA), there is typically a transition in a magnitude of a
gradient coil before the application of input RF pulses. Data is
acquired in a readout period, which is also referred to as an
acquisition time-period. Upon application of the input RF pulses,
there is a certain time-delay in the commencement of the
acquisition period.
Acquired data is typically stored in a k-space matrix. Due to the
time-delay incurred between the transmission of RF pulses and the
commencement of the acquisition period, data corresponding to the
center of the k-space matrix is usually mismatched. Such mismatched
k-space data results in image reconstructions that may be plagued
with artifacts. Moreover, the exact duration of the time-delay is
unknown. As such, reconstruction mechanisms typically face the
problem of correcting k-space data in order to enhance the quality
of the reconstructed image. Accordingly, there is a requirement to
determine the exact duration of the time-delay.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Various embodiments of this disclosure that are proposed as
examples will be described in detail with reference to the
following figures, wherein like numerals reference like elements,
and wherein:
FIG. 1 depicts an exemplary schematic block diagram of an MRI
system;
FIG. 2 depicts an exemplary zero-echo time data acquisition
waveform;
FIG. 3A illustrates an exemplary transmission-acquisition waveform,
and a pair of gradient waveforms corresponding to PETRA;
FIG. 3B depicts an exemplary k-space region corresponding to
PETRA;
FIG. 4A illustrates an exemplary snapshot depicting effects of an
empirical estimation process on an image reconstruction;
FIG. 4B illustrates a magnified view of the snapshot of FIG.
4B;
FIG. 5A illustrates according to an embodiment, exemplary signal
waveforms depicting the generation of a spin-echo;
FIG. 5B depicts a snapshot illustrating locations of the spin echo
and a signal peak corresponding to an acquired scan of a subject,
respectively;
FIG. 6 depicts according to an embodiment, an exemplary flowchart
illustrating the steps performed in measuring a time origin of an
RF pulse;
FIG. 7 depicts according to an embodiment, an exemplary data
acquisition repetition process;
FIG. 8A depicts according to an embodiment, an exemplary graph
depicting ideal echo positions and measured peak positions of the
acquired signal data for a predetermined number of iterations;
and
FIG. 8B is an exemplary graph depicting measured peak positions of
the acquired signal data plotted against time-shifts in the ideal
positions of the occurrence of the echo signal.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS
An aspect of the present disclosure provides for a method for
determining a time origin of an input radiofrequency (RF) pulse of
a plurality of input RF pulses. The method comprises the steps of
generating by circuitry, an RF echo based on the plurality of input
RF pulses, a time-duration between the input RF pulses being
controllable in order to determine a time instance corresponding to
an ideal position of the RF echo. The method further acquires a
data signal corresponding to a scan of a subject; and computes a
time-difference between a measured peak of the acquired data signal
and the time instance corresponding to the ideal position of the RF
echo, the computed time difference corresponding to a measure of a
time-shift of an effective magnetic center (defined herein as the
effective time origin of the MRI signal generation) of the input RF
pulse.
In an embodiment of the present disclosure, there is provided a
device for determining a time origin of an input RF pulse of a
plurality of input RF pulses. The device comprises circuitry which
is configured to: generate an RF echo based on the plurality of
input RF pulses, a time-duration between the input RF pulses being
controllable in order to determine a time instance corresponding to
an ideal position of the RF echo, acquire a data signal
corresponding to a scan of a subject, and compute a time-difference
between a measured peak of the acquired data signal and the time
instance corresponding to the ideal position of the RF echo, the
computed time difference corresponding to a measure of a time-shift
of the ideal time origin of the input RF pulse.
In another embodiment, there is provided a non-transitory
computer-readable medium including computer program instructions,
which when executed by a computer, causes the computer to perform a
method for determining a time origin of an input RF pulse of a
plurality of input RF pulses. The method comprises the steps of:
generating an RF echo based on the plurality of input RF pulses, a
time-duration between the input RF pulses being controllable in
order to determine a time instance corresponding to an ideal
position of the RF echo; acquiring a data signal corresponding to a
scan of a subject; and computing a time-difference between a
measured peak of the acquired data signal and the time instance
corresponding to the ideal position of the RF echo, the computed
time difference corresponding to a measure of a time-shift of an
effective time origin of the input RF pulse.
Exemplary embodiments are illustrated in the referenced figures of
the drawings. It is intended that the embodiments and figures
disclosed herein are to be considered illustrative rather than
restrictive. No limitation on the scope of the technology and of
the claims that follow is to be imputed to the examples shown in
the drawings and discussed herein.
The embodiments are mainly described in terms of particular
processes and systems provided in particular implementations.
However, the processes and systems will operate effectively in
other implementations. Phrases such as `an embodiment`, `one
embodiment`, and `another embodiment` may refer to the same or
different embodiments. The embodiments will be described with
respect to methods and compositions having certain components.
However, the methods and compositions may include more or less
components than those shown, and variations in the arrangement and
type of the components may be made without departing from the scope
of the present disclosure.
The exemplary embodiments are described in the context of methods
having certain steps. However, the methods and compositions operate
effectively with additional steps and steps in different orders
that are not inconsistent with the exemplary embodiments. Thus, the
present disclosure is not intended to be limited to the embodiments
shown, but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the
principles and features described herein and as limited only by the
appended claims.
Furthermore, where a range of values is provided, it is to be
understood that each intervening value between an upper and lower
limit of the range--and any other stated or intervening value in
that stated range is encompassed within the disclosure. Where the
stated range includes upper and lower limits, ranges excluding
either of those limits are also included. Unless expressly stated,
the terms used herein are intended to have the plain and ordinary
meaning as understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. Any
definitions are intended to aid the reader in understanding the
present disclosure, but are not intended to vary or otherwise limit
the meaning of such terms unless specifically indicated.
Turning to FIG. 1, there is depicted according to an embodiment, an
exemplary magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system 100. The MRI
system 100 depicted in FIG. 1 includes a gantry 101 (shown in a
schematic cross-section) and various related system components 103
interfaced therewith. At least the gantry 101 is typically located
in a shielded room. The MRI system geometry depicted in FIG. 1
includes a substantially coaxial cylindrical arrangement of the
static field B.sub.0 magnet 111, a Gx, Gy, and Gz gradient coil set
113, and a large whole-body RF coil (WBC) assembly 115. Along a
horizontal axis of this cylindrical array of elements is an imaging
volume 117 shown as substantially encompassing the head of a
patient 119 supported by a patient table 120.
One or more smaller array RF coils 121 can be more closely coupled
to the patient's head (referred to herein, for example, as "scanned
object" or "object") in imaging volume 117. As those in the art
will appreciate, compared to the WBC (whole-body coil), relatively
small coils and/or arrays, such as surface coils or the like, are
often customized for particular body parts (e.g., arms, shoulders,
elbows, wrists, knees, legs, chest, spine, etc.). Such smaller RF
coils are referred to herein as array coils (AC) or phased-array
coils (PAC). These can include at least one coil configured to
transmit RF signals into the imaging volume, and a plurality of
receiver coils configured to receive RF signals from an object,
such as the patient's head, in the imaging volume.
The MRI system 100 includes a MRI system controller 130 that has
input/output ports connected to a display 124, a keyboard 126, and
a printer 128. As will be appreciated, the display 124 may be of
the touch-screen variety so that it provides control inputs as
well. A mouse or other I/O device(s) can also be provided.
The MRI system controller 130 interfaces with a MRI sequence
controller 140, which, in turn, controls the Gx, Gy, and Gz
gradient coil drivers 132, as well as the RF transmitter 134, and
the transmit/receive switch 136 (if the same RF coil is used for
both transmission and reception). The MRI sequence controller 140
includes suitable program code structure 138 for implementing MRI
imaging (also known as nuclear magnetic resonance, or NMR, imaging)
techniques including parallel imaging. MRI sequence controller 140
can be configured for echo-planar imaging (EPI) and/or parallel
imaging. Moreover, the MRI sequence controller 140 can facilitate
one or more preparation scan (pre-scan) sequences, and a scan
sequence to obtain a main scan magnetic resonance (MR) image
(referred to as a diagnostic image). MR data from pre-scans can be
used, for example, to determine sensitivity maps for RF coils 115
and/or 121 (sometimes referred to as coil sensitivity maps or
spatial sensitivity maps), and to determine unfolding maps from
parallel imaging.
The MRI system components 103 include an RF receiver 140 providing
input to data processor 142 so as to create processed image data,
which is sent to display 124. The MRI data processor 142 is also
configured to access previously generated MR data, images, and/or
maps, such as, for example, coil sensitivity maps, parallel image
unfolding maps, ghost reduction maps, distortion maps and/or system
configuration parameters 146, and MRI image reconstruction program
code structures 144 and 150.
In one embodiment, the MRI data processor 142 includes processing
circuitry. The processing circuitry can include devices such as an
application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), configurable logic
devices (e.g., simple programmable logic devices (SPLDs), complex
programmable logic devices (CPLDs), and field programmable gate
arrays (FPGAs), and other circuit components that are arranged to
perform the functions recited in the present disclosure.
The processor 142 executes one or more sequences of one or more
instructions contained in the program code structures 144 and 150.
Alternatively, the instructions can be read from another
computer-readable medium, such as a hard disk or a removable media
drive. One or more processors in a multi-processing arrangement can
also be employed to execute the sequences of instructions contained
in the program code structures 144 and 150. In alternative
embodiments, hard-wired circuitry can be used in place of or in
combination with software instructions. Thus, the disclosed
embodiments are not limited to any specific combination of hardware
circuitry and software.
Additionally, it must be appreciated that the term
"computer-readable medium" as used herein refers to any
non-transitory medium that participates in providing instructions
to the processor 142 for execution. A computer readable medium may
take many forms, including, but not limited to, non-volatile media
or volatile media. Non-volatile media includes, for example,
optical, magnetic disks, and magneto-optical disks, or a removable
media drive. Volatile media includes dynamic memory.
Also illustrated in FIG. 1 is a generalized depiction of an MRI
system program store (memory) 150, where stored program code
structures (e.g., for image reconstruction with reduced or
eliminated ghosting artifact, for defining graphical user
interfaces and accepting operator inputs to same, etc.) are stored
in non-transitory computer-readable storage media accessible to the
various data processing components of the MRI system 100. As those
in the art will appreciate, the program store 150 may be segmented
and directly connected, at least in part, to different ones of the
system 103 processing computers having most immediate need for such
stored program code structures in their normal operation (i.e.,
rather than being commonly stored and connected directly to the MRI
system controller 130).
Additionally, the MRI system 100 as depicted in FIG. 1 can be
utilized to practice exemplary embodiments described herein below.
The system components can be divided into different logical
collections of "boxes" and typically comprise numerous digital
signal processors (DSP), microprocessors and special purpose
processing circuits (e.g., for fast A/D conversions, fast Fourier
transforming, array processing, etc.). Each of those processors is
typically a clocked "state machine" wherein the physical data
processing circuits progress from one physical state to another
upon the occurrence of each clock cycle (or predetermined number of
clock cycles).
Furthermore, not only does the physical state of the processing
circuits (e.g., CPUs, registers, buffers, arithmetic units, etc.)
progressively change from one clock cycle to another during the
course of operation, the physical state of associated data storage
media (e.g., bit storage sites in magnetic storage media) is
transformed from one state to another during operation of such a
system. For example, at the conclusion of an image reconstruction
process and/or sometimes an image reconstruction map (e.g., coil
sensitivity map, unfolding map, ghosting map, a distortion map etc)
generation process, an array of computer-readable accessible data
value storage sites in physical storage media will be transformed
from some prior state (e.g., all uniform "zero" values or all "one"
values) to a new state wherein the physical states at the physical
sites of such an array vary between minimum and maximum values to
represent real world physical events and conditions (e.g., the
internal physical structures of a patient over an imaging volume
space). As those in the art will appreciate, such arrays of stored
data values represent and also constitute a physical structure, as
does a particular structure of computer control program codes that,
when sequentially loaded into instruction registers and executed by
one or more CPUs of the MRI system 100, causes a particular
sequence of operational states to occur and be transitioned through
within the MRI system 100.
The exemplary embodiments described below provide a technique of
measuring a time origin of an input RF pulse of a plurality of
input RF pulses. Specifically, embodiments described herein provide
a mechanism of directly measuring a timing error associated with a
MRI data acquisition processes (such as zero-echo-time (ZTE),
pointwise-encoding-time-reduction-with radial-acquisition (PETRA)),
etc. The correct determination of the timing error allows for
accurately positioning acquired k-space data onto a grid
("gridding"), which leads to an accurate reconstruction of the
image while reducing artifacts. It must be appreciated that the ZTE
and PETRA acquisition techniques are only used as examples to
highlight the applicability of the method of determining a time
origin of an input RF pulse. The techniques of the present
disclosure are equally applicable for the purposes of calibrating
any system.
Specifically, the method enables the determination of the effective
magnetic center or time origin of an RF pulse, and thereby removes
any ambiguity that may be associated with gradient timing or
performance.
MRI images are formed by acquiring nuclear magnetic resonance RF
response signals (e.g., free-induction decay, gradient echo,
spin-echo data) that is spatially encoded for respective points in
k-space, which is a data matrix obtained directly from the MRI
system before any kind of processing, such as Fourier
transformation, is applied.
The k-space represents the spatial frequency information in one,
two, or three dimensions of an object. The k-space is defined by
the space covered by the phase, and frequency-encoded data. The
relationship between k-space data and image data is a Fourier
transformation. The data acquisition matrix contains raw data
before image processing. In 2-dimensional (2D) Fourier transform
imaging, a line of data corresponds to the digitized MR signal at a
particular phase encoding level. The position in k-space is
directly related to the time integral of the applied gradient
across the object being imaged. Every point in the raw data matrix
contains part of the information for the complete image. A point in
the raw data matrix does not correspond to a point in the image
matrix. The outer rows of the raw data matrix, the high spatial
frequencies, provide information regarding the borders and contours
of the image (i.e., the detail of the structures), while the inner
rows of the matrix, i.e., the low spatial frequencies, provide
information on the general contrast of the image.
In one embodiment, an MRI sequence is an ordered combination of RF
and gradient pulses designed to acquire data to form the image. The
data to create an MR image is obtained in a series of steps. First,
the tissue magnetization is excited using an RF pulse, which can be
applied simultaneously with a slice-select gradient. The other two
characteristic elements of the sequence are phase encoding and
frequency encoding/read out, which are required to spatially
localize the protons in the other two dimensions. Finally, after
the data has been collected, the process is repeated for a series
of phase encoding steps.
FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary ZTE data acquisition waveform 200.
In ZTE data acquisition, a gradient waveform 203 transitions (i.e.,
changes amplitudes) at a time instant before the transmission of an
input RF signal 201. For instance, as shown in FIG. 2, the gradient
waveform 203 changes amplitude before the transmission of the first
RF pulse 201a.
Data is acquired in an acquisition period 207, which begins after a
finite time-delay 205, with respect to a time origin of the RF
pulse 201a. The finite time-delay is referred to herein as a
"timing error," and is represented by A. Note that the gradient
waveform 203 is maintained at constant amplitude for a
time-duration that extends from a time instant slightly before the
transmission of the RF pulse 201a, to a time instant slightly after
the end of the data acquisition period 207. Furthermore, upon
completion of the data acquisition period 207, the gradient
waveform 203 transitions to an increased amplitude, before the
transmission of a subsequent RF pulse 201b.
Due to the incurred timing error 205, data corresponding to the
center k-space positions in the k-space matrix is missed. The
missed k-space data points render the image reconstruction process
ineffective. Specifically, the reconstructed image will include
imaging artifacts. Furthermore, as the exact duration of the timing
error is unknown, the degree to which the reconstructed image
includes artifacts is also not known. Thus, it is important to
obtain an accurate estimate of the time origin of the input RF
pulse.
A similar situation as that described in the above ZTE data
acquisition technique is also experienced in the PETRA data
acquisition technique. FIG. 3A illustrates an exemplary
transmission-acquisition waveform, and a pair of gradient
waveforms, respectively, corresponding to the PETRA acquisition
technique. In FIG. 3A, waveform 301 corresponds to a
transmission-acquisition waveform, and waveforms 303 and 305,
respectively, correspond to a pair of gradient waveforms.
FIG. 3B depicts an exemplary k-space region of the PETRA data
acquisition technique. In FIG. 3B, the arrow 310 depicts the
direction of data acquisition in PETRA. Due to the timing error,
data belonging to center k-space positions is mismatched. As shown
in FIG. 3B, the circular region 320 corresponds to the region of
the k-space where data points are missing. Furthermore, the exact
boundary of the circular region 320 is unknown. Thus, the degree to
which the reconstructed image includes artifacts is also not
known.
Accordingly, as stated above, it is beneficial to develop a method
that accurately estimates the duration of the timing error, or
stated in another manner, it is beneficial to determine a time
origin of the input RF pulse. The duration of the timing error
depends on a "magnetic-center" of the RF pulse. Specifically, the
magnetic center of the RF pulse corresponds to a position in time
when the magnetic spin isochromats begin acquiring phase, otherwise
known as the time origin of the RF pulse. A successful
determination of the time origin of the RF pulse allows for the
manipulation of the k-space data in order to reconstruct the image
in an efficient manner.
It must be appreciated that one approach to determine the exact
duration of the time origin is to analytically estimate the time
origin based on the waveform shape of the RF pulse. However, this
approach is not feasible as hardware non-linearities can cause
deviations from the analytical solution. For instance,
non-linearities intrinsic to an RF amplifier can cause the output
response to deviate from an ideal response. Moreover, other
hardware non-linearities or timing imperfections can cause error in
the estimation of the time origin, which in turn causes artifacts
in the reconstructed image. Additionally, the magnitude of error is
time-dependent as well as hardware-dependent, i.e., different types
of hardware can produce different output results, and moreover, the
output may vary as function of time.
Furthermore, an empirical technique can be utilized to estimate an
error in the time origin based on a "grid-shift" parameter.
Specifically, the grid-shift parameter corresponds to a mismatch
between the assumed and actual location of data in k-space due to
timing errors in the acquisition. A magnitude of the grid-shift
parameter is used to estimate the timing correction. A drawback of
such an approach in estimating the timing error is that the
grid-shift parameter is estimated in a manual fashion by inspecting
the image quality. As such, human interaction and time are required
in executing and interpreting the image data. Moreover the output
is subject to human interpretation. Additionally, such an empirical
technique must be repeated on each hardware configuration of the
MRI system, as the shift in the timing error is dependent on the
type of MRI scanner in use.
In order to illustrate the effects of human intervention in the
above-described empirical estimation of the timing error, FIG. 4A
illustrates an exemplary snapshot depicting effects of an empirical
estimation process on an image reconstruction of a phantom (e.g.,
an ACR phantom).
Specifically, FIG. 4A depicts a snapshot illustrating the results
of choosing a particular value for the grid-shift parameter in the
empirical estimation process. In FIG. 4A, image artifacts in the
reconstruction of the ACR phantom image are depicted for several
values of the grid-shift parameter. FIG. 4A illustrates the
reconstructed image of the phantom for grid-shift values ranging
from 0-14 microseconds. It is observed that the reconstructed image
corresponding to a grid-shift value of 0 and 14 microseconds
results in many artifacts, whereas the grid-shift value of 6
microseconds results in an image reconstruction with the fewest
artifacts. For sake of clarity, a magnified view of the snapshot of
FIG. 4A is depicted in FIG. 4B.
Accordingly, in what follows, a calibration technique to measure
the time shift of the time origin of an RF pulse is described. In
other words, the calibration technique described herein enables a
measurement of a time origin of an RF pulse. The calibration
technique is based on the generation of a spin-echo, which is a
type of an MRI sequence. An echo sequence such as a gradient-echo
(GE) sequence is a type of MRI sequence that includes a series of
RF excitation pulses, each separated by a repetition time. Data is
acquired at some characteristic time after the application of the
RF excitation pulses, defined herein as the echo-time. In one
embodiment, a spin-echo (SE) sequence is similar to the GE sequence
with the exception that there is at least one additional RF
refocusing pulse. Following the RF excitation pulse, the
magnetization vector lies in the transverse plane. Due to macro and
microscopic variation in the perceived magnetic field, some spin
isochromats process more slowly while others process faster. The
result is a reduction in the net vector sum of spins, a process
known as "T2* dephasing." An RF refocusing pulse is then applied to
`flip` the spin isochromats so that after the flip is completed,
the previously slower isochromats process faster, and the
previously fast isochromats process slower. After a further time
delay, a spin echo is formed. The position of the RF echo occurs
after a time delay following the RF refocusing pulse equal to the
duration separating the effective time origins of the RF excitation
pulse and RF refocusing pulse.
FIG. 5A illustrates, according to an embodiment, exemplary signal
waveforms depicting the generation of a spin-echo. The generated
spin-echo is utilized in determining the adjustment to the time
origin, .DELTA..
Referring to FIG. 5A, an RF signal 510 that includes a pair of RF
pulses 501 and 503 is used to generate the spin-echo as described
previously. The input RF pulses 501 and 503 are separated by a
predetermined amount of time 502 and have a substantially similar
pulse time-duration and waveform shape. Moreover, the RF pulses
have a substantially similar flip angle, which is defined as an
amount of rotation that a net magnetization experiences during
application of the RF pulse. It must be appreciated that the
predetermined amount of time 502 between the input RF pulses 501
and 503 can be controlled in manner such that an ideal location of
the echo signal can be obtained at a desired position within a
sampling window 509. Moreover, it must be appreciated that during
the generation of the spin-echo, the gradient waveform 520 is
maintained at constant amplitude 507. In doing so, the generation
of a narrow echo peak signal is enabled, thereby provisioning easy
detection of the echo signal. By one embodiment, by utilizing a
uniform gradient provides the advantageous ability of removing
ambiguity in gradient errors or perturbations in the measurement of
the effective time origin of the RF pulse.
According to one embodiment, upon the generation of the spin-echo,
a scan of a subject (e.g. a phantom, such as a 14 cm oil cube or
the like) is obtained. Further, a measured peak position of an
acquired data signal corresponding to the scan of the subject is
determined. Thereafter, a time-difference between the occurrence of
the measured peak of the acquired data signal, and the time instant
corresponding to the ideal location of the spin-echo is computed.
Specifically, as shown in FIG. 5B, the line indicated as 521
corresponds to the ideal location of the spin-echo signal that is
generated based on a pair of RF pulses. Further, the acquired data
signal is represented as reference symbol 523. A measured peak of
the acquired data signal is represented as reference symbol 523a.
The time difference between the ideal echo position (521) and the
measured peak of the acquired data signal (523a) is computed. The
computed time difference corresponds to a measure of the timing
correction (.DELTA.), i.e., a measure of time-shift of a time
origin of the input RF pulse.
FIG. 6 shows an exemplary flowchart 600 illustrating the steps
performed in computing the time origin of an RF pulse.
The process in step S610 generates a spin-echo signal. In one
embodiment, a pair of RF pulses as depicted in FIG. 5A can be used
to generate the spin-echo. Note that the time-duration between the
RF pulses is controllable, such that the ideal location of the
occurrence of the spin-echo is achievable. During the generation of
the spin-echo, a gradient waveform is maintained at constant
amplitude. It must be appreciated that although the generation of
the spin-echo as described above is performed by a pair of RF
pulses, a plurality of input RF pulses can be used to generate the
spin-echo.
Further, in step S620, a measured peak (i.e., an actual observed
peak) of the acquired data signal is determined.
In step S630, the location of the measured peak of the acquired
signal is compared to the ideal echo position. Specifically, a time
difference is computed between the measured peak of the acquired
signal and the ideal echo position. In one embodiment, the computed
time difference corresponds to the time shift of the magnetic
center of the RF pulse. In other words, the computed time
difference corresponds to the measured time-shift from the ideal
time origin of the input RF pulse.
According to one embodiment, at least a pair of RF pulses (see step
S610) can be sufficient to implement the above-described method to
measure the time-shift of the input RF pulse. However, with a goal
of improving the accuracy of the above-described method, a
repetition of the generation of spin-echo signals and data
acquisition of the scanned subject can be performed a predetermined
number of iterations (N).
Accordingly, the process in step S640 performs a query to determine
whether N iterations of generation of spin-echo signals and data
acquisition have been performed. If the response to the query is
negative, the process moves to step S650 wherein a counter that
tracks a number of iterations performed is incremented by one.
Thereafter, the process loops back to repeat the steps S610-S630.
If the response to the query in step S640 is affirmative, the
process 600 terminates.
Upon completing the repetition of the spin-echo generation and data
acquisition of the scanned subject, a measure of the time shift of
the time origin of an RF pulse, in one embodiment, can be based on
the computed time-differences of the iterations, as described below
with reference to FIG. 8A and FIG. 8B. Details regarding the
repetition of the data acquisition and spin-echo generation are
described below with reference to FIG. 7. By one embodiment, the
calibration process as described above with reference to FIG. 6 can
be performed once, or may alternatively be repeated at
predetermined time instances. Moreover, the calibration process may
be triggered by a hardware change in the MRI scanner. Further, the
calibration process as described above enables an accurate
computation of the time-shift of the magnetic center of the RF
pulse. In doing so, k-space data is efficiently reconstructed,
which provisions for accurate image reconstruction.
FIG. 7 depicts, according to one embodiment, an exemplary graph
illustrating a data acquisition repetition process.
In FIG. 7, an RF signal 760, which includes a first pair 710 of RF
pulses (701 and 703, respectively), is used to generate a
spin-echo. A time-duration between the RF pulses 701 and 703 is
controllable in a manner such that the ideal location of the echo
signal can be obtained at a desired position within a sampling
window 705. For instance, as shown in FIG. 7, the ideal location of
the spin-echo is depicted at a time instance represented as 707.
Note that a gradient waveform 770 is maintained at constant
amplitude 704 during the generation of the first spin-echo.
Further, a scan of a subject (e.g., a phantom) is obtained, and a
peak of an acquired data signal (that lies in the sampling window
705) corresponding to the scan of the subject is measured. As shown
in FIG. 7, the measured peak of the acquired data signal is
depicted to occur at a time instant represented as reference symbol
708. Thereafter, a time-difference between the occurrence of the
measured peak of the acquired data signal 708 and the time instant
corresponding to the ideal position of the RF echo 707 is
computed.
Further, a second pair 720 of RF pulses (721 and 723, respectively)
is used to generate a second spin-echo signal. A time-duration 722
between the RF pulses 721 and 723 is also controllable in a manner
such that the ideal position of the second echo signal can be
obtained at a desired location within a subsequent sampling window
725. Thus, in such a manner, the generation of the echo-signals and
the data acquisition is repeated for a predetermined number of
iterations.
According to one embodiment, the above process can be repeated for
N iterations, wherein the time duration between the RF pulses can
be increased by a predetermined amount (e.g., 1 microsecond) for
each iteration. In doing so, the positions of subsequent echoes
shift within their corresponding sampling windows. Moreover, it
must be appreciated that the total time for the N iterations is of
the order of a few seconds. For instance, for a time of repetition
between consecutive iterations being 500 milliseconds, a total of
20 seconds is required to perform the above-described repetition
for 40 iterations.
The following describes a processing framework that processes the
computed time-differences between the occurrence of the measured
peak of the acquired data signals and the time instance
corresponding to ideal positions of the spin-echoes for the N
iterations.
FIG. 8A depicts an exemplary graph depicting the ideal echo
position and the measured peak of the acquired signal data for N=40
iterations. Note that at each iteration, the time duration between
the RF pulses can be incremented by a predetermined amount (e.g., 1
microsecond). Further, an increment in the time duration between
the input RF pulses results in a shift of the ideal position of the
echo signal.
In FIG. 8A, the shift in the echo position is plotted on the Y-axis
and the parameter time is plotted on the X-axis. Curve 801 depicts
the ideal echo position for the N iterations, and curve 803
corresponds to the measured peaks of the acquired data signal. The
displacement between the curves (represented as A) corresponds to a
measure of a time-shift of a time origin of the corresponding input
RF pulses.
FIG. 8B depicts an exemplary graph of the measured peak positions
of the acquired signal data plotted against shifts in the ideal
positions of the echo signal. The measured peak positions of the
acquired signal data (for the N iterations) are plotted on the
Y-axis, and the shifts in the ideal echo positions are plotted on
the X-axis. In one embodiment, a fitting operation for determining
a slope and an intercept of the line y=mx+b can be performed,
wherein the parameter b is the intercept value of the line y=mx+b
on the Y-axis. In other words, the intercept b is a measure of the
peak position for a shift of zero between the time duration of the
RF pulses. Accordingly, by determining the intercept value of the
line, the time shift of the time origin can be computed as a
difference of the ideal echo position and the value of the
intercept b on the Y-axis.
As stated above, the time duration between the RF pulses is
controllable such that one can determine the ideal position of the
spin-echo exactly within the sampling window. While performing a
predetermined number of iterations, the time-duration between
successive RF pulses is incremented in a predetermined manner.
Incrementing the time-duration between RF pulses provides the
advantageous ability of improving SNR measurements as well as
obtaining an accurate estimate of the time origin.
While aspects of the present disclosure have been described in
conjunction with the specific embodiments thereof that are proposed
as examples, alternatives, modifications, and variations to the
examples may be made. It should be noted that, as used in the
specification and the appended claims, the singular forms "a,"
"an," and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly
dictates otherwise.
* * * * *