U.S. patent number 10,383,132 [Application Number 16/199,395] was granted by the patent office on 2019-08-13 for apparatus and method for blacklisting local channel in iot multi-hop network.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Pusan National University Industry--University Cooperation Foundation. The grantee listed for this patent is Pusan National University Industry--University Cooperation Foundation. Invention is credited to Sanghwa Chung, Kihoon Jeon.
![](/patent/grant/10383132/US10383132-20190813-D00000.png)
![](/patent/grant/10383132/US10383132-20190813-D00001.png)
![](/patent/grant/10383132/US10383132-20190813-D00002.png)
![](/patent/grant/10383132/US10383132-20190813-D00003.png)
![](/patent/grant/10383132/US10383132-20190813-D00004.png)
![](/patent/grant/10383132/US10383132-20190813-D00005.png)
![](/patent/grant/10383132/US10383132-20190813-D00006.png)
![](/patent/grant/10383132/US10383132-20190813-D00007.png)
![](/patent/grant/10383132/US10383132-20190813-M00001.png)
![](/patent/grant/10383132/US10383132-20190813-M00002.png)
![](/patent/grant/10383132/US10383132-20190813-M00003.png)
United States Patent |
10,383,132 |
Chung , et al. |
August 13, 2019 |
Apparatus and method for blacklisting local channel in IoT
multi-hop network
Abstract
An apparatus for blacklisting a local channel in an
Internet-of-Things (IoT) multi-hop network includes: a local
blacklist creator configured to create a blacklist based on channel
quality estimation (CQE) value; an energy detection performer
configured to transmit a scanned received signal strength indicator
(RSSI) value to a non-intrusive channel quality measurer; the
non-intrusive channel quality measurer configured to calculate
channel quality information and transmit the calculated channel
quality information to the local blacklist creator; a nearby
neighboring node information manager configured to receive a local
blacklist from the local blacklist creator and store the local
blacklist with a blacklist of a communication partner node; a
frequency selector configured to receive a created link mask from
the nearby neighboring node information manager and allow for
communication considering the link mask in a case of a dedicated
slot.
Inventors: |
Chung; Sanghwa (Busan,
KR), Jeon; Kihoon (Gimhae-si, KR) |
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Pusan National University Industry--University Cooperation
Foundation |
Busan |
N/A |
KR |
|
|
Assignee: |
Pusan National University
Industry--University Cooperation Foundation (Busan,
KR)
|
Family
ID: |
62788432 |
Appl.
No.: |
16/199,395 |
Filed: |
November 26, 2018 |
Prior Publication Data
|
|
|
|
Document
Identifier |
Publication Date |
|
US 20190182846 A1 |
Jun 13, 2019 |
|
Foreign Application Priority Data
|
|
|
|
|
Dec 12, 2017 [KR] |
|
|
10-2017-0170547 |
Jan 16, 2018 [KR] |
|
|
10-2018-0005629 |
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H04W
72/085 (20130101); H04L 5/0012 (20130101); H04W
72/082 (20130101); H04L 5/0057 (20130101); Y02D
70/10 (20180101); Y02D 70/00 (20180101); Y02D
70/34 (20180101); H04W 84/18 (20130101); H04W
72/06 (20130101); Y02D 30/70 (20200801) |
Current International
Class: |
H04L
12/28 (20060101); H04W 72/08 (20090101); H04L
5/00 (20060101); H04J 1/16 (20060101) |
Field of
Search: |
;370/252,278,329,386,442 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
10-2010-0137531 |
|
Dec 2010 |
|
KR |
|
10-2011-0035126 |
|
Apr 2011 |
|
KR |
|
10-2011-0050022 |
|
May 2011 |
|
KR |
|
10-2011-0070702 |
|
Jun 2011 |
|
KR |
|
10-2015-0015265 |
|
Feb 2015 |
|
KR |
|
10-2017-0048937 |
|
May 2017 |
|
KR |
|
10-2017-0090932 |
|
Aug 2017 |
|
KR |
|
Other References
Korean Office Action for related KR application No. 10-2018-0005629
dated Feb. 20, 2018 from Korean Patent Office. cited by applicant
.
Korean Notice of Allowance for related KR Application No.
10-2018-0005629 dated Jun. 12, 2018 from Korean Patent Office.
cited by applicant.
|
Primary Examiner: Pezzlo; John
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Paratus Law Group, PLLC
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. An apparatus for blacklisting a local channel in an
Internet-of-Things (IoT) multi-hop network, comprising: a local
blacklist creator configured to create a blacklist on the basis of
a channel quality estimation (CQE) value; an energy detection
performer configured to transmit a scanned received signal strength
indicator (RSSI) value to a non-intrusive channel quality measurer;
the non-intrusive channel quality measurer configured to calculate
channel quality information and transmit the calculated channel
quality information to the local blacklist creator; a nearby
neighboring node information manager configured to receive a local
blacklist from the local blacklist creator and store the local
blacklist together with a blacklist of a communication partner
node; a frequency selector configured to receive a created link
mask from the nearby neighboring node information manager and allow
for communication considering the link mask in a case of a
dedicated slot; and an energy detection cycle determiner configured
to receive an estimated quality of a channel and determine an
energy detection cycle so that energy detection is periodically
performed.
2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein 2-byte blacklist information
in which one bit is used for each wireless channel, and a blacklist
exchange is performed in which a pair of nodes exchange their own
local blacklists with each other.
3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein, when the blacklist exchange
is performed, a transmission node sends a local blacklist thereof
over a data frame and a receiving node sends a local blacklist
thereof over an ack frame in order to minimize additionally
occurring overhead.
4. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein, when each of different nodes
has its own blacklist created through energy detection, a link mask
is an intersection or union of two blacklists and an actual channel
used in communication is a channel that does not belong to the
blacklists of two nodes.
5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the non-intrusive channel
quality estimator performs energy detection-based channel quality
estimation by adjusting a duty cycle for channel quality estimation
on the basis of interference dynamicity.
6. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the CQE value is obtained as
CQE.sub..tau.(ch)=.alpha.ED.sub..tau.(ch)+(1+.alpha.)CQE.sub..tau.-1(ch),
wherein ED.sub..tau.(ch) denotes an RSSI value of a specific
channel ch at a specific point .tau. in time, CQE.sub..tau.(ch)
denotes a CQE value of the specific channel ch at the specific
point .tau. in time, an .alpha. (exponential smoothing coefficient)
value is increased when a currently measured RSSI value is to be
more reflected, and the .alpha. value is decreased when the RSSI
value is to be more stabilized.
7. The apparatus of claim 6, wherein when the interference
dynamicity for a total of 16 channels from channel 11 to channel 26
is obtained, an amount of change in quality of a specific channel
is calculated as
.tau..times..tau..function..tau..function..tau..tau. ##EQU00003##
by obtaining a difference between a currently measured CQE value at
the specific channel and a CQE value measured immediately prior,
wherein ASN.sub..tau. denotes an absolute sequence number (ASN)
value at a point .tau. in time at which the interference dynamicity
is measured and ASN.sub..tau.-1 denotes an ASN value at a point in
time at which interference dynamicity was previously measured.
8. A method for blacklisting a local channel in an
Internet-of-Things (IoT) multi-hop network for adaptive channel
quality estimation, the method comprising: measuring a quality of
every channel once with a non-intrusive channel estimation (NICE)
method when a time slot begins; calculating interference dynamicity
for all the channels and determining an energy detection cycle on
the basis of the interference dynamicity; and arranging the
channels on the basis of a channel quality estimation (CQE) value
and creating a blacklist when NICE has been performed on all the
channels.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein, when the energy detection cycle
is determined, the NICE is not performed and waits for the
calculated energy detection cycle.
10. The method of one of claim 8, wherein, at the time of
performing NICE, energy detection-based channel quality estimation
is performed by adjusting a duty cycle for channel quality
estimation on the basis of interference dynamicity.
11. A method for blacklisting a local channel in an
Internet-of-Things (IoT) multi-hop network, comprising: checking
whether a time slot is a dedicated slot in a state in which a local
blacklist is periodically updated; performing frequency selection
referring to a link mask when the time slot is the dedicated slot;
in a case of a transmission (Tx) slot dedicated to a node,
transmitting blacklist information over a data frame, storing a
local blacklist of a partner node, and creating a link mask on the
basis of the local blacklist; and in a case of a reception (Rx)
slot dedicated to a node, storing a local blacklist of the partner
node when receiving a data frame, and transmitting a local
blacklist of the node over an ack frame.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein, when the time slot is not the
dedicated slot, frequency selection of basic time slotted channel
hopping (TSCH) is performed such that the frequency selection
referring to a link mask is performed when a transmission packet is
a unicast message and otherwise basic TSCH is performed.
13. The method of claim 11, wherein 2-byte blacklist information in
which one bit is used for each wireless channel, and a blacklist
exchange is performed in which a pair of nodes exchange their own
local blacklists with each other.
14. The method of claim 11, wherein, when each of the different
nodes has its own blacklist created through energy detection, the
link mask is an intersection or union of two blacklists and an
actual channel used in communication is a channel that does not
belong to the blacklists of two nodes.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO PRIOR APPLICATIONS
This application claims priority to and the benefit of Korean
Patent Application Nos. 10-2017-0170547 filed on Dec. 12, 2017 and
10-2018-0005629 filed on Jan. 16, 2018, the disclosure of which is
incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
BACKGROUND
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to an Internet-of-Things (IoT)
multi-hop network, and more particularly, to an apparatus and
method for blacklisting a local channel in an IoT multi-hop
network, which improve reliability of communication through local
channel blacklisting using adaptive channel quality estimation.
2. Discussion of Related Art
A wireless sensor network (WSN) is a network in which sensors are
connected and exchange information with each other by enabling
sensor modules to communicate wirelessly.
Sensor nodes distributed to measure physical conditions, such as
temperature, humidity, weight, and the like, communicate wirelessly
with each other. Because wireless communication is more
advantageous than wired communication in terms of convenience,
cost, and mobility, a WSN is one of technologies playing a key role
in the upcoming Internet-of-Things (IoT) paradigm.
IEEE 802.15.4 is a technical standard which defines the physical
(PHY) layer and media access control (MAC) layer for low-rate
wireless personal area networks (LR-WPANs) and is designed for a
multi-hop network and a reliable and low-power wireless
communication.
This technology is lightweight and energy-efficient for use in the
WSN. Based on this technology, time slotted channel hopping (TSCH)
mode of IEEE 802.15.4e, which is a further enhanced standard for
the MAC layer, has been introduced.
TSCH is a technique based on time-division multiple access (TDMA)
technology, in which a number of nodes synchronized to a network
communicate with each other by hopping over several wireless
channels. The TSCH aims at operating with a low power and improving
reliability and throughput of a WSN in a high noise
environment.
In TSCH, time is divided into slots and communication is performed
by hopping multiple frequencies. Multi-path fading and external
interference are reduced through frequency hopping, thereby
ensuring reliability of communication.
In TSCH protocol, 16 channels in the unlicensed 2.4 GHz industrial
scientific and medical (ISM) band defined by the IEEE 802.15.4
standard are used. In order to communicate over a specific channel
in a specific time slot, nodes need to be synchronized and each
node should know a communication schedule thereof.
FIGS. 1 and 2 show the IEEE 802.15.4e TSCH protocol communication
mechanism.
In TSCH, two nodes communicate with each other in a predetermined
band and a predetermined time period.
That is, a time axis is discretized into time slots and two nodes
communicate with each other using a specific channel offset as a
medium for a specific timeslot offset.
After a TSCH network starts, one time slot (a specific point in
time) is assigned a unique number, which increases by 1 as time
passes. This unique number is referred to as an absolute sequence
number (ASN) and, according to the standard, an ASN has a size of 5
bytes. A predetermined number of time slots are gathered to form a
slot frame, which is continuously repeated.
One link which is determined by a timeslot offset and a channel
offset is in the form of an ordered pair of two nodes. One of the
two nodes is a transmission node which sends a packet and the other
node is a receiving node which receives the packet. In a specific
slot offset (in a specific time period), a specific node may take
one of the following actions: send a packet, receive a packet, or
sleep.
In the IEEE 802.15.4 standard, a total of 16 channels from channel
11 to channel 26 in the 2.4 GHz band are used.
In the TSCH network, a node may have a dedicated slot, which may be
realized using scheduling.
For example, in timeslot offset 0 and channel offset 0 in FIG. 2,
node B has a schedule for sending a packet to node A and node A has
a schedule for receiving a packet from node B.
This is shown in a network graph of FIG. 1. That is, one cell in a
scheduling table corresponds to one line in the network graph.
In a general TSCH protocol, a frequency is selected by a blind
hopping scheme.
In blind hopping, all frequencies have theoretically the same
distribution and a frequency is randomly selected. This may reduce
degradation of communication reliability due to the impact of
cross-interference or multi-path fading.
A general channel selection scheme used in the TSCH protocol is as
shown in Equation 1. Channel=HSL[(ASN+Channel Offset) % 16]
[Equation 1]
Equation 1 enables the channel offset appearing in a schedule to be
reflected in a channel to be actually used in communication.
ASN is shared by all of the synchronized nodes and is incremented
by 1 each time a time slot increases from the start of the
network.
The channel offset may be selected from 0 to 15.
A hopping sequence list (HSL) is a table which stores channels 11
to 26 that are actually available. This indicates that, since the
ASN has a unique value during one time slot, it is possible to
simultaneously communicate using up to 16 channels at one point in
time.
The IEEE 802.15.4e standard contributes to improving reliability of
communication, but may be affected by cross-technology interference
due to several technologies using 2.4 GHz frequency band.
There are a number of techniques that use the unlicensed 2.4 GHz
ISM band, such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, a microwave oven, and the like,
and many future wireless technologies may use the 2.4 GHz band
since this band is an unlicensed band.
The IEEE 802.15.4e standard enables smooth communication by
intentionally avoiding a channel that is more prone to
interference, through a time slotted channel hopping scheme.
Enhanced TSCH (ETSCH) protocol is the technology that implements
such a scheme as a particular policy.
According to the ETSCH protocol, a degree of interference of each
channel is measured through energy detection, which can be
performed on a radio transceiver, and hops and uses channels of
high quality.
ETSCH additionally includes two special schemes in TSCH.
One is a non-intrusive channel quality estimation (NICE) scheme and
the other is an enhanced beacon sequence list (EBSL).
In the NICE scheme, for each time slot, energy detection is
performed during an idle period which exists in each time slot,
thereby measuring a quality of a channel. Channels of high quality
are selected on the basis of the measured quality of a channel and
the selected channels are alternately used (hopped).
In the NICE scheme, energy detection is performed during the idle
period, and thus energy detection can be performed concurrently
with communication so that high reliability is ensured even in a
dynamic interference environment without impact on a network
throughput, such as a time slot.
An enhanced beacon (EB) serves to transmit information for
controlling a network to other nodes. The EB transmits an HSL which
contains a channel selected by a PAN coordinator. In this case, as
an EB loss occurs, an HSL mismatch occurs between nodes, which may
degrade reliability. An enhanced beacon sequence list (EBSL)
technique is a technique that adopts an EB-dedicated channel list
in order to reduce an EB loss.
Examples of an environment to which ETSCH can be applied include a
body area network, an in-vehicle network, and so on.
When a vehicle is driven, the in-vehicle network is prone to
wireless communication interference from other external networks,
such as Wi-Fi, and in particular, a change in quality of a channel
is dynamic.
Therefore, the ETSCH, according to which a quality of a channel for
each time slot is measured and only a high-quality channel is
allowed to be used, has a higher packet delivery ratio (PDR) than
that of the existing TSCH in a situation where interference
dynamically changes, and thus can provide reliability, and since
the ETSCH saves energy consumed on re-transmission due to failure
in reception, it is superior to the TSCH in terms of energy
consumption.
Performing energy detection in a radio transceiver requires energy
consumption. In ETSCH, an HSL containing a high-quality channel
selected by performing energy detection in a PAN coordinator based
on a star topology is included in the EB and then is transmitted to
an end node. Because the PAN coordinator does not need to consider
energy consumption, ETSCH may be considered valid.
However, in order for ETSCH to be applied to a wider range of
network, a multi-hop network has to be constructed.
In order for ETSCH to be generally extended and applied, not only a
PAN coordinator, but also a router node and end nodes are required
to perform energy detection.
This is because quality of a wireless channel differs according to
a region and it is difficult for the PAN coordinator to perform
accurate energy detection over the entire range of the multi-hop
network.
In the case of ETSCH, energy detection is performed for each time
slot regardless of whether a change of external interference is
dynamic, and therefore a general node with limited energy is
compelled to unnecessarily consume energy in a network composed of
multi-hops.
Hence, if the frequency of energy detection can be adjusted
according to whether the change of external interference is
dynamic, unnecessary energy consumption can be reduced without
deteriorating reliability of communication and it is possible to
extend the ETSCH to a multi-hop network scenario.
Meanwhile, a PDR and energy detection are used as methods for
measuring a quality of a wireless channel.
Multi-hop and blacklist-based optimized-TSCH (MABO-TSCH) has
proposed a local blacklisting scheme based on the PDR by utilizing
the multi-armed bandit (MAB) problem.
Since MABO-TSCH uses PDR-based link quality estimation, it is
sufficient to distribute a PDR-based blacklist created by one node
to another node to be communicated.
When energy detection-based channel quality estimation is used, two
nodes need to share their created blacklists and select a
communication channel by taking into consideration both one's own
blacklist and the other's blacklist.
PRIOR ART DOCUMENTS
Patent Documents
Korean Laid-open Patent Publication No. 10-2010-0137531 Korean
Laid-open Patent Publication No. 10-2017-0090932 Korean Laid-open
Patent Publication No. 10-2011-0035126
SUMMARY
The present invention aims to solve the above-described problems of
an Internet-of-Things (IoT) multi-hop network of the related art
and provide an apparatus and method for blacklisting a local
channel in an IoT multi-hop network, which improve reliability of
communication through local channel blacklisting using adaptive
channel quality estimation.
The present invention aims to provide an apparatus and method for
blacklisting a local channel in an IoT multi-hop network, which
perform energy detection-based channel quality estimation, such as
adaptive time slotted channel hopping (ATSCH) or enhanced TSCH
(ETSCH), and allows a blacklist to be created through the channel
quality estimation using energy detection, thereby excluding a
low-quality wireless channel.
Also, the present invention aims to provide an apparatus and method
for blacklisting a local channel in an IoT multi-hop network, which
adjust a duty cycle for channel quality estimation on the basis of
interference dynamicity, thereby preventing unnecessary energy
consumption.
In addition, the present invention aims to provide an apparatus and
method for blacklisting a local channel in an IoT multi-hop
network, which determine how to represent blacklist information by
a frequency selection method and include an algorithm for selecting
a frequency actually used in communication by use of the blacklist
information.
The present invention aims to provide an apparatus and method for
blacklisting a local channel in an IoT multi-hop network, which
create a blacklist of a communication link formed by two nodes
through a blacklist exchange between the two nodes so that a
channel is selected by taking into consideration local blacklists
of the two nodes.
The present invention aims to provide an apparatus and method for
blacklisting a local channel in an IoT multi-hop network, which
ultimately extend and apply a non-intrusive channel quality
estimation (NICE) scheme of enhanced time slotted channel hopping
(ETSCH) to a multi-hop network.
The present invention aims to provide an apparatus and method for
blacklisting a local channel in an IoT multi-hop network, which
solve an energy consumption problem, extend and apply the NICE
scheme to a multi-hop network, and perform wireless channel
blacklisting on the basis of the NICE scheme, thereby further
improving reliability of communication.
The present invention is not limited hereto, and other objectives
not described above will be more clearly understood from what has
been set forth hereunder.
In one general aspect, there is provided an apparatus for
blacklisting a local channel in an IoT multi-hop network,
including: a local blacklist creator configured to create a
blacklist on the basis of a channel quality estimation (CQE) value;
an energy detection performer configured to transmit a scanned
received signal strength indicator (RSSI) value to a non-intrusive
channel quality measurer; the non-intrusive channel quality
measurer configured to calculate channel quality information and
transmit the calculated channel quality information to the local
blacklist creator; a nearby neighboring node information manager
configured to receive a local blacklist from the local blacklist
creator and store the local blacklist together with a blacklist of
a communication partner node; a frequency selector configured to
receive a created link mask from the nearby neighboring node
information manager and allow for communication considering the
link mask in a case of a dedicated slot; and an energy detection
cycle determiner configured to receive an estimated quality of a
channel and determine an energy detection cycle so that energy
detection is periodically performed.
2-byte blacklist information in which one bit may be used for each
wireless channel, and the blacklist exchange may be performed in
which a pair of nodes exchange their own local blacklists with each
other.
When the blacklist exchange is performed, a transmission node may
send a local blacklist thereof over a data frame and a receiving
node may send a local blacklist thereof over an ack frame in order
to minimize additionally occurring overhead.
When each of different nodes has its own blacklist created through
energy detection, a link mask may be an intersection or union of
two blacklists and an actual channel used in communication may be a
channel that does not belong to the blacklists of two nodes.
The non-intrusive channel quality estimator may perform energy
detection-based channel quality estimation by adjusting a duty
cycle for channel quality estimation on the basis of interference
dynamicity in order to prevent unnecessary energy consumption.
The CQE value may be obtained as
CQE.sub..tau.(ch)=.alpha.ED.sub..tau.(ch)+(1-.alpha.)CQE.sub..tau.-1(ch),
wherein ED.sub..tau.(ch) denotes an RSSI value of a specific
channel ch at a specific point .tau. in time, CQE.tau.(ch) denotes
a CQE value of the specific channel ch at the specific point .tau.
in time, an .alpha. (exponential smoothing coefficient) value is
increased when a currently measured RSSI value is to be more
reflected, and the .alpha. value is decreased when the RSSI value
is to be more stabilized.
When the interference dynamicity for a total of 16 channels from
channel 11 to channel 26 is obtained, an amount of change in
quality of a specific channel may be calculated as
.tau..times..tau..function..tau..function..tau..tau. ##EQU00001##
by obtaining a difference between a currently measured CQE value at
the specific channel and a CQE value measured immediately prior. In
another general aspect, there is provided a method for blacklisting
a local channel in an IoT multi-hop network for adaptive channel
quality estimation, the method including: measuring a quality of
every channel once with a NICE method when a time slot begins;
calculating interference dynamicity for all the channels and
determining an energy detection cycle on the basis of the
interference dynamicity; and arranging the channels on the basis of
a CQE value and creating a blacklist when NICE has been performed
on all the channels.
When the energy detection cycle is determined, the NICE may be not
performed and wait for the calculated energy detection cycle.
At the time of performing NICE, energy detection-based channel
quality estimation may be performed by adjusting a duty cycle for
channel quality estimation on the basis of interference dynamicity
in order to prevent unnecessary energy consumption.
In still another general aspect, there is provided a method for
blacklisting a local channel in an IoT multi-hop network,
including: checking whether a time slot is a dedicated slot in a
state in which a local blacklist is periodically updated;
performing frequency selection referring to a link mask when the
time slot is the dedicated slot; in a case of a transmission (Tx)
slot dedicated to a node, transmitting blacklist information over a
data frame, storing a local blacklist of a partner node, and
creating a link mask on the basis of the local blacklist; in a case
of a reception (Rx) slot dedicated to a node, storing a local
blacklist of the partner node when receiving a data frame, and
transmitting a local blacklist of the node over an ack frame.
When the time slot is not the dedicated slot, frequency selection
of basic time slotted channel hopping (TSCH) may be performed such
that the frequency selection referring to a link mask is performed
when a transmission packet is a unicast message and otherwise basic
TSCH is performed.
2-byte blacklist information in which one bit may be used for each
wireless channel, and a blacklist exchange may be performed in
which a pair of nodes exchange their own local blacklists with each
other.
When each of the different nodes has its own blacklist created
through energy detection, the link mask may be an intersection or
union of two blacklists and an actual channel used in communication
may be a channel that does not belong to the blacklists of two
nodes.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The above and other objects, features and advantages of the present
invention will become more apparent to those of ordinary skill in
the art by describing exemplary embodiments thereof in detail with
reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is a configuration diagram illustrating an example of an
IEEE 802.15.4e time slotted channel hopping (TSCH) network
topology;
FIG. 2 is a configuration diagram illustrating an example of an
IEEE 802.15.4e TSCH communication schedule table;
FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a configuration of an apparatus
for blacklisting a local channel in an Internet-of-Things (IoT)
multi-hop network according to the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating an adaptive channel quality
estimation method according to the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating a method for blacklisting a
local channel in an IoT multi-hop network according to the present
invention;
FIG. 6 is a table showing an example of blacklist information;
FIG. 7 is a configuration diagram illustrating an example in which
nodes have different blacklists;
FIG. 8 is a table showing a link mask calculation method;
FIG. 9 is a configuration diagram illustrating a frequency
selection algorithm;
FIG. 10 is a configuration diagram illustrating a blacklist
exchange algorithm for a transmission node; and
FIG. 11 is a configuration diagram illustrating a blacklist
exchange algorithm for a receiving node.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Hereinafter, exemplary embodiments of an apparatus and method for
blacklisting a local channel in an Internet-of-Things (IoT)
multi-hop network according to the present invention will be
described in detail.
Features and advantages of the apparatus and method for
blacklisting a local channel in an IoT multi-hop network will be
apparent from detailed description of each embodiment below.
FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating a configuration of an apparatus
for blacklisting a local channel in an IoT multi-hop network
according to the present invention.
The apparatus and method for blacklisting a local channel in an IoT
multi-hop network according to the present invention include a
configuration for implementing adaptive channel estimation (ACE)
blacklisting-based time slotted channel hopping (ACEB-TSCH) by
using 2-byte blacklist information, in which one bit is used for
each wireless channel, and utilizing a configuration for
selectively constructing a link-associated blacklist and frequency,
a blacklist exchange configuration for exchanging local blacklists
between a pair of nodes, adaptive channel quality estimation
(ACQE), and a local channel blacklisting technique.
The present invention performs energy detection-based channel
quality estimation, such as adaptive TSCH (ATSCH) or enhanced TSCH
(ETSCH), and allows a blacklist to be created through the channel
quality estimation using energy detection, thereby excluding a
low-quality wireless channel. Also, the present invention adjusts a
duty cycle for channel quality estimation on the basis of
interference dynamicity, thereby preventing unnecessary energy
consumption.
In addition, how blacklist information is represented is determined
by a frequency selection method, an algorithm for selecting a
frequency actually used in communication by use of the blacklist
information is included, and a blacklist of a communication link
formed by two nodes is created by a blacklist exchange between the
two nodes so that a channel may be selected by taking into
consideration local blacklists of the two nodes.
The structures of a communication layer and a performer of a
networking apparatus according to the present invention will be
described below.
As shown in FIG. 3, a local blacklist creator 32 configured to
arrange channels on the basis of channel quality estimation (CQE)
values and create a blacklist for excluding channels of low
quality, an energy detection performer 35 configured to transmit a
scanned received signal strength indicator (RSSI) value to an
non-intrusive channel quality estimator 34, the non-intrusive
channel quality estimator 34 configured to calculate channel
quality information and transmit the channel quality information to
the local blacklist creator 32, a nearby neighboring node
information manager 31 configured to receive a local blacklist from
the local blacklist creator 32 and store the received local
blacklist together with a blacklist of a communication partner
node, a frequency selector 30 configured to receive a created link
mask from the nearby neighboring node information manager 31 and
allow for communication considering the link mask in the case of a
dedicated slot, and an energy detection cycle determiner 33
configured to receive an estimated quality of a channel and
determine an energy detection period so that energy detection may
be periodically performed.
The RSSI value scanned by the energy detection performer 35 is
transmitted to the non-intrusive channel quality estimator 34 and
is used for estimating a quality of a channel.
The energy detection cycle determiner 33 receives the estimated
quality of a channel and determines an energy detection period to
periodically perform energy detection.
The channel quality calculated by the non-intrusive channel quality
estimator 34 is transmitted to the local blacklist creator 32 and
is used for creating the local blacklist. The local blacklist is
paired with a blacklist of a communication partner node and stored
in the neighboring node information, and is used for creating the
link mask.
The created link mask is transmitted to the frequency selector 30
so that communication is performed considering the link mask in the
case of a dedicated slot.
The CQE value may be obtained by Equation 2.
CQE.sub..tau.(ch)=.alpha.ED.sub..tau.(ch)+(1-.alpha.)CQE.sub..tau.-1(ch)
[Equation 2]
The energy detection performer 35 may measure an RSSI value through
energy detection and may calculate the CQE value as shown in
Equation 2.
ED.sub..tau.(ch) denotes an RSSI value of a specific channel ch at
a specific point .tau. in time.
CQE.sub..tau.(ch) denotes a CQE value of the specific channel ch at
the specific point .tau. in time.
An .alpha. (exponential smoothing coefficient) value may be
increased when a currently measured RSSI value is to be more
reflected, and the .alpha. value may be decreased when the RSSI
value is to be more stabilized.
Interference dynamicity is a measure for determining whether the
change of interference is dynamic based on the CQE value, and may
be obtained as shown in Equation 3.
.tau..times..tau..function..tau..function..tau..tau..times..times.
##EQU00002##
ASN.sub..tau. denotes an absolute sequence number (ASN) value at a
point .tau. in time at which the interference dynamicity is
measured and ASN.sub..tau.-1 denotes an ASN value at a point .tau.
in time at which interference dynamicity was previously
measured.
For a specific channel, an immediately previously measured CQE
value is subtracted from the currently measured CQE value. An
absolute value of the resulting difference of the CQE values is the
amount of change in quality of the specific channel.
The above process is performed on the total of 16 channels from
channel 11 to channel 26 and the sum of the amounts of change in
quality of the channels is obtained. In addition, the number of
time slots (measurement time interval) in a period from the point
in time at which the current CQE value is measured to the point in
time at which the immediately previous CQE value is measured may be
obtained by subtracting an absolute slot number (ASN) at the point
in time of previous measurement from an ASN at the point in time of
current measurement. The sum of amounts of change in quality of
channels is divided by the measurement time interval, thereby
considering time in the total amount of change in the CQE
value.
In summary, Equation 3 indicates the total amount of CQE values of
16 channels changed during a specific period of time. When the
calculated interference dynamicity is large, the change of wireless
interference is dynamic, and when the calculated interference
dynamicity is small, the change of wireless interference is not
dynamic.
A method for blacklisting a local channel in an IoT multi-hop
network according to the present invention will be described below
in detail.
FIG. 4 is a flowchart illustrating an adaptive channel quality
estimation method according to the present invention, and FIG. 5 is
a flowchart illustrating a method for blacklisting a local channel
in an IoT multi-hop network according to the present invention.
In the adaptive channel quality estimation method according to the
present invention, when a process starts (S401), non-intrusive
channel-quality estimation (NICE) is performed (S402) until the
quality of all of 16 channels once (S403).
It takes 8 time slots to measure the quality of every channel
once.
Then, interference dynamicity of every channel is calculated and an
energy detection cycle is determined on the basis of the
interference dynamicity (S405).
Then, the process waits for the calculated energy detection cycle
without performing the NICE.
N and NUM_NICE_FOR_SORT in the flowchart are related to the number
of times of NICE for all channels. N increases by one each time
energy detection of 16 channels is performed. When N reaches
NUM_NICE_FOR_SORT, the channels are arranged on the basis of the
CQE value to create a blacklist for excluding channels of low
quality (S404).
This indicates that blacklisting is periodically performed.
FIG. 5 is a flowchart illustrating operations of ACEB-TSCH and
showing creation of a local blacklist which utilizes ACQE.
In a state in which a local blacklist is periodically updated
(S501), ACEB-TSCH checks whether a time slot is a dedicated time
slot (S502).
In a dedicated time slot, a unicast packet is unconditionally
transmitted. In the case of a dedicated time slot, frequency
selection referring to a link mask is performed (S503).
In the case of a Tx slot dedicated to a node (S505), 2-byte
blacklist information is contained in a data frame (S508) and the
data frame is transmitted (S510).
Then, a local blacklist of a partner node included in an ack frame
is stored, which is used to create a link mask (S511).
In the case of an Rx slot dedicated to a node, the node receives a
data frame, stores a local blacklist of a partner node when
receiving the data frame, and transmits a local blacklist of the
node over an ack frame (S509).
In operation S502, when the time slot is not a dedicated slot,
frequency selection of basic TSCH is performed (S504). When a
transmission packet is a unicast message (S506), frequency
selection referring to the link mask is performed, and otherwise,
basic TSCH is performed (S507).
The present invention with the above-described configuration
enables adaptive channel quality estimation which adjusts a duty
cycle for energy detection and ACEB-TSCH which includes local
channel blacklisting performed on each link between energy
detection-based nodes.
Through the ACEB-TSCH, the NICE scheme of ETSCH may be extended to
a multi-hop network scenario, such as industrial IoT multi-hop
networks.
As the IoT paradigm accelerates, a number of technologies that use
the unlicensed 2.4 GHz industrial scientific and medical (ISM) band
of IEEE 802.15.4 will emerge and various wireless techniques are
expected to be introduced into the industry. Thus, it is obvious
that cross-technology interference becomes more severe in an
industrial IoT multi-hop network environment. The ACEB-TSCH may
improve communication reliability by excluding low-quality wireless
channels in a general industrial network.
Major concepts and objectives of the ACEB-TSCH are as follows.
Energy detection-based channel quality estimation, such as ATSCH or
ETSCH, is performed so that a blacklist may be created through
channel quality estimation using energy detection.
The present invention adjusts a duty cycle for channel quality
estimation on the basis of interference dynamicity, thereby
preventing unnecessary energy consumption.
The present invention determines how to represent blacklist
information with frequency selection and devises an algorithm to
select a frequency to be actually used in a communication by using
the blacklist information.
In the present invention, in order to create a blacklist of a
communication link formed by two nodes, a channel needs to be
selected by taking into account local blacklists of the two
nodes.
Since a quality of wireless channel depends on the space where the
wireless channel is placed, it is necessary to manage a
link-associated blacklist in a distributed manner according to
regions where a pair of nodes willing to communicate are
located.
In the present invention, in order to implement local channel
blacklisting, a scheme for blacklist information representation, a
scheme for calculating a link-associated blacklist, a scheme for
selecting a frequency to be used in communication by considering a
blacklist, and a scheme for managing a blacklist in a distributed
manner are considered.
First, the blacklist information is described below.
There may be many methods for representing the blacklist
information.
The present invention uses 2-byte blacklist information in which
one bit is used for each wireless channel.
FIG. 6 is a table showing an example of blacklist information.
Each bit in 2-byte blacklist information indicates whether a
corresponding channel is in a blacklist. When the corresponding
channel is in the blacklist, the bit has a value of "1," and when
the corresponding channel is not in the blacklist, the bit has a
value of "0." Each node arranges CQE values measured through
channel quality estimation using energy detection and performs
communication by excluding (blacklisting) n channels of low
quality.
A link-associated blacklist and frequency selection will be
described below.
A link-associated blacklist adopts a concept of a link mask
proposed in ATSCH.
The link mask has a prerequisite that a partner node willing to
communicate is not guaranteed to have a CQE value identical to a
CQE value measured at a current node.
FIG. 7 is a configuration diagram illustrating an example in which
nodes have different blacklists.
Assuming that a blacklist length is 1 and there are four channels,
channels 11 to 14, since node 1 is affected by external
interference from nearby channel 14, channel 14 is included in a
blacklist and the available channels are channel 11, channel 12,
and channel 13.
Since node 2 is affected by external interference from nearby
channel 11, channel 11 is included in a blacklist and the available
channels are channel 12, channel 13, and channel 14. As such,
although the two nodes are placed nearby, the blacklists created by
each node may be different.
When the two nodes have their own local blacklists created through
energy detection, a link mask is the intersection or union of the
two blacklists.
The actual channel to be used in communication should be a channel
that does not belong to the blacklists of the two nodes.
That is, a channel having a corresponding bit of "0" in the link
mask is used as a communication channel.
However, since the link mask that is the union of the blacklists of
the two nodes may cause exhaustion of channel resources, the size
of the blacklist should be limited to less than 8.
In the present invention, the length of the blacklist is set to be
less than 8, and the link mask is calculated as the union of
blacklists of the two nodes, as shown in Equation 4.
FIG. 8 illustrates an example in which a link mask is calculated
using Equation 4. LM.sub.1,2=BL.sub.1.orgate.BL.sub.2 [Equation
4]
Further, a frequency may be selected using the created link
mask.
FIG. 9 is a configuration diagram illustrating a frequency
selection algorithm.
First, a channel is selected in a manner as selected by a general
TSCH protocol, and then it is determined whether a current time
slot is a slot dedicated to the node.
In the case of a dedicated slot, a channel having a corresponding
bit of "0" in a link mask, i.e., a channel of high quality, is
found while a channel is incremented by 1, and communication is
performed by selecting the found channel.
When the current time slot is not a dedicated slot, a channel
selection method of the general TSCH protocol is performed.
Further, a blacklist exchange will be described below.
FIG. 10 is a configuration diagram illustrating a blacklist
exchange algorithm for a transmission node, and FIG. 11 is a
configuration diagram illustrating a blacklist exchange algorithm
for a receiving node.
The blacklist exchange algorithms enable a pair of nodes to
exchange their own local blacklists with each other.
In this case, in order to minimize additional overhead incurred in
exchanging blacklists, the blacklists are transmitted over unicast
which occurs in a user datagram protocol (UDP) data packet, which
is already generated, or in a control packet sent to improve or
maintain a path in a routing protocol, such as Routing Protocol for
Low-power Lossy Networks (RPL).
In the unicast, when the transmission node sends a data frame, the
receiving node receives the data frame and then sends an ack
frame.
The blacklist exchange algorithms are operated such that the
transmission node sends the local blacklist thereof over the data
frame and the receiving node sends the local blacklist thereof over
the ack frame.
The apparatus and method for blacklisting a local channel in an IoT
multi-hop network according to the present invention as described
above perform energy detection-based channel quality estimation,
such as ATSCH or ETSCH, and creates a blacklist through the channel
quality estimation using energy detection, thereby excluding a
wireless channel of low quality. In addition, the apparatus and
method adjust a duty cycle for channel quality estimation on the
basis of interference dynamicity, thereby preventing unnecessary
energy consumption.
In addition, how blacklist information is represented is determined
by a frequency selection method, an algorithm for selecting a
frequency actually used in communication by use of the blacklist
information is included, and a blacklist of a communication link
formed by two nodes is created by a blacklist exchange between the
two nodes so that a channel can be selected by taking into
consideration local blacklists of the two nodes.
As described above, the apparatus and method for blacklisting a
local channel in an IoT multi-hop network according to the present
invention have the following effects.
First, it is possible to improve reliability of communication
through local channel blacklisting using ACQE.
Second, energy detection-based channel quality estimation is
performed so that a blacklist can be created through the channel
quality estimation using energy detection, thereby excluding a
wireless channel of low quality.
Third, a duty cycle for channel quality estimation on the basis of
interference dynamicity is adjusted, thereby preventing unnecessary
energy consumption.
Fourth, how blacklist information is represented is determined by a
frequency selection method and a frequency actually used in
communication is selected using the blacklist information, and thus
a communication network can be effectively used.
Fifth, a blacklist of a communication link formed by two nodes is
created through a blacklist exchange between the two nodes, and
thus a channel can be effectively selected by taking into account
local blacklists of the two nodes.
Sixth, it is possible to ultimately extend and apply a NICE scheme
of ETSCH to a multi-hop network.
Seventh, an energy consumption problem is solved, the NICE scheme
is extended and applied to a multi-hop network, and wireless
channel blacklisting is performed on the basis of the NICE scheme,
thereby further improving reliability of communication.
It should be apparent to those skilled in the art that various
modifications can be made to the above-described exemplary
embodiments of the present invention without departing from the
spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, it is intended that the
present invention covers all such modifications provided they come
within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.
* * * * *