U.S. patent number 10,283,153 [Application Number 16/036,821] was granted by the patent office on 2019-05-07 for tape damage detection.
This patent grant is currently assigned to International Business Machines Corporation. The grantee listed for this patent is International Business Machines Corporation. Invention is credited to Nhan X. Bui, Randy C. Inch, David L. Swanson, Tomoko Taketomi.
United States Patent |
10,283,153 |
Bui , et al. |
May 7, 2019 |
Tape damage detection
Abstract
In one general embodiment, a method includes calculating a
differential position value based on readback signals from at least
two servo readers of a magnetic head reading servo tracks of a
magnetic recording tape. The differential position value is
compared to a previously-calculated differential position value. An
action is performed in response to determining that the difference
between the differential position value and the
previously-calculated differential position value is in a
predefined range. The differential position value is an average of
differential position values for a set of samples, wherein the
previously-calculated differential position value is an average of
previously-calculated differential position values for a set of
previously-obtained samples. In another general embodiment, an
apparatus includes a magnetic head having servo readers and a
controller in communication with the servo readers. The controller
is configured to detect a sudden change in a width of a magnetic
recording tape.
Inventors: |
Bui; Nhan X. (Tucson, AZ),
Inch; Randy C. (Tucson, AZ), Swanson; David L. (Tucson,
AZ), Taketomi; Tomoko (Yamato, JP) |
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
International Business Machines Corporation |
Armonk |
NY |
US |
|
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Assignee: |
International Business Machines
Corporation (Armonk, NY)
|
Family
ID: |
57882998 |
Appl.
No.: |
16/036,821 |
Filed: |
July 16, 2018 |
Prior Publication Data
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Document
Identifier |
Publication Date |
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US 20180322898 A1 |
Nov 8, 2018 |
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Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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14815901 |
Jul 31, 2015 |
10068599 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G11B
5/584 (20130101); G11B 5/00826 (20130101); G11B
5/02 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
G11B
5/58 (20060101); G11B 5/008 (20060101); G11B
5/584 (20060101); G11B 5/02 (20060101) |
Field of
Search: |
;360/31,53,55,60,61,62,63,77.01,77.12 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Other References
Bui et al., U.S. Appl. No. 12/686,302, filed Jan. 12, 2010. cited
by applicant .
Bui et al., U.S. Appl. No. 14/815,901, filed Jul. 31, 2015. cited
by applicant .
Non-Final Office Action from U.S. Appl. No. 14/815,901, dated Jul.
26, 2017. cited by applicant .
Final Office Action from U.S. Appl. No. 14/815,901, dated Jan. 26,
2018. cited by applicant .
Notice of Allowance from U.S. Appl. No. 14/815,901, dated Apr. 25,
2018. cited by applicant .
List of IBM Patents or Patent Applications Treated as Related.
cited by applicant.
|
Primary Examiner: Hindi; Nabil Z
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Zilka-Kotab, P.C.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A method, comprising: calculating a differential position value
based on readback signals from at least two servo readers of a
magnetic head reading servo tracks of a magnetic recording tape;
comparing the differential position value to a
previously-calculated differential position value; and performing
an action in response to determining that the difference between
the differential position value and the previously-calculated
differential position value is in a predefined range, wherein the
differential position value is an average of differential position
values for a set of samples, wherein the previously-calculated
differential position value is an average of previously-calculated
differential position values for a set of previously-obtained
samples.
2. A method as recited in claim 1, wherein the difference being in
the predefined range is indicative of a stretching of only a
portion of the magnetic recording tape.
3. A method as recited in claim 1, wherein the difference being in
the predefined range is indicative of an expansion of only a
portion of the magnetic recording tape.
4. A method as recited in claim 1, wherein the
previously-calculated differential position value is calculated
immediately prior to calculation of the differential position value
compared thereto.
5. A method as recited in claim 1, wherein the calculating and
comparing are performed repeatedly, where the calculated
differential position value is used as the previously-calculated
differential position value in the immediately subsequent
comparison.
6. A method as recited in claim 1, wherein the action includes at
least one action selected from the group consisting of: outputting
an indication of an error, disabling reading, and disabling
writing.
7. An apparatus, comprising: a magnetic head having at least two
servo readers; and a controller in communication with the servo
readers, the controller being configured to detect a sudden change
in a width of a magnetic recording tape based on a differential
position value derived from relatively more current servo readback
data and a second differential position value derived from
relatively older servo readback data, wherein the differential
position value is an average of differential position values for a
set of samples, wherein the second differential position value is
an average of previously-calculated differential position values
for a set of previously-obtained samples.
8. An apparatus as recited in claim 7, wherein the sudden change in
width is detected within a single continuous read operation and/or
single continuous write operation.
9. An apparatus as recited in claim 7, wherein the sudden change in
width is indicative of a stretching of only a portion of the
magnetic recording tape.
10. An apparatus as recited in claim 7, wherein the sudden change
in width is indicative of an expansion of only a portion the
magnetic recording tape.
11. An apparatus as recited in claim 7, wherein the controller is
configured to calculate the second differential position value
immediately prior to calculating the differential position value
compared thereto.
12. An apparatus as recited in claim 7, wherein the controller is
configured to repeatedly attempt to detect a sudden change in the
width of the magnetic recording tape during operation of the
apparatus.
13. An apparatus as recited in claim 7, wherein the controller is
configured to, in response to detecting the sudden change in the
width of the magnetic recording tape, perform at least one action
selected from the group consisting of: output an indication of an
error, disable reading, and disable writing.
14. A computer program product for detecting tape damage, the
computer program product comprising a computer readable storage
medium having program instructions embodied therewith, the program
instructions executable by a controller to cause the controller to
perform a method comprising: calculating, by the controller, a
differential position value based on readback signals from at least
two servo readers of a magnetic head reading servo tracks of a
magnetic recording tape; comparing, by the controller, the
differential position value to a previously-calculated differential
position value; and performing, by the controller, an action in
response to determining that the difference between the
differential position value and the previously-calculated
differential position value is in a predefined range, wherein the
difference being in the predefined range is indicative of a
stretching or an expansion of only a portion of the magnetic
recording tape.
15. A computer program product as recited in claim 14, wherein the
difference being in the predefined range is indicative of a
stretching of only a portion of the magnetic recording tape.
16. A computer program product as recited in claim 14, wherein the
difference being in the predefined range is indicative of an
expansion of only a portion of the magnetic recording tape.
17. A computer program product as recited in claim 14, wherein the
differential position value is an average of differential position
values for a set of samples, wherein the previously-calculated
differential position value is an average of previously-calculated
differential position values for a set of previously-obtained
samples.
18. A computer program product as recited in claim 14, wherein the
calculating and comparing are performed repeatedly, where the
calculated differential position value is used as the
previously-calculated differential position value in the
immediately subsequent comparison.
19. A computer program product as recited in claim 14, wherein the
action includes at least one action selected from the group
consisting of: outputting an indication of an error, disabling
reading, and disabling writing.
Description
BACKGROUND
The present invention relates to data storage systems, and more
particularly, this invention relates to tape damage detection and
error handling in view thereof.
In magnetic storage systems, magnetic transducers read data from
and write data onto magnetic recording media. Data is written on
the magnetic recording media by moving a magnetic recording
transducer to a position over the media where the data is to be
stored. The magnetic recording transducer then generates a magnetic
field, which encodes the data into the magnetic media. Data is read
from the media by similarly positioning the magnetic read
transducer and then sensing the magnetic field of the magnetic
media. Read and write operations may be independently synchronized
with the movement of the media to ensure that the data can be read
from and written to the desired location on the media.
An important and continuing goal in the data storage industry is
that of increasing the density of data stored on a medium. For tape
storage systems, that goal has led to increasing the track and
linear bit density on recording tape, and decreasing the thickness
of the magnetic tape medium. However, the development of small
footprint, higher performance tape drive systems has created
various problems in the design of a tape head assembly for use in
such systems.
In a tape drive system, the drive moves the magnetic tape over the
surface of the tape head at high speed. Usually the tape head is
designed to minimize the spacing between the head and the tape. The
spacing between the magnetic head and the magnetic tape is crucial
and so goals in these systems are to have the recording gaps of the
transducers, which are the source of the magnetic recording flux in
near contact with the tape to effect writing sharp transitions, and
to have the read elements in near contact with the tape to provide
effective coupling of the magnetic field from the tape to the read
elements.
BRIEF SUMMARY
A method according to one embodiment includes calculating a
differential position value based on readback signals from at least
two servo readers of a magnetic head reading servo tracks of a
magnetic recording tape. The differential position value is
compared to a previously-calculated differential position value. An
action is performed in response to determining that the difference
between the differential position value and the
previously-calculated differential position value is in a
predefined range. The differential position value is an average of
differential position values for a set of samples, wherein the
previously-calculated differential position value is an average of
previously-calculated differential position values for a set of
previously-obtained samples.
An apparatus according to one embodiment includes a magnetic head
having at least two servo readers, and a controller in
communication with the servo readers. The controller is configured
to detect a sudden change in a width of a magnetic recording tape
based on a differential position value derived from relatively more
current servo readback data and a second differential position
value derived from relatively older servo readback data. The
differential position value is an average of differential position
values for a set of samples, wherein the previously-calculated
differential position value is an average of previously-calculated
differential position values for a set of previously-obtained
samples.
A computer program product for detecting tape damage, according to
one embodiment, includes a computer readable storage medium having
program instructions embodied therewith, the program instructions
executable by a controller to cause the controller to calculate a
differential position value based on readback signals from at least
two servo readers of a magnetic head reading servo tracks of a
magnetic recording tape. The differential position value is
compared to a previously-calculated differential position value. An
action is performed in response to determining that the difference
between the differential position value and the
previously-calculated differential position value is in a
predefined range. The difference being in the predefined range is
indicative of a stretching or an expansion of only a portion of the
magnetic recording tape.
Any of these embodiments may be implemented in a magnetic data
storage system such as a tape drive system, which may include a
magnetic head, a drive mechanism for passing a magnetic medium
(e.g., recording tape) over the magnetic head, and a controller
electrically coupled to the magnetic head.
Other aspects and embodiments of the present invention will become
apparent from the following detailed description, which, when taken
in conjunction with the drawings, illustrate by way of example the
principles of the invention.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1A is a schematic diagram of a simplified tape drive system
according to one embodiment.
FIG. 1B is a schematic diagram of a tape cartridge according to one
embodiment.
FIG. 2 illustrates a side view of a flat-lapped, bi-directional,
two-module magnetic tape head according to one embodiment.
FIG. 2A is a tape bearing surface view taken from Line 2A of FIG.
2.
FIG. 2B is a detailed view taken from Circle 2B of FIG. 2A.
FIG. 2C is a detailed view of a partial tape bearing surface of a
pair of modules.
FIG. 3 is a partial tape bearing surface view of a magnetic head
having a write-read-write configuration.
FIG. 4 is a partial tape bearing surface view of a magnetic head
having a read-write-read configuration.
FIG. 5 is a side view of a magnetic tape head with three modules
according to one embodiment where the modules all generally lie
along about parallel planes.
FIG. 6 is a side view of a magnetic tape head with three modules in
a tangent (angled) configuration.
FIG. 7 is a side view of a magnetic tape head with three modules in
an overwrap configuration.
FIG. 8 is a representational diagram depicting a magnetic head
relative to a magnetic recording tape having a damaged portion.
FIG. 9 is a flow chart depicting a process according to one
embodiment.
FIG. 10 is a flow chart depicting a process according to one
embodiment.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
The following description is made for the purpose of illustrating
the general principles of the present invention and is not meant to
limit the inventive concepts claimed herein. Further, particular
features described herein can be used in combination with other
described features in each of the various possible combinations and
permutations.
Unless otherwise specifically defined herein, all terms are to be
given their broadest possible interpretation including meanings
implied from the specification as well as meanings understood by
those skilled in the art and/or as defined in dictionaries,
treatises, etc.
It must also be noted that, as used in the specification and the
appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an" and "the" include
plural referents unless otherwise specified.
The following description discloses several preferred embodiments
of magnetic storage systems, as well as operation and/or component
parts thereof. Various embodiments include systems and methods that
detect tape damage such as a stretched region and/or an
exceptionally expanded region of tape. Procedures for dealing with
such damages sections of tape are also provided by some
embodiments.
In one general embodiment, a method includes calculating a
differential position value based on readback signals from at least
two servo readers of a magnetic head reading servo tracks of a
magnetic recording tape. The differential position value is
compared to a previously-calculated differential position value. An
action is performed in response to determining that the difference
between the differential position value and the
previously-calculated differential position value is in a
predefined range.
In another general embodiment, an apparatus includes a magnetic
head having at least two servo readers, and a controller in
communication with the servo readers. The controller is configured
to detect a sudden change in a width of a magnetic recording tape
based on a differential position value derived from relatively more
current servo readback data and a second differential position
value derived from relatively older servo readback data.
In yet another general embodiment, a computer program product for
detecting tape damage includes a computer readable storage medium
having program instructions embodied therewith, the program
instructions executable by a controller to cause the controller to
perform the foregoing method.
FIG. 1A illustrates a simplified tape drive 100 of a tape-based
data storage system, which may be employed in the context of the
present invention. While one specific implementation of a tape
drive is shown in FIG. 1A, it should be noted that the embodiments
described herein may be implemented in the context of any type of
tape drive system.
As shown, a tape supply cartridge 120 and a take-up reel 121 are
provided to support a tape 122. One or more of the reels may form
part of a removable cartridge and are not necessarily part of the
system 100. The tape drive, such as that illustrated in FIG. 1A,
may further include drive motor(s) to drive the tape supply
cartridge 120 and the take-up reel 121 to move the tape 122 over a
tape head 126 of any type. Such head may include an array of
readers, writers, or both.
Guides 125 guide the tape 122 across the tape head 126. Such tape
head 126 is in turn coupled to a controller 128 via a cable 130.
The controller 128, may be or include a processor and/or any logic
for controlling any subsystem of the drive 100. For example, the
controller 128 typically controls head functions such as servo
following, data writing, data reading, etc. The controller 128 may
include at least one servo channel and at least one data channel,
each of which include data flow processing logic configured to
process and/or store information to be written to and/or read from
the tape 122. The controller 128 may operate under logic known in
the art, as well as any logic disclosed herein, and thus may be
considered as a processor for any of the descriptions of tape
drives included herein, in various embodiments. The controller 128
may be coupled to a memory 136 of any known type, which may store
instructions executable by the controller 128. Moreover, the
controller 128 may be configured and/or programmable to perform or
control some or all of the methodology presented herein. Thus, the
controller 128 may be considered to be configured to perform
various operations by way of logic programmed into one or more
chips, modules, and/or blocks; software, firmware, and/or other
instructions being available to one or more processors; etc., and
combinations thereof.
The cable 130 may include read/write circuits to transmit data to
the head 126 to be recorded on the tape 122 and to receive data
read by the head 126 from the tape 122. An actuator 132 controls
position of the head 126 relative to the tape 122.
An interface 134 may also be provided for communication between the
tape drive 100 and a host (internal or external) to send and
receive the data and for controlling the operation of the tape
drive 100 and communicating the status of the tape drive 100 to the
host, all as will be understood by those of skill in the art.
FIG. 1B illustrates an exemplary tape cartridge 150 according to
one embodiment. Such tape cartridge 150 may be used with a system
such as that shown in FIG. 1A. As shown, the tape cartridge 150
includes a housing 152, a tape 122 in the housing 152, and a
nonvolatile memory 156 coupled to the housing 152. In some
approaches, the nonvolatile memory 156 may be embedded inside the
housing 152, as shown in FIG. 1B. In more approaches, the
nonvolatile memory 156 may be attached to the inside or outside of
the housing 152 without modification of the housing 152. For
example, the nonvolatile memory may be embedded in a self-adhesive
label 154. In one preferred embodiment, the nonvolatile memory 156
may be a Flash memory device, ROM device, etc., embedded into or
coupled to the inside or outside of the tape cartridge 150. The
nonvolatile memory is accessible by the tape drive and the tape
operating software (the driver software), and/or other device.
By way of example, FIG. 2 illustrates a side view of a flat-lapped,
bi-directional, two-module magnetic tape head 200 which may be
implemented in the context of the present invention. As shown, the
head includes a pair of bases 202, each equipped with a module 204,
and fixed at a small angle .alpha. with respect to each other. The
bases may be "U-beams" that are adhesively coupled together. Each
module 204 includes a substrate 204A and a closure 204B with a thin
film portion, commonly referred to as a "gap" in which the readers
and/or writers 206 are formed. In use, a tape 208 is moved over the
modules 204 along a media (tape) bearing surface 209 in the manner
shown for reading and writing data on the tape 208 using the
readers and writers. The wrap angle .theta. of the tape 208 at
edges going onto and exiting the flat media support surfaces 209
are usually between about 0.1 degree and about 3 degrees.
The substrates 204A are typically constructed of a wear resistant
material, such as a ceramic. The closures 204B may be made of the
same or similar ceramic as the substrates 204A.
The readers and writers may be arranged in a piggyback or merged
configuration. An illustrative piggybacked configuration comprises
a (magnetically inductive) writer transducer on top of (or below) a
(magnetically shielded) reader transducer (e.g., a magnetoresistive
reader, etc.), wherein the poles of the writer and the shields of
the reader are generally separated. An illustrative merged
configuration comprises one reader shield in the same physical
layer as one writer pole (hence, "merged"). The readers and writers
may also be arranged in an interleaved configuration.
Alternatively, each array of channels may be readers or writers
only. Any of these arrays may contain one or more servo track
readers for reading servo data on the medium.
FIG. 2A illustrates the tape bearing surface 209 of one of the
modules 204 taken from Line 2A of FIG. 2. A representative tape 208
is shown in dashed lines. The module 204 is preferably long enough
to be able to support the tape as the head steps between data
bands.
In this example, the tape 208 includes 4 to 32 data bands, e.g.,
with 16 data bands and 17 servo tracks 210, as shown in FIG. 2A on
a one-half inch wide tape 208. The data bands are defined between
servo tracks 210. Each data band may include a number of data
tracks, for example 1024 data tracks (not shown). During read/write
operations, the readers and/or writers 206 are positioned to
specific track positions within one of the data bands. Outer
readers, sometimes called servo readers, read the servo tracks 210.
The servo signals are in turn used to keep the readers and/or
writers 206 aligned with a particular set of tracks during the
read/write operations.
FIG. 2B depicts a plurality of readers and/or writers 206 formed in
a gap 218 on the module 204 in Circle 2B of FIG. 2A. As shown, the
array of readers and writers 206 includes, for example, 16 writers
214, 16 readers 216 and two servo readers 212, though the number of
elements may vary. Illustrative embodiments include 8, 16, 32, 40,
and 64 active readers and/or writers 206 per array, and
alternatively interleaved designs having odd numbers of reader or
writers such as 17, 25, 33, etc. An illustrative embodiment
includes 32 readers per array and/or 32 writers per array, where
the actual number of transducer elements could be greater, e.g.,
33, 34, etc. This allows the tape to travel more slowly, thereby
reducing speed-induced tracking and mechanical difficulties and/or
execute fewer "wraps" to fill or read the tape. While the readers
and writers may be arranged in a piggyback configuration as shown
in FIG. 2B, the readers 216 and writers 214 may also be arranged in
an interleaved configuration. Alternatively, each array of readers
and/or writers 206 may be readers or writers only, and the arrays
may contain one or more servo readers 212. As noted by considering
FIGS. 2 and 2A-B together, each module 204 may include a
complementary set of readers and/or writers 206 for such things as
bi-directional reading and writing, read-while-write capability,
backward compatibility, etc.
FIG. 2C shows a partial tape bearing surface view of complementary
modules of a magnetic tape head 200 according to one embodiment. In
this embodiment, each module has a plurality of read/write (R/W)
pairs in a piggyback configuration formed on a common substrate
204A and an optional electrically insulative layer 236. The
writers, exemplified by the write transducer 214 and the readers,
exemplified by the read transducer 216, are aligned parallel to an
intended direction of travel of a tape medium thereacross to form
an R/W pair, exemplified by the R/W pair 222. Note that the
intended direction of tape travel is sometimes referred to herein
as the direction of tape travel, and such terms may be used
interchangeably. Such direction of tape travel may be inferred from
the design of the system, e.g., by examining the guides; observing
the actual direction of tape travel relative to the reference
point; etc. Moreover, in a system operable for bi-direction reading
and/or writing, the direction of tape travel in both directions is
typically parallel and thus both directions may be considered
equivalent to each other.
Several R/W pairs 222 may be present, such as 8, 16, 32 pairs, etc.
The R/W pairs 222 as shown are linearly aligned in a direction
generally perpendicular to a direction of tape travel thereacross.
However, the pairs may also be aligned diagonally, etc. Servo
readers 212 are positioned on the outside of the array of R/W
pairs, the function of which is well known.
Generally, the magnetic tape medium moves in either a forward or
reverse direction as indicated by arrow 220. The magnetic tape
medium and head assembly 200 operate in a transducing relationship
in the manner well-known in the art. The piggybacked MR head
assembly 200 includes two thin-film modules 224 and 226 of
generally identical construction.
Modules 224 and 226 are joined together with a space present
between closures 204B thereof (partially shown) to form a single
physical unit to provide read-while-write capability by activating
the writer of the leading module and reader of the trailing module
aligned with the writer of the leading module parallel to the
direction of tape travel relative thereto. When a module 224, 226
of a piggyback head 200 is constructed, layers are formed in the
gap 218 created above an electrically conductive substrate 204A
(partially shown), e.g., of AlTiC, in generally the following order
for the R/W pairs 222: an insulating layer 236, a first shield 232
typically of an iron alloy such as NiFe (-), cobalt zirconium
tantalum (CZT) or Al--Fe--Si (Sendust), a sensor 234 for sensing a
data track on a magnetic medium, a second shield 238 typically of a
nickel-iron alloy (e.g., .about.80/20 at % NiFe, also known as
permalloy), first and second writer pole tips 228, 230, and a coil
(not shown). The sensor may be of any known type, including those
based on MR, GMR, AMR, tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR), etc.
The first and second writer poles 228, 230 may be fabricated from
high magnetic moment materials such as .about.45/55 NiFe. Note that
these materials are provided by way of example only, and other
materials may be used. Additional layers such as insulation between
the shields and/or pole tips and an insulation layer surrounding
the sensor may be present. Illustrative materials for the
insulation include alumina and other oxides, insulative polymers,
etc.
The configuration of the tape head 126 according to one embodiment
includes multiple modules, preferably three or more. In a
write-read-write (W-R-W) head, outer modules for writing flank one
or more inner modules for reading. Referring to FIG. 3, depicting a
W-R-W configuration, the outer modules 252, 256 each include one or
more arrays of writers 260. The inner module 254 of FIG. 3 includes
one or more arrays of readers 258 in a similar configuration.
Variations of a multi-module head include a R-W-R head (FIG. 4), a
R-R-W head, a W-W-R head, etc. In yet other variations, one or more
of the modules may have read/write pairs of transducers. Moreover,
more than three modules may be present. In further approaches, two
outer modules may flank two or more inner modules, e.g., in a
W-R-R-W, a R-W-W-R arrangement, etc. For simplicity, a W-R-W head
is used primarily herein to exemplify embodiments of the present
invention. One skilled in the art apprised with the teachings
herein will appreciate how permutations of the present invention
would apply to configurations other than a W-R-W configuration.
FIG. 5 illustrates a magnetic head 126 according to one embodiment
of the present invention that includes first, second and third
modules 302, 304, 306 each having a tape bearing surface 308, 310,
312 respectively, which may be flat, contoured, etc. Note that
while the term "tape bearing surface" appears to imply that the
surface facing the tape 315 is in physical contact with the tape
bearing surface, this is not necessarily the case. Rather, only a
portion of the tape may be in contact with the tape bearing
surface, constantly or intermittently, with other portions of the
tape riding (or "flying") above the tape bearing surface on a layer
of air, sometimes referred to as an "air bearing". The first module
302 will be referred to as the "leading" module as it is the first
module encountered by the tape in a three module design for tape
moving in the indicated direction. The third module 306 will be
referred to as the "trailing" module. The trailing module follows
the middle module and is the last module seen by the tape in a
three module design. The leading and trailing modules 302, 306 are
referred to collectively as outer modules. Also note that the outer
modules 302, 306 will alternate as leading modules, depending on
the direction of travel of the tape 315.
In one embodiment, the tape bearing surfaces 308, 310, 312 of the
first, second and third modules 302, 304, 306 lie on about parallel
planes (which is meant to include parallel and nearly parallel
planes, e.g., between parallel and tangential as in FIG. 6), and
the tape bearing surface 310 of the second module 304 is above the
tape bearing surfaces 308, 312 of the first and third modules 302,
306. As described below, this has the effect of creating the
desired wrap angle .alpha..sub.2 of the tape relative to the tape
bearing surface 310 of the second module 304.
Where the tape bearing surfaces 308, 310, 312 lie along parallel or
nearly parallel yet offset planes, intuitively, the tape should
peel off of the tape bearing surface 308 of the leading module 302.
However, the vacuum created by the skiving edge 318 of the leading
module 302 has been found by experimentation to be sufficient to
keep the tape adhered to the tape bearing surface 308 of the
leading module 302. The trailing edge 320 of the leading module 302
(the end from which the tape leaves the leading module 302) is the
approximate reference point which defines the wrap angle
.alpha..sub.2 over the tape bearing surface 310 of the second
module 304. The tape stays in close proximity to the tape bearing
surface until close to the trailing edge 320 of the leading module
302. Accordingly, read and/or write elements 322 may be located
near the trailing edges of the outer modules 302, 306. These
embodiments are particularly adapted for write-read-write
applications.
A benefit of this and other embodiments described herein is that,
because the outer modules 302, 306 are fixed at a determined offset
from the second module 304, the inner wrap angle .alpha..sub.2 is
fixed when the modules 302, 304, 306 are coupled together or are
otherwise fixed into a head. The inner wrap angle .alpha..sub.2 is
approximately tan.sup.-1 (.delta./W) where .delta. is the height
difference between the planes of the tape bearing surfaces 308, 310
and W is the width between the opposing ends of the tape bearing
surfaces 308, 310. An illustrative inner wrap angle .alpha..sub.2
is in a range of about 0.3.degree. to about 1.1.degree., though can
be any angle required by the design.
Beneficially, the inner wrap angle .alpha..sub.2 on the side of the
module 304 receiving the tape (leading edge) will be larger than
the inner wrap angle .alpha..sub.3 on the trailing edge, as the
tape 315 rides above the trailing module 306. This difference is
generally beneficial as a smaller .alpha..sub.3 tends to oppose
what has heretofore been a steeper exiting effective wrap
angle.
Note that the tape bearing surfaces 308, 312 of the outer modules
302, 306 are positioned to achieve a negative wrap angle at the
trailing edge 320 of the leading module 302. This is generally
beneficial in helping to reduce friction due to contact with the
trailing edge 320, provided that proper consideration is given to
the location of the crowbar region that forms in the tape where it
peels off the head. This negative wrap angle also reduces flutter
and scrubbing damage to the elements on the leading module 302.
Further, at the trailing module 306, the tape 315 flies over the
tape bearing surface 312 so there is virtually no wear on the
elements when tape is moving in this direction. Particularly, the
tape 315 entrains air and so will not significantly ride on the
tape bearing surface 312 of the third module 306 (some contact may
occur). This is permissible, because the leading module 302 is
writing while the trailing module 306 is idle.
Writing and reading functions are performed by different modules at
any given time. In one embodiment, the second module 304 includes a
plurality of data and optional servo readers 331 and no writers.
The first and third modules 302, 306 include a plurality of writers
322 and no data readers, with the exception that the outer modules
302, 306 may include optional servo readers. The servo readers may
be used to position the head during reading and/or writing
operations. The servo reader(s) on each module are typically
located towards the end of the array of readers or writers.
By having only readers or side by side writers and servo readers in
the gap between the substrate and closure, the gap length can be
substantially reduced. Typical heads have piggybacked readers and
writers, where the writer is formed above each reader. A typical
gap is 20-35 microns. However, irregularities on the tape may tend
to droop into the gap and create gap erosion. Thus, the smaller the
gap is the better. The smaller gap enabled herein exhibits fewer
wear related problems.
In some embodiments, the second module 304 has a closure, while the
first and third modules 302, 306 do not have a closure. Where there
is no closure, preferably a hard coating is added to the module.
One preferred coating is diamond-like carbon (DLC).
In the embodiment shown in FIG. 5, the first, second, and third
modules 302, 304, 306 each have a closure 332, 334, 336, which
extends the tape bearing surface of the associated module, thereby
effectively positioning the read/write elements away from the edge
of the tape bearing surface. The closure 332 on the second module
304 can be a ceramic closure of a type typically found on tape
heads. The closures 334, 336 of the first and third modules 302,
306, however, may be shorter than the closure 332 of the second
module 304 as measured parallel to a direction of tape travel over
the respective module. This enables positioning the modules closer
together. One way to produce shorter closures 334, 336 is to lap
the standard ceramic closures of the second module 304 an
additional amount. Another way is to plate or deposit thin film
closures above the elements during thin film processing. For
example, a thin film closure of a hard material such as Sendust or
nickel-iron alloy (e.g., 45/55) can be formed on the module.
With reduced-thickness ceramic or thin film closures 334, 336 or no
closures on the outer modules 302, 306, the write-to-read gap
spacing can be reduced to less than about 1 mm, e.g., about 0.75
mm, or 50% less than commonly-used LTO tape head spacing. The open
space between the modules 302, 304, 306 can still be set to
approximately 0.5 to 0.6 mm, which in some embodiments is ideal for
stabilizing tape motion over the second module 304.
Depending on tape tension and stiffness, it may be desirable to
angle the tape bearing surfaces of the outer modules relative to
the tape bearing surface of the second module. FIG. 6 illustrates
an embodiment where the modules 302, 304, 306 are in a tangent or
nearly tangent (angled) configuration. Particularly, the tape
bearing surfaces of the outer modules 302, 306 are about parallel
to the tape at the desired wrap angle .alpha..sub.2 of the second
module 304. In other words, the planes of the tape bearing surfaces
308, 312 of the outer modules 302, 306 are oriented at about the
desired wrap angle .alpha..sub.2 of the tape 315 relative to the
second module 304. The tape will also pop off of the trailing
module 306 in this embodiment, thereby reducing wear on the
elements in the trailing module 306. These embodiments are
particularly useful for write-read-write applications. Additional
aspects of these embodiments are similar to those given above.
Typically, the tape wrap angles may be set about midway between the
embodiments shown in FIGS. 5 and 6.
FIG. 7 illustrates an embodiment where the modules 302, 304, 306
are in an overwrap configuration. Particularly, the tape bearing
surfaces 308, 312 of the outer modules 302, 306 are angled slightly
more than the tape 315 when set at the desired wrap angle
.alpha..sub.2 relative to the second module 304. In this
embodiment, the tape does not pop off of the trailing module,
allowing it to be used for writing or reading. Accordingly, the
leading and middle modules can both perform reading and/or writing
functions while the trailing module can read any just-written data.
Thus, these embodiments are preferred for write-read-write,
read-write-read, and write-write-read applications. In the latter
embodiments, closures should be wider than the tape canopies for
ensuring read capability. The wider closures may require a wider
gap-to-gap separation. Therefore a preferred embodiment has a
write-read-write configuration, which may use shortened closures
that thus allow closer gap-to-gap separation.
Additional aspects of the embodiments shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 are
similar to those given above.
A 32 channel version of a multi-module head 126 may use cables 350
having leads on the same or smaller pitch as current 16 channel
piggyback LTO modules, or alternatively the connections on the
module may be organ-keyboarded for a 50% reduction in cable span.
Over-under, writing pair unshielded cables may be used for the
writers, which may have integrated servo readers.
The outer wrap angles .alpha..sub.1 may be set in the drive, such
as by guides of any type known in the art, such as adjustable
rollers, slides, etc. or alternatively by outriggers, which are
integral to the head. For example, rollers having an offset axis
may be used to set the wrap angles. The offset axis creates an
orbital arc of rotation, allowing precise alignment of the wrap
angle .alpha..sub.1.
To assemble any of the embodiments described above, conventional
u-beam assembly can be used. Accordingly, the mass of the resultant
head may be maintained or even reduced relative to heads of
previous generations. In other approaches, the modules may be
constructed as a unitary body. Those skilled in the art, armed with
the present teachings, will appreciate that other known methods of
manufacturing such heads may be adapted for use in constructing
such heads. Moreover, unless otherwise specified, processes and
materials of types known in the art may be adapted for use in
various embodiments in conformance with the teachings herein, as
would become apparent to one skilled in the art upon reading the
present disclosure.
It is an ongoing goal to increase storage capacity per unit area of
storage medium. One way to achieve such increase is through
aggressive track density scaling. As track densities increase,
positioning of the recording head over the data tracks by the track
follow system of tape drives becomes more important. The basic
function of the track-follow control system is to reduce the
misalignment between the tape and the recording head created by
lateral motion of the flexible medium. Lateral tape motion (LTM),
for example, arises primarily from imperfections in the tape guide
rollers and reels, such as run-outs, eccentricities and other tape
path imperfections. Another source of media imperfection that can
cause the head to become misaligned with data is contraction of the
media due to tape stretching, which causes the width of the tape to
shrink in the stretched area. While tape stretching may cause media
width to shrink by only a few microns, this phenomenon has
heretofore been very problematic for the track following servo
system.
Tape stretching is generally distinguishable from tape lateral
contraction due to changes in humidity and temperature in that tape
stretching generally only affects a portion of the tape, while
humidity and temperature tend to affect the width of the tape as a
whole. Moreover, humidity and temperature-induced effects tend to
occur slowly, making them easier to deal with. In contrast,
instantaneous tape stretching can occur, e.g., due to tension
variations, causing stretched portions of tape to appear seemingly
at random in some cases. More problematic, however, is permanent
stretching damage found in discrete portions of the tape. The
transitions between stretched and unstretched regions of the tape
tend to be very short, e.g., less than 5 meters long, and often
within 1 meter. In either case, the resultant change in width of
the stretched portion tends to be observed suddenly with little
time for remedial action. Solutions for dealing with tape lateral
contraction due to changes in humidity and temperature are
generally unsatisfactory for dealing with regions of stretched
tape.
Similarly, some tapes have been observed to exhibit regions of
excessive expansion, which presents similar challenges. Likewise,
solutions for dealing with tape lateral expansion due to changes in
humidity and temperature are generally unsatisfactory for dealing
with smaller expanded regions of tape.
Various embodiments of the present invention provide a methodology
for detecting a defect area of tape such as an area having a tape
stretched condition or an expanded condition, and optionally
stopping the write/read operation during the defect area and
re-enabling the write/read function after the defect area. In one
embodiment, a sudden change in a width of a magnetic recording tape
is detected based on a differential position value derived from
relatively more current servo readback data and a second
differential position value derived from relatively older servo
readback data. See, e.g., FIG. 10 and related description. The
sudden change in width is indicative of a stretching or expansion
of only a portion of the magnetic recording tape, as opposed to the
entire tape as would be seen with humidity and/or
temperature-induced contraction or expansion. The sudden change in
width may be detected within a single continuous read operation
and/or single continuous write operation.
For simplicity, much of the following discussion will refer to a
stretched area of tape. It should be understood that the principles
described herein may be applied to expanded areas of tape as
well.
FIG. 8 depicts a magnetic head 800 passing over a stretched area
804 of tape 802, in accordance with one embodiment. As an option,
the present magnetic head 800 may be implemented in conjunction
with features from any other embodiment listed herein, such as
those described with reference to the other FIGS. Of course,
however, such magnetic head 800 and others presented herein may be
used in various applications and/or in permutations which may or
may not be specifically described in the illustrative embodiments
listed herein. Further, magnetic head 800 presented herein may be
used in any desired environment.
As shown, the magnetic head has two servo readers 806 that are used
to detect the position of the magnetic head 800 relative to the
servo tracks 808 on the magnetic recording tape 802. At position A,
the magnetic head 800 is over an unstretched portion of tape. The
servo system determines that the two servo readers 806 are at about
the same relative position Ypos on each servo track 808, as would
be expected under normal conditions. In this example,
Ypos1=Ypos2=-50. Taking the difference between the two Ypos
readings at position A results in
DeltaY=Ypos1-Ypos2=-50-(-50)=0.
When the magnetic head 800 encounters the stretched portion 804 of
the tape 802 at position B, where the width of the tape has been
reduced thereby causing the servo tracks to become closer together,
the signal from the upper servo reader indicates that it is at a
higher position: Ypos1=-40, while the signal from the lower servo
reader indicates that it is at a lower position: Ypos2=-60. Taking
the difference between the two Ypos readings at position B results
in DeltaY=Ypos1-Ypos2=-40-(-60)=20. The offset represented by
DeltaY is indicative of a problem with this area of tape. Various
embodiments take some action based on the magnitude of the offset,
e.g., when the DeltaY value is in some range e.g., above some
threshold, or equivalently, outside of some range. Selection of a
range allows the system to take action only when the stretching or
expansion of the tape is at a problematic level. For example, a
range may be selected to take action only upon detecting areas of
permanent stretching, as opposed to temporary stretching due to
tension variations, which tend to be minimal.
When the magnetic head 800 passes by the stretched area 804 of the
tape at position C, the servo system determines that the two servo
readers 806 are again at about the same relative position Ypos on
each servo track 808. DeltaY again equals 0. Of course, the
conventions by which the Ypos values may be calculated and/or
represented may vary from implementation to implementation. One
skilled in the art, armed with the teachings herein, would be able
to reproduce the various embodiments described using any
conceivable Ypos convention.
Various embodiments detect a damaged region of tape by observing
DeltaY.
Now referring to FIG. 9, a flowchart of a method 900 is shown
according to one embodiment. The method 900 may be performed in
accordance with the present invention in any of the environments
depicted in FIGS. 1-8, among others, in various embodiments. Of
course, more or less operations than those specifically described
in FIG. 9 may be included in method 900, as would be understood by
one of skill in the art upon reading the present descriptions.
Each of the steps of the method 900 may be performed by any
suitable component of the operating environment. For example, in
various embodiments, the method 900 may be partially or entirely
performed by a tape drive controller or some other device having
one or more processors therein. The processor, e.g., processing
circuit(s), chip(s), and/or module(s) implemented in hardware
and/or software, and preferably having at least one hardware
component may be utilized in any device to perform one or more
steps of the method 900. Illustrative processors include, but are
not limited to, a central processing unit (CPU), an application
specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array
(FPGA), etc., combinations thereof, or any other suitable computing
device known in the art.
As shown in FIG. 9, method 900 may initiate with operation 902,
where track following is started in a conventional manner.
In operation 904, the servo tracks are locked onto, e.g., in a
conventional manner. This function may be performed by a track
following (servo) subsystem of a tape drive controller.
In optional decision 906, a check may be performed to ensure that
the magnetic head is locked to the desired track on tape
sufficiently. In the example shown, this may be done by determining
that the position error signal (PES) is within a range, e.g., an
absolute value of the PES is below some threshold (thres). If the
checking operation of decision 906 fails, an action may be
performed, such as posting an error, disabling reading and/or
writing, etc. See operation 908. The process 900 may then return to
operation 906.
If the checking operation of decision 906 succeeds, the process
continues. In operation 910, a tape stretched (and/or expanded)
condition is detected. In one preferred approach, a defect is noted
when an offset (e.g., DeltaY) goes into a range, e.g., above or
below a threshold, within a period of time. Illustrative procedures
for detecting the tape stretched (and/or expanded) condition are
presented below.
If a tape stretched (and/or expanded) condition is detected, an
action may be performed, such as posting an error, disabling of
reading and/or writing, etc. See operation 912. The process 900 may
then return to operation 906, e.g., to determine when to enable
reading and/or writing because the damaged portion of the tape has
passed.
If a tape stretched (and/or expanded) condition is not detected at
decision 910, the process continues. In operation 914, reading
and/or writing is enabled, e.g., allowed to continue, and/or
re-enabled in response to the determination at decision 910. The
process ends at operation 916 when the reading and/or writing
operation is finished.
FIG. 10 depicts one illustrative process for performing operation
910 of FIG. 9.
In operation 1002, the process starts, e.g., in response to
receiving a read and/or write command. In operation 1004,
differential position value DeltaY is computed. In one approach, a
DeltaY is computed periodically. In a preferred approach, however,
DeltaY is computed for each of a set of samples based on readback
signals from at least two servo readers of a magnetic head reading
servo tracks of a magnetic recording tape. See, e.g., the
description of FIG. 8, above. The number of samples may be any
desired number N, such as 2, 4, 8, 10, 16, 32, 64, etc. The number
of samples may be predefined, determined during operation, set by a
user, etc. In the example shown, 32 samples are used. The DeltaY
values for the N samples are added together to obtain DeltaY_sum.
Then DeltaY_sum is divided by N to obtain the average differential
position value DeltaY_ave for the set of samples.
In operation 1006, the differential position value is compared to a
previously-calculated differential position value, e.g., as
determined in a previous iteration of operation 1004. Continuing
with the preferred embodiment that uses average differential
position values, the average differential position value DeltaY_ave
calculated in operation 1004 is compared to a previously-calculated
average differential position value Prev_Offset. Prev_Offset may be
an average differential position value calculated in the iteration
of the process performed immediately prior to calculating
DeltaY_ave.
An action may be performed in response to determining that the
difference between the differential position value and the
previously-calculated differential position value is in a
predefined range such as above or below a predefined threshold
(thres), which may be predefined, set by a user, in microcode, etc.
Preferably, the threshold is based on some extent of contraction or
expansion of the tape, such as greater than 0.75 cm, greater than 1
cm, etc.
Referring to FIG. 10, where the absolute value of
DeltaY_ave-Prev_Offset is greater than a threshold value, which
indicates the encounter of a damaged (e.g., stretched or expanded)
portion of tape such as a sudden change in the width of the
magnetic recording tape, the action taken may include setting a
Tape_Stretch flag to TRUE, disabling reading and/or writing,
outputting an indication of an error, etc. See operation 1008. The
process 910 may return to operation 1004, where the process 910 is
repeated to determine when the damaged portion of tape has passed
and reading and/or writing can resume.
Where the absolute value of DeltaY_ave-Prev_Offset is in the range
less than a threshold value, the Prev_Offset may be reset to the
DeltaY_ave calculated in the present iteration and stored in a
buffer, a Tape_Stretch flag may be set to FALSE, etc. See operation
1010. The process 910 may then return to operation 1004, and
operation 914 of FIG. 9 may be conducted.
Process 910 is preferably performed continuously during a given
continuous reading and/or writing operation, thereby enabling rapid
detection of damaged portions of tape. However, various components
of the process may be delayed, staggered, etc. such as by using
every other sample, inserting a delay in the return to operation
1004 from operation 1010, etc. Various embodiments may look for a
change in width to occur within a short time period, e.g., in less
than about 1 second at normal operating speeds, in less than about
500 milliseconds, etc. Again, other causes of tape lateral
expansion and contraction occur slowly. Preferred embodiments
discriminate between these and damaged portions of tape based on
the short time period in which the change in offset is
detected.
The present invention may be a system, a method, and/or a computer
program product. The computer program product may include a
computer readable storage medium (or media) having computer
readable program instructions thereon for causing a processor to
carry out aspects of the present invention.
The computer readable storage medium can be a tangible device that
can retain and store instructions for use by an instruction
execution device. The computer readable storage medium may be, for
example, but is not limited to, an electronic storage device, a
magnetic storage device, an optical storage device, an
electromagnetic storage device, a semiconductor storage device, or
any suitable combination of the foregoing. A non-exhaustive list of
more specific examples of the computer readable storage medium
includes the following: a portable computer diskette, a hard disk,
a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable
programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), a static
random access memory (SRAM), a portable compact disc read-only
memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD), a memory stick, a
floppy disk, a mechanically encoded device such as punch-cards or
raised structures in a groove having instructions recorded thereon,
and any suitable combination of the foregoing. A computer readable
storage medium, as used herein, is not to be construed as being
transitory signals per se, such as radio waves or other freely
propagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves
propagating through a waveguide or other transmission media (e.g.,
light pulses passing through a fiber-optic cable), or electrical
signals transmitted through a wire.
Computer readable program instructions described herein can be
downloaded to respective computing/processing devices from a
computer readable storage medium or to an external computer or
external storage device via a network, for example, the Internet, a
local area network, a wide area network and/or a wireless network.
The network may comprise copper transmission cables, optical
transmission fibers, wireless transmission, routers, firewalls,
switches, gateway computers and/or edge servers. A network adapter
card or network interface in each computing/processing device
receives computer readable program instructions from the network
and forwards the computer readable program instructions for storage
in a computer readable storage medium within the respective
computing/processing device.
Computer readable program instructions for carrying out operations
of the present invention may be assembler instructions,
instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine
instructions, machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware
instructions, state-setting data, or either source code or object
code written in any combination of one or more programming
languages, including an object oriented programming language such
as Smalltalk, C++ or the like, and conventional procedural
programming languages, such as the "C" programming language or
similar programming languages. The computer readable program
instructions may execute entirely on the user's computer, partly on
the user's computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on
the user's computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on
the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote
computer may be connected to the user's computer through any type
of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area
network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external
computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet
Service Provider). In some embodiments, electronic circuitry
including, for example, programmable logic circuitry,
field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), or programmable logic arrays
(PLA) may execute the computer readable program instructions by
utilizing state information of the computer readable program
instructions to personalize the electronic circuitry, in order to
perform aspects of the present invention.
Aspects of the present invention are described herein with
reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of
methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products
according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood
that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block
diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations
and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer readable
program instructions.
These computer readable program instructions may be provided to a
processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer,
or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a
machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the
processor of the computer or other programmable data processing
apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts
specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.
These computer readable program instructions may also be stored in
a computer readable storage medium that can direct a computer, a
programmable data processing apparatus, and/or other devices to
function in a particular manner, such that the computer readable
storage medium having instructions stored therein comprises an
article of manufacture including instructions which implement
aspects of the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block
diagram block or blocks.
The computer readable program instructions may also be loaded onto
a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other
device to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on
the computer, other programmable apparatus or other device to
produce a computer implemented process, such that the instructions
which execute on the computer, other programmable apparatus, or
other device implement the functions/acts specified in the
flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.
The flowchart and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate the
architecture, functionality, and operation of possible
implementations of systems, methods, and computer program products
according to various embodiments of the present invention. In this
regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent
a module, segment, or portion of instructions, which comprises one
or more executable instructions for implementing the specified
logical function(s). In some alternative implementations, the
functions noted in the block may occur out of the order noted in
the figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in
fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may
sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the
functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of
the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations
of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can
be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that
perform the specified functions or acts or carry out combinations
of special purpose hardware and computer instructions.
Moreover, a system according to various embodiments may include a
processor and logic integrated with and/or executable by the
processor, the logic being configured to perform one or more of the
process steps recited herein. By integrated with, what is meant is
that the processor has logic embedded therewith as hardware logic,
such as an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field
programmable gate array (FPGA), etc. By executable by the
processor, what is meant is that the logic is hardware logic;
software logic such as firmware, part of an operating system, part
of an application program; etc., or some combination of hardware
and software logic that is accessible by the processor and
configured to cause the processor to perform some functionality
upon execution by the processor. Software logic may be stored on
local and/or remote memory of any memory type, as known in the art.
Any processor known in the art may be used, such as a software
processor module and/or a hardware processor such as an ASIC, a
FPGA, a central processing unit (CPU), an integrated circuit (IC),
etc.
It will be clear that the various features of the foregoing systems
and/or methodologies may be combined in any way, creating a
plurality of combinations from the descriptions presented
above.
It will be further appreciated that embodiments of the present
invention may be provided in the form of a service deployed on
behalf of a customer.
The inventive concepts disclosed herein have been presented by way
of example to illustrate the myriad features thereof in a plurality
of illustrative scenarios, embodiments, and/or implementations. It
should be appreciated that the concepts generally disclosed are to
be considered as modular, and may be implemented in any
combination, permutation, or synthesis thereof. In addition, any
modification, alteration, or equivalent of the presently disclosed
features, functions, and concepts that would be appreciated by a
person having ordinary skill in the art upon reading the instant
descriptions should also be considered within the scope of this
disclosure.
While various embodiments have been described above, it should be
understood that they have been presented by way of example only,
and not limitation. Thus, the breadth and scope of an embodiment of
the present invention should not be limited by any of the
above-described exemplary embodiments, but should be defined only
in accordance with the following claims and their equivalents.
* * * * *