U.S. patent number 10,180,114 [Application Number 15/646,708] was granted by the patent office on 2019-01-15 for selective surface porosity for cylinder bore liners.
This patent grant is currently assigned to FORD GLOBAL TECHNOLOGIES, LLC. The grantee listed for this patent is FORD GLOBAL TECHNOLOGIES, LLC. Invention is credited to Timothy George Beyer, James Maurice Boileau, Larry Dean Elie, James Douglas Ervin, Hamed Ghaednia, Clifford E. Maki.
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United States Patent |
10,180,114 |
Maki , et al. |
January 15, 2019 |
Selective surface porosity for cylinder bore liners
Abstract
A method includes spraying a coating on to an engine bore
surface, honing the coated surface to create a honed surface
region, and cleaning the honed surface region to remove material
from the surface pores. The honed surface region includes a
plurality of surface pores and upper, middle, and lower regions.
Cleaning the honed surface region produces upper, middle, and lower
region surface porosities, with the middle region porosity being
greater than at least one of the upper and lower porosities.
Inventors: |
Maki; Clifford E. (New Hudson,
MI), Elie; Larry Dean (Ypsilanti, MI), Ervin; James
Douglas (Novi, MI), Beyer; Timothy George (Troy, MI),
Ghaednia; Hamed (West Bloomfield, MI), Boileau; James
Maurice (Novi, MI) |
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
FORD GLOBAL TECHNOLOGIES, LLC |
Dearborn |
MI |
US |
|
|
Assignee: |
FORD GLOBAL TECHNOLOGIES, LLC
(Dearborn, MI)
|
Family
ID: |
64745244 |
Appl.
No.: |
15/646,708 |
Filed: |
July 11, 2017 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
B24C
1/003 (20130101); B05D 1/08 (20130101); B05D
1/02 (20130101); B24C 3/32 (20130101); B24C
3/325 (20130101); B05D 7/14 (20130101); B24B
27/033 (20130101); B24B 29/08 (20130101); B05D
3/12 (20130101); B24B 33/02 (20130101); B05D
7/22 (20130101); F02F 1/004 (20130101); B05D
2202/00 (20130101); F02F 2200/00 (20130101); B05D
2254/04 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
F02F
1/00 (20060101); B24B 27/033 (20060101); B24C
3/32 (20060101); B24C 1/00 (20060101); B24B
33/02 (20060101); B24B 29/08 (20060101); B05D
7/14 (20060101); B05D 1/02 (20060101); B05D
3/12 (20060101); B05D 1/08 (20060101); B05D
7/22 (20060101) |
Field of
Search: |
;451/27,51,61,180,39,76
;241/14 ;134/93,107 ;123/193.2
;427/446,230,236,237,239,255.28,348,355,367,404,405,419.1,419.2,427.2,427.3 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
19711756 |
|
Sep 1998 |
|
DE |
|
1832381 |
|
Sep 2007 |
|
EP |
|
Other References
Guo, Z. et al, "Study on Influence of Cylinder Liner Surface
Texture on Lubrication Performance for Cylinder Liner-Piston Ring
Components," Tribology Letters, Jul. 2013, v. 51, issue 1., 21 pgs.
cited by applicant .
Maki, C.E et al. (Inventors), U.S. Appl. No. 15/064,903, filed Mar.
9, 2016, 28 pgs. cited by applicant.
|
Primary Examiner: Fletcher, III; William P
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Johnston; Marla Brooks Kushman
P.C.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A method comprising: spraying a coating on to an engine bore
surface; honing the coated surface to create a honed surface region
having a plurality of surface pores and upper, middle, and lower
regions; and cleaning the honed surface region to remove material
from the surface pores and produce upper, middle, and lower region
surface porosities, the middle region porosity being greater than
at least one of the upper and lower porosities.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the middle region average
porosity is greater than the upper region porosity and the lower
region porosity.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the cleaning step includes
spraying a pressurized fluid on to the honed surface region.
4. The method of claim 3, wherein spraying includes spraying the
pressurized fluid through a nozzle with multiple controlled
apertures of different diameters.
5. The method of claim 3, wherein spraying includes moving a nozzle
with a single aperture relative to the engine bore surface and
varying spray pressure of the pressurized fluid based on the
region.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the cleaning step includes
masking at least one region of the honed surface and removing the
material from surface pores in an unmasked region via gaseous
combustion.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the cleaning step includes
spraying an abrasive high pressure fluid on to the honed surface
region and varying spray pressure based on the region.
8. The method of claim 7, wherein the abrasive high pressure fluid
is compressed air or a dry ice blast.
9. A method comprising: spraying a coating on to an engine bore
surface; honing the coated surface to create a honed surface region
having a plurality of surface pores and a first and second region;
and cleaning the honed surface region to selectively remove
material from the surface pores and produce a first region average
surface porosity greater than a second region average surface
porosity.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein the first region is a middle
region of the honed surface region, and the second region is an
upper and lower ring of the honed surface region.
11. The method of claim 9, wherein the cleaning step includes
spraying a pressurized fluid on to the honed surface region.
12. The method of claim 11, wherein spraying includes spraying the
pressurized fluid through a nozzle with multiple controlled
apertures of different diameters.
13. The method of claim 11, wherein spraying includes moving a
nozzle with a single aperture relative to the engine bore surface
and varying spray pressure of the pressurized fluid based on the
region.
14. The method of claim 9, wherein the cleaning step includes
masking one region of the honed surface region and removing the
material from surface pores in an unmasked region via gaseous
combustion.
15. The method of claim 9, wherein the cleaning step includes
spraying an abrasive high pressure fluid on to the honed surface
region and varying spray pressure based on the region.
16. The method of claim 15, wherein the abrasive high pressure
fluid is compressed air or a dry ice blast.
17. A method comprising: spraying a coating on to an engine bore
surface; honing the coated surface to create a honed surface region
having a plurality of surface pores and upper, middle, and lower
regions; and cleaning the honed surface region to remove material
from the surface pores from the middle region.
18. The method of claim 17, wherein the middle region is a majority
of the honed surface region, and the upper and lower regions are
upper and lower rings of the honed surface region.
19. The method of claim 17, wherein the cleaning step includes
selectively spraying a pressurized fluid or an abrasive pressurized
fluid on to the middle region.
20. The method of claim 17, wherein the cleaning step includes
masking the upper and lower regions of the honed surface region and
removing the material from surface pores in the middle region via
gaseous combustion.
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present disclosure relates to selective surface texture of
cylinder liners, and a method of cleaning cylinder liners.
BACKGROUND
Engine blocks (cylinder blocks) may include one or more cylinder
bores that house pistons of an internal combustion engine. Engine
blocks may be cast, for example, from cast iron or aluminum.
Aluminum is lighter than cast iron, and may be chosen in order to
reduce the weight of a vehicle and improve fuel economy. Aluminum
engine blocks may include a liner, such as a cast iron liner. If
liner-less, the aluminum engine block may include a coating on the
bore surface. Cast iron liners generally increase the weight of the
block and may result in mismatched thermal properties between the
aluminum block and the cast iron liners. Liner-less blocks may
receive a coating (e.g., a plasma coated bore process) to reduce
wear and/or friction.
The inner surface of each cylinder bore is machined prior to
coating so that the surface is suitable for use in automotive
applications with suitable wear resistance and strength. The
machining process may include roughening the inner surface,
applying a metallic coating to the roughened surface, honing the
metallic coating to obtain a finished inner surface, and cleaning
the inner surface to remove burrs and debris.
SUMMARY
According to an embodiment, a method comprising spraying a coating
on to an engine bore surface, honing the coated surface to create a
honed surface region, and cleaning the honed surface region to
remove material from the surface pores is disclosed. The honed
surface region includes a plurality of surface pores and upper,
middle, and lower regions. Cleaning the honed surface region
produces upper, middle, and lower region surface porosities, with
the middle region porosity being greater than at least one of the
upper and lower porosities.
According to one or more embodiments, the middle region average
porosity may be greater than the upper region porosity and the
lower region porosity. In one or more embodiments, the cleaning
step may include spraying a pressurized fluid on to the honed
surface region. Spraying in the cleaning step may include spraying
the pressurized fluid through a nozzle with multiple controlled
apertures of different diameters. Spraying in the cleaning step may
include moving a nozzle with a single aperture relative to the
engine bore surface and varying spray pressure of the pressurized
fluid based on the region. In another embodiment, the cleaning step
may include masking at least one region of the honed surface and
removing the material from surface pores in an unmasked region via
gaseous combustion. In other embodiments, the cleaning step may
include spraying an abrasive high pressure fluid on to the honed
surface region and varying spray pressure based on the region. The
abrasive high pressure fluid may be compressed air or a dry ice
blast.
According to an embodiment, a method comprising spraying a coating
on to an engine bore surface, honing the coated surface to create a
honed surface region having a plurality of surface pores, and
cleaning the honed surface to selectively remove material from the
surface pores is disclosed. The honed surface region includes a
first and second region. Cleaning the honed surface region produces
a first region average surface porosity greater than a second
region average surface porosity.
According to one or more embodiments, the first region may be a
middle region of the honed surface region, and the second region
may be an upper and lower ring of the honed surface region. In one
or more embodiments, the cleaning step may include spraying a
pressurized fluid on to the honed surface region. Spraying in the
cleaning step may include spraying the pressurized fluid through a
nozzle with multiple controlled apertures of different diameters.
Spraying in the cleaning step may include moving a nozzle with a
single aperture relative to the engine bore surface and varying
spray pressure of the pressurized fluid based on the region. In
another embodiment, the cleaning step may include masking one
region of the honed surface region and removing the material from
surface pores in an unmasked region via gaseous combustion. In
other embodiments, the cleaning step may include spraying an
abrasive high pressure fluid on to the honed surface region and
varying spray pressure based on the region. The abrasive high
pressure fluid may be compressed air or a dry ice blast.
According to an embodiment, a method comprising spraying a coating
on to an engine bore surface; honing the coated surface to create a
honed surface region having a plurality of surface pores and upper,
middle, and lower regions; and cleaning the honed surface region to
remove material from the surface pores from the middle region is
disclosed.
According to one or more embodiments, the middle region may be a
majority of the honed surface region, and the upper and lower
regions may be upper and lower rings of the honed surface region.
In one or more embodiments, the cleaning step may include
selectively spraying a pressurized fluid or an abrasive pressurized
fluid on to the middle region. In another embodiment, the cleaning
step may include masking the upper and lower regions of the honed
surface region and removing the material from surface pores in the
middle region via gaseous combustion.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view of an engine block;
FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a cylinder liner, according to an
embodiment;
FIG. 3 is a schematic, fragmented cross-section of a coated engine
bore, according to an embodiment; and
FIG. 4 is a schematic, fragmented cross-section of a coated engine
bore, according to an embodiment.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
As required, detailed embodiments of the present invention are
disclosed herein; however, it is to be understood that the
disclosed embodiments are merely exemplary of the invention that
may be embodied in various and alternative forms. The figures are
not necessarily to scale; some features may be exaggerated or
minimized to show details of particular components. Therefore,
specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are not
to be interpreted as limiting, but merely as a representative basis
for teaching one skilled in the art to variously employ the present
invention.
With reference to FIG. 1, an engine block, or cylinder block, 10 is
shown. The engine block 10 may include one or more cylinder bores
12, which may be configured to house pistons of an internal
combustion engine. The engine block body may be formed of any
suitable material, such as aluminum, cast iron, magnesium, or
alloys thereof. In at least one embodiment, the engine block 10 is
a liner-less engine block. In these embodiments, the bores 12 may
have a coating thereon. In at least one embodiment, the engine
block 10 may include cylinder liners 14, such as shown in FIG. 2,
inserted into or cast-in to the bores 12. The liners 14 may be a
hollow cylinder or tube having an outer surface 16, an inner
surface 18, and a wall thickness 20.
If the engine block parent material is aluminum, then a cast iron
liner or a coating may be provided in the cylinder bores to provide
the cylinder bore with increased strength, stiffness, wear
resistance, or other properties. For example, a cast iron liner may
be cast-in to the engine block or pressed into the cylinder bores
after the engine block has been formed (e.g., by casting). In
another example, the aluminum cylinder bores may be liner-less but
may be coated with a coating after the engine block has been formed
(e.g., by casting). In another embodiment, the engine block parent
material may be aluminum or magnesium and an aluminum or magnesium
liner may be inserted or cast-in to the engine bores. Casting in of
an aluminum liner into an aluminum engine block is described in
U.S. Pub. No. 2017/0175668 published Jun. 22, 2017, the disclosure
of which is hereby incorporated in its entirety by reference
herein.
Accordingly, the bore surface of the cylinder bores may be formed
in a variety of ways and from a variety of materials. For example,
the bore surface may be a cast-iron surface (e.g., from a cast iron
engine block or a cast-iron liner) or an aluminum surface (e.g.,
from a liner-less Al block or an Al liner). The disclosed variable
coating may be applied to any suitable bore surface, therefore, the
term bore surface may apply to a surface of a liner-less block or
to a surface of a cylinder liner or sleeve that has been disposed
within the cylinder bore (e.g., by interference fit or by
casting-in).
With reference to FIG. 3, a cylinder bore 30 having a coating 32 is
disclosed. While a cylinder bore is shown and described, the
present disclose may apply to any article comprising a body
including at least one sliding surface wall having a longitudinal
axis. Prior to applying the coating 32, the bore surface 34 may be
roughened. Roughening the bore surface 34 may improve the adhesion
or bonding strength of the coating 32 to the bore 30. The
roughening process may be a mechanical roughening process, for
example, using a tool with a cutting edge, grit blasting, or water
jet. Other roughening processes may include etching (e.g., chemical
or plasma), spark/electric discharge, or others. In the embodiment
shown, the roughening process may be multiple steps. In the first
step, material may be removed from the bore surface 34 such that
projections 36 are formed (in dashed lines). In the second step,
the projections may be altered to form overhanging projections 38
having undercuts 40. The projections may be altered using any
suitable process, such as rolling, cutting, milling, pressing, grit
blasting, or others.
The coating 32 may be applied to the roughed bore surface. In one
embodiment, the coating may be a sprayed coating, such as a
thermally sprayed coating. Non-limiting examples of thermal
spraying techniques that may be used to form the coating 32 may
include plasma spraying, detonation spraying, wire arc spraying
(e.g., plasma transferred wire arc, or PTWA), flame spraying, high
velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) spraying, warm spraying, or cold spraying.
Other coating techniques may also be used, such as vapor deposition
(e.g., PVD or CVD) or chemical/electrochemical techniques. In at
least one embodiment, the coating 32 is a coating formed by plasma
transferred wire arc (PTWA) spraying.
An apparatus for spraying the coating 32 may be provided. The
apparatus may be a thermal spray apparatus including a spray torch.
The spray torch may include torch parameters, such as atomizing gas
pressure, electrical current, plasma gas flow rate, wire feed rate
and torch traverse speed. The torch parameters may be variable such
that they are adjustable or variable during the operation of the
torch. The apparatus may include a controller, which may be
programmed or configured to control and vary the torch parameters
during the operation of the torch. As described in U.S. application
Ser. No. 15/064,903, filed Mar. 9, 2016, now published as
2017/0260826 on Sep. 14, 2017, the disclosure of which is hereby
incorporated in its entirety by reference herein, the controller
may be programmed to vary the torch parameters to adjust the
porosity of the coating 32, in a longitudinal and/or depth
direction. The controller may include a system of one or more
computers which can be configured to perform particular operations
or actions by virtue of having software, firmware, hardware, or a
combination thereof installed on the system that in operation
causes or cause the system to perform the disclosed actions. One or
more computer programs can be configured to perform particular
operations or actions by virtue of including instructions that,
when executed by the controller, cause the apparatus to perform the
actions.
The coating 32 may be any suitable coating that provides sufficient
strength, stiffness, density, wear properties, friction, fatigue
strength, and/or thermal conductivity for an engine block cylinder
bore. In at least one embodiment, the coating may be an iron or
steel coating. Non-limiting examples of suitable steel compositions
may include any AISI/SAE steel grades from 1010 to 4130 steel. The
steel may also be a stainless steel, such as those in the AISI/SAE
400 series (e.g., 420). However, other steel compositions may also
be used. The coating is not limited to irons or steels, and may be
formed of, or include, other metals or non-metals. For example, the
coating may be a ceramic coating, a polymeric coating, or an
amorphous carbon coating (e.g., DLC or similar). The coating type
and composition may therefore vary based on the application and
desired properties. In addition, there may be multiple coating
types in the cylinder bore 30. For example, different coating types
(e.g., compositions) may be applied to different regions of the
cylinder bore (described in more detail below) and/or the coating
type may change as a function of the depth of the overall coating
(e.g., layer by layer).
In general, the process of applying the coating 32 and finalizing
the bore dimensions and properties may include several steps.
First, the bore surface may be prepared to receive the coating. As
described above, the bore surface may be a cast engine bore or a
liner (cast-in or interference fit), and as such, are hereafter
used interchangeably and is not intended to be limiting. The
surface preparation may include roughening and/or washing of the
surface to improve the adhesion/bonding of the coating. Next, the
deposition of the coating may begin. The coating may be applied in
any suitable manner, such as spraying. In one example, the coating
may be applied by thermal spraying, such as PTWA spraying. The
coating may be applied by rotational spraying of the coating onto
the bore surface. The spray nozzle, the bore surface, or both may
be rotated to apply the coating. As described in U.S. application
Ser. No. 15/064,903, the deposition parameters may be adjusted
(e.g., by a controller) to produce varying levels of porosity in
the coating. The adjustments may be made while the coating is being
applied or the application may be paused to adjust the parameters.
Additional layers of the coating may be applied using the same or
further adjusted deposition parameters.
After the coating is applied, it may be honed to a final bore
diameter according to specified engine bore dimensions. In some
embodiments, an optional mechanical machining operation, such as
boring, cubing, etc., may be performed prior to honing in order to
reduce the amount of stock removal during honing. In general, the
honing process includes inserting a rotating tool having abrasive
particles into the cylinder bore to remove material to a controlled
diameter. The abrasive particles may be attached to individual
pieces called honing stones, and a honing tool may include a
plurality of honing stones. The honing process may include one or
more honing steps. If there are multiple honing steps, the
parameters of the honing process, such as grit size and force
applied, may vary from step to step. In the embodiments shown in
FIG. 3, the coating 32 may initially be deposited to an initial
thickness 52, shown in a dashed line. The honing process may remove
material from the coating 32 and provide a highly cylindrical bore
wall 54 having the final bore diameter. As described herein, the
coating surface may be the surface that results from the honing
process, the honed surface region, not the initial surface after
deposition (e.g., the bore wall 54, not the initial thickness
52).
As used herein, the honed surface region may be a region in the
coating that includes the surface of the coating and a relatively
small depth beneath the surface, for example, up to 5 .mu.m, 10
.mu.m, 25 .mu.m, or 50 .mu.m beneath the surface. It has been found
that the porosity (i.e., average surface porosity) of the honed
surface region can generally be described by two types of pores,
which may be referred to as primary and secondary pores. Primary
pores may be those that are generated during the coating process
(e.g., spraying). For example, the type of porosity generally
referred to in U.S. application Ser. No. 15/064,903. These pores
(e.g., porosity and size) may be generally controlled by the
coating parameters. Secondary pores may be those that are created
or generated after the coating has been deposited.
During the honing process, material that is removed from the coated
bore surface or a burr or edge of a pore may be smeared over the
pore surface or may fill in the pore. This may result in a lower
surface porosity and significantly reduce the oil retention
capability of the pore. Accordingly, cleaning processes clean the
liner surfaces to reveal the pores. The cleaning process may
include performing one or more cleaning passes of the bore coating
surface. In one embodiment, the cleaning process may include a
high-pressure water spray. The spray may be controlled into a spray
pattern, such as a fan spray pattern (e.g., a substantially 2D
spray pattern). Other cleaning methods that may be suitable include
ice blasting (e.g., water- or CO2-based), brushing, or a very fine
abrasive media. These methods are examples, however, and not
intended to be limiting.
The cleaning process may remove the material, such as debris or
burrs, that are present from previous machining operations, such as
previous honing steps or a boring operation. Accordingly, loose
material that is present in the pores of the coating may be removed
to expose the pores and allow them to retain oil. During certain
coating processes, particles of the coating material may be
accelerated towards the bore surface, for example, in the form of
solid particles (cold spray) or melted globules (hot spray). These
particles may build up on each other to form a substantially
continuous coating. The particles may generally deform or coalesce
to form a relatively uniform coating, however, some particles may
remain more discrete or weakly bonded to the coating than others.
In addition, in certain areas the layers of the coating may not be
completely adhered or adhered as strongly as in other areas. These
particles and areas may be potential sites for new pore generation
during the cleaning process (e.g., nucleation sites).
The cleaning process may cause de-bonding or delamination of these
particles or layers, respectively, or may impart residual stresses
in the coating at or near the particles. Accordingly, the cleaning
process may perform at least two functions: 1) remove existing
debris and burrs from the coating surface and 2) generate
nucleation sites on the coating surface. The cleaning process may
therefore allow for the honed surface to not only have a similar
porosity compared to the bulk of the coating, it may have an
increased porosity due to the additionally generated pores. In some
embodiments, the cleaning process (or a similar cleaning process)
may be repeated after the final honing process to clear out any
final debris, remove any burrs, or clean out any other loose
material from the bore surface or within the pores.
The use of surface pores and surface porosity to improve oil
retention in cylinder bore surfaces, such as cylinder liners or
bore walls, requires cleaning processes to remove burrs and debris
in order to improve lubricant distribution to reduce hydrodynamic
drag and piston ring asperity. While the common cleaning processes
are described above, certain pores require a more controlled and
selective process to fully maximize reductions in wear and
friction. In addition, the cylinder bore may require specific
regions with more drag reduction, thus more lubricant retention,
such that regions of higher surface porosity, or more pores
revealed by cleaning, are required.
According to an embodiment, a selective cleaning process is
disclosed. A selective cleaning process removes material from pores
in a controlled process to reveal pores to certain degrees in
certain areas of the cylinder bore or regions of the honed surface
region, resulting in a tailored surface texture. The selective
cleaning process uncovers or exposes debris filled or smeared over
pores during the honed cylinder surface operation to a certain
degree or in certain regions of the bore surface. For example, the
cylinder bore surface where the piston ring pack travels is made of
specific regions, some requiring a higher average surface porosity
than others. By tailoring the cleaning process to specific regions,
lubricant deposition can be improved exactly where required by
piston ring travel. Generally, majority of the bore surface would
benefit from more of the pores being revealed by cleaning, whereas
the upper and lower ring reversal regions of the bore surface (or
upper and lower regions) may include less revealed pores than the
middle (majority) region. By selectively cleaning the honed surface
region, surface texturing can be tailored to properly expose pores
on the coated surface.
As shown in FIG. 4, a middle region 48 may be disposed between
upper and lower regions 46. The middle region 48 may comprise a
majority of the cylinder liner or bore wall, or cover a certain
height of the cylinder bore according to the crank angle of the
piston. Similar to crank angle, the upper and lower region(s) 46
and middle region 48 may cover areas (e.g., height ranges) of the
bore surface that correspond to where the piston has a certain
velocity. For exemplary purposes, crank angles are discussed for
the regions, but other properties may apply as well. Although not
illustrated in FIG. 4, the upper and lower regions 46 may or may
not be the same height, and may reflect on the upper and lower
rings. Therefore, the crank angle ranges may be asymmetrical and
may extend from any value disclosed above for the upper region 46
to any region for the lower region 46. For example, the ratio of
lengths of the upper, middle, and lower regions may be, but is not
limited to, about 0.05:0.9:0.05 to 0.1:0.8:0.1, or about
0.05:0.9:0.05 to 0.15:0.7:0.15, respectively. In other embodiments
where the upper and lower regions 46 may not be the same height,
the ratio of lengths of the upper, middle, and lower regions may
be, for example, but is not limited about 0.03:0.9:0.07 to
0.08:0.8:0.12, or about 0.07:0.9:0.03 to 0.12:0.8:0.08. In an
embodiment, the upper and lower regions 46 may comprise, for
example, at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9% or 10% of the
honed surface region collectively, and up to 10%, 15%, 20%, 25% or
30% of the honed surface region, collectively. In some embodiments,
the upper and lower regions 46 may each individually be, for
example, at least 1%, 2% or 3%, and at most about 5%, 10%, or 15%
of the honed surface region, and may or may not be the same percent
of the honed surface region.
In one embodiment, the surface porosity (e.g., average surface
porosity) of the upper and lower regions 46 may have an average
surface porosity of up to 3%. For example, the upper and lower
regions 46 may have a porosity of, but is not limited to, up to
2.5%, 2%, or 1.5%. In one embodiment, the upper and lower regions
46 may have a honed surface porosity of 0.1% to 3%, or any
sub-range therein, such as 0.5% to 3%, 0.5% to 2.5%, 0.5% to 2%, 1%
to 2.5%, or 1% to 2%. As disclosed herein, "average surface
porosity" may refer to a surface porosity, or a percentage of the
surface of the coating that is made up of pores (e.g., empty space
or air, prior to introduction of lubricant).
The surface porosity of the middle region 48 may be greater than
the surface porosity of the upper and/or lower region(s) 46. In one
embodiment, the middle region 48 may have a surface porosity (e.g.,
average surface porosity) of at least 2%, for example, at least 3%,
4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, or 20%. In another embodiment,
the middle region 48 may have a surface porosity of, but is not
limited to, 2% to 20%, or any sub-range therein, such as 3% to 20%,
5% to 20%, 10% to 20%, 2% to 15%, 3% to 15%, 5% to 15%, 7% to 15%,
3% to 12%, 3% to 10%, 4% to 10%, 5% to 10%, or 5% to 8%.
The size or diameter of the pores, the pore depth, and/or the pore
distribution in the low and high honed surface porosity regions may
be the same or may be different based on the selective cleaning
process revealing the pores in the region(s). In one embodiment,
the mean or average pore sizes of the upper/lower regions 46 and
the middle region 48 may be the same or similar, while the surface
porosities are different based on the selective cleaning process.
The average pore sizes of the upper/lower regions 46 and the middle
region 48 may be from, but is not limited to, 0.1 to 750 .mu.m, or
any sub-range therein, such as 0.1 to 500 .mu.m, 0.1 to 250 .mu.m,
0.1 to 200 .mu.m, 1 to 750 .mu.m, 1 to 500 .mu.m, 1 to 300 .mu.m, 1
to 200 .mu.m, 10 to 300 .mu.m, 10 to 200 .mu.m, 20 to 200 .mu.m, 10
to 150 .mu.m, or 20 to 150 .mu.m. In another embodiment, the pores
may be selectively revealed during the cleaning process based on
diameter or pore depth, but is not limited to, about 10% to 95%,
about 15% to 90%, about 20% to 85%, or about 25% to 80% of
size/depth to obtain a selective surface texture. In another
embodiment, the pore distribution based on the surface porosity may
be selectively revealed based on the region(s). Certain areas may
have a higher percentage of pores revealed. For example, pores in
the upper and lower regions may be revealed to a surface porosity
of about 0.1% to 3%, whereas the middle region may be revealed to a
surface porosity of about 2% to 20%. To achieve the surface
porosities, the cleaning process may reveal pores within the
selected regions based on the diameter or pore depth, about 10% to
95%, about 15% to 95%, about 20% to 95%, about 25% to 95%, about
10% to 90%, about 15% to 90%, about 20% to 90%, about 25% to 90%,
about 10% to 85%, about 15% to 85%, about 20% to 85%, about 25% to
85%, about 10% to 80%, about 15% to 80%, about 20% to 80%, or about
25% to 80%. In other embodiments, the pore size/depth may remain
uniform throughout the regions, but more pores may be selectively
revealed in the middle region 48, compared to the upper/lower
regions 46, to achieve the desired surface porosity.
The selective cleaning step may include processes such as high
pressure fluid (e.g., air or water) spraying, ice blasting, or
mechanical cleaning (e.g., brushing). Accordingly, increasing or
decreasing the intensity of the cleaning process at various
locations within the cylinder bore may affect the degree of
revealing the pores in the honed surface region. In one embodiment,
increasing the intensity of the cleaning process may increase the
removal of material from pores, and vice versa. Increasing the
intensity at various regions of the cylinder bore can change the
surface porosity of the honed surface region, as more or less pores
are revealed between regions. For example, if a high pressure water
jet is used, increasing the pressure of the jet through a
particular region may increase the intensity of the cleaning pass.
Similarly, if mechanical cleaning is used, the force applied may be
increased, the speed of the cleaning may be increased, or other
parameters that make the cleaning more intense in specific regions
of the cylinder bore. Another way to increase or decrease the
intensity may be to vary the number of cleaning passes in the
cleaning process. Additional cleaning passes may cause more
material removal, while fewer may reduce it. Changing the intensity
of cleaning by region provides a controlled approach of cleaning
the cylinder bores to achieve a selective surface texture of the
honed surface.
According to an embodiment, to implement the tailored cleaning
method for a selective surface texture, a high pressure fluid may
be applied through a pressurized nozzle. In some embodiments, the
pressurized nozzle may include multiple controlled apertures of
different diameters to create different pressures to reveal surface
pores to different degrees. In other embodiments, the pressurized
nozzle may include a single aperture that is moved relative to the
liner, and pressure is varied depending on the nozzle position in
the liner to reveal pores to different degrees. According to
another embodiment, a gaseous combustion process may be used to
tailor the cleaning process. Certain areas of the liner may be
masked such that a combustion event sufficient to burn away burrs
and an particulate degrees on the surface of the pores may be used
to reveal the pores in an unmasked region of the liner. According
to yet another embodiment, an abrasive high pressure fluid (such as
compressed air/dry ice blast) may be used to provide the selective
surface texture. The abrasive high pressure fluid may be
implemented with a nozzle that is moved relative to the liner, and
pressure is varied depending on the nozzle position in the liner to
reveal pores to different degrees.
While the coating 32 on the cylinder bore 30 has been described
above with two different surface porosity regions, there may be
more than two different surface porosity regions, such as 3, 4, 5,
or more different regions. To affect the surface porosity gradients
and changes between regions, the pore sizes and degree of
revelation will be based on selectively cleaning accordingly. In
some embodiments, instead of discrete regions, there may be a
gradient of surface porosity along the height of the cylinder bore
30, as dependent on the cleaning process to reveal the pores. The
change in surface porosity may be continuous and may be a
linear/constant increase/decrease or may be a curve. The change in
surface porosity may also be comprised of a plurality of small
steps in surface porosity having two or more regions (e.g., 2 to N
regions).
Accordingly, a tailored cleaning process to provide a selective
surface texture is provided. The process provides a low-cost and
rapid cycle-time method to expose pores to varying degrees, such
that thermal spray coatings can be used efficiently to reduce
weight and production costs. The pores may be revealed to varying
degrees according to selected regions of the cylinder bore honed
surface region.
While exemplary embodiments are described above, it is not intended
that these embodiments describe all possible forms of the
invention. Rather, the words used in the specification are words of
description rather than limitation, and it is understood that
various changes may be made without departing from the spirit and
scope of the invention. Additionally, the features of various
implementing embodiments may be combined to form further
embodiments of the invention.
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