U.S. patent application number 17/149105 was filed with the patent office on 2021-08-19 for compositions comprising kakadu plum extract or acai berry extract.
The applicant listed for this patent is Mary Kay Inc.. Invention is credited to Javier ARAVENA, David GAN, Michelle HINES, Brian JONES.
Application Number | 20210251881 17/149105 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 1000005564695 |
Filed Date | 2021-08-19 |
United States Patent
Application |
20210251881 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
GAN; David ; et al. |
August 19, 2021 |
COMPOSITIONS COMPRISING KAKADU PLUM EXTRACT OR ACAI BERRY
EXTRACT
Abstract
A method of lightening skin or reducing internal or external
oxidation of a cell of skin is disclosed. The method can include
topically applying to the skin a composition consisting of
Terminalia ferdinandiana fruit extract, glycerin, water, and
optionally alcohol.
Inventors: |
GAN; David; (Southlake,
TX) ; HINES; Michelle; (Hickory Creek, TX) ;
ARAVENA; Javier; (Dallas, TX) ; JONES; Brian;
(Flower Mound, TX) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Mary Kay Inc. |
Addison |
TX |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
1000005564695 |
Appl. No.: |
17/149105 |
Filed: |
January 14, 2021 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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16171120 |
Oct 25, 2018 |
10918591 |
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17149105 |
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16046621 |
Jul 26, 2018 |
10668124 |
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16171120 |
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15283633 |
Oct 3, 2016 |
10130673 |
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16046621 |
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13759822 |
Feb 5, 2013 |
10675323 |
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15283633 |
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11624985 |
Jan 19, 2007 |
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13759822 |
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60760977 |
Jan 20, 2006 |
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60760979 |
Jan 20, 2006 |
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60760103 |
Jan 19, 2006 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A61K 36/185 20130101;
A61K 8/9789 20170801; A61Q 19/08 20130101; A61K 9/0014 20130101;
A61K 9/06 20130101; A61K 9/107 20130101; A61Q 19/02 20130101; A61K
45/06 20130101; A61K 8/9794 20170801; A61K 36/889 20130101; A61K
2800/522 20130101 |
International
Class: |
A61K 8/9789 20060101
A61K008/9789; A61K 36/185 20060101 A61K036/185; A61K 45/06 20060101
A61K045/06; A61Q 19/02 20060101 A61Q019/02; A61Q 19/08 20060101
A61Q019/08; A61K 8/9794 20060101 A61K008/9794; A61K 36/889 20060101
A61K036/889; A61K 9/00 20060101 A61K009/00; A61K 9/06 20060101
A61K009/06; A61K 9/107 20060101 A61K009/107 |
Claims
1. A method of lightening skin or reducing internal or external
oxidation of a cell of skin, the method comprising topically
applying to the skin a composition consisting of Terminalia
ferdinandiana fruit extract, glycerin, water, and optionally
alcohol.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition does not have
alcohol.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition has alcohol.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the skin has uneven skin tone,
and wherein the composition is applied to the skin having uneven
skin tone.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the skin has an age spot, a skin
discoloration, or a freckle, and wherein the composition is applied
to the age spot or freckle.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the skin is hyperpigmented
skin.
7. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition reduces internal
or external oxidation of a cell of the skin.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition is a
solution.
9. The method of claim 1, wherein the composition is in liquid
form.
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 16/171,120, filed Oct. 25, 2018, which is a
continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/046,621, filed
Jul. 26, 2018 (U.S. Pat. No. 10,668,124), which is a continuation
of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/283,633, filed Oct. 3, 2016
(U.S. Pat. No. 10,130,673), which is a continuation of U.S. patent
application Ser. No. 13/759,822, filed Feb. 5, 2013 (U.S. Pat. No.
10,675,323), which is a continuation of U.S. patent application
Ser. No. 11/624,985, filed Jan. 19, 2007, which claims the benefit
of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/760,979, filed Jan. 20,
2006, U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/760,977, filed Jan. 20,
2006, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/760,103, filed Jan.
19, 2006. The contents of the referenced patent applications are
incorporated into the present patent application by reference.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
A. Field of the Invention
[0002] The present invention relates generally to compositions that
can be used to improve the skin's visual appearance. In particular,
the present invention concerns topical skin care compositions that
include kakadu plum (Terminalia ferdinandiana) extract and/or acai
berry extract (Euterpe oleracea).
B. Description of Related Art
[0003] With ageing, chronic exposure to adverse environmental
factors, or malnutrition, the visual appearance, physical
properties, and physiological functions of skin can change in ways
that are considered visually undesirable. The most notable and
obvious changes include the development of fine lines and wrinkles,
loss of elasticity, increased sagging, loss of firmness, loss of
color evenness or tone, coarse surface texture, and mottled
pigmentation. Less obvious, but measurable changes which occur as
skin ages or endures chronic environmental insult include a general
reduction in cellular and tissue vitality, reduction in cell
replication rates, reduced cutaneous blood flow, reduced moisture
content, accumulated errors in structure and function, alterations
in the normal regulation of common biochemical pathways, and a
reduction in the skin's ability to remodel and repair itself. Many
of the alterations in appearance and function of the skin are
caused by changes in the outer epidermal layer of the skin, while
others are caused by changes in the lower dermis.
[0004] Several different approaches have been used to treat damaged
skin caused by aging, environmental factors, chemicals, or
malnutrition. One approach involves the use of specific agents to
directly stimulate or inhibit selected biochemical targets.
Examples include the use of retinoids to stimulate collagen and
glycosaminoglycan synthesis by fibroblasts (Schiltz, et al., 1986).
Another approach is to use agents or processes that stimulate the
rate at which the epidermis replaces itself, a process known as
epidermal cell renewal. Increases in epidermal cell renewal rates
usually result from a more rapid rate of replication of epidermal
basal cells, and can be caused by diverse stimuli such as chemical
or physical injury, adverse environmental conditions, or direct
stimulators of basal cell division.
[0005] Some examples of chemical injury include allergic or
non-allergic contact irritation, pH extremes, or interaction of the
stratum corneum with household or industrial chemicals or
pollutants. Physical injury can include skin abrasion, friction
(i.e. on the soles and heels of the feet), or removal of the
stratum corneum by physical exfoliation (i.e. cosmetic masks) or by
tape stripping. Agents that directly or indirectly stimulate basal
cell division include retinoids and barrier disrupters. For
example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,720,963 discloses that a combination of
hydroxy acids, retinoids, and cerebrosides causes chronic injury to
the stratum corneum and results in epidermal and dermal repair of
the structurally-deteriorated skin. U.S. Pat. No. 6,495,126, for
example, uses a combination of surfactants and chelating agents to
stimulate an endogenous stratum corneum chymotryptic proteinase
that causes a loosening of corneocytes, resulting in an increased
rate of epidermal replacement and chronic anti-aging benefits.
Adverse environmental exposures that can result in more rapid
epidermal turnover rates include UVA, UVB, and IR radiation from
the sun and cold coupled with low relative humidity (i.e. low dew
point).
[0006] Several of the above methods have been shown to have various
drawbacks, such as significant irritation to the skin or skin
toxicity. In addition, most of these methods involve the invocation
of chronic damage to the skin, which sets up repair mechanisms. For
most of the existing treatments, there will be a period of time, up
to several weeks or months, during which the skin becomes irritated
and after which tolerance sets in and the symptoms of irritation
may decrease and/or cease.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0007] The present invention overcomes deficiencies in the art by
providing compositions that can be used in skin treatment
applications. The compositions of the present invention can include
kakadu plum extract and/or acai berry extract. Further, as shown in
the figures and examples (which are incorporated into this section
by reference), the inventors have discovered that the combination
of kakadu plum extract and acai berry extract produce synergistic
and complimentary effects that are beneficial to skin.
[0008] In certain embodiments, the compositions are formulated into
topical skin care compositions. The compositions can be cosmetic
compositions. In other aspects, the compositions can be included in
a cosmetic vehicle. Non-limiting examples of cosmetic vehicles are
disclosed in other sections of this specification and are known to
those of skill in the art. Examples of cosmetic vehicles include
emulsions (e.g., oil-in-water and water-in-oil emulsions), creams,
lotions, solutions (e.g., aqueous or hydro-alcoholic solutions),
anhydrous bases (e.g., lipstick or a powder), gels, and ointments.
In other non-limiting embodiments, the compositions of the present
invention can be included in anti-aging, cleansing, or moisturizing
products. The compositions can also be formulated for topical skin
application at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, or more times a day
during use. In other aspects of the present invention, compositions
can be storage stable or color stable, or both. It is also
contemplated that the viscosity of the composition can be selected
to achieve a desired result (e.g., depending on the type of
composition desired, the viscosity of such composition can be from
about 1 cps to well over 1 million cps or any range or integer
derivable therein (e.g., 2 cps, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 20, 30,
40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800,
900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000,
20000, 30000, 40000, 50000, 60000, 70000, 80000, 90000, 100000,
200000, 300000, 400000, 500000, 600000, 700000, 800000, 900000,
1000000 cps, etc.).
[0009] The compositions of the present invention can include from
about 0.001% to about 50%, by weight, of kakadu plum extract and/or
acai berry extract. It should be recognized, however, that the
amount of kakadu plum extract and/or acai berry extract in a
composition can be modified below, within, or above this range
based on the desired results. Therefore, the amount of kakadu plum
extract and/or acai berry extract can include less than 0.001%. In
other aspects, the compositions can include 0.002, 0.003, 0.004 . .
. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19,
20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99%, or
more or, or any range derivable therein, by weight or volume of
kakadu plum extract and/or acai berry extract.
[0010] The compositions of the present invention can also be
modified to have a desired oxygen radical absorbance capacity
(ORAC) value. In certain non-limiting aspects, the compositions of
the present invention, kakadu plum extract, and/or acai berry
extract can be modified to have an ORAC value per mg of at least
about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,
18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50,
55, 60, 70, 80, 90, 95, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800,
900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000,
15000, 20000, 30000, 50000, 100000 or more or any range derivable
therein.
[0011] In other non-limiting aspects of the present invention, the
compositions can further include a vitamin, a mineral, an essential
fatty acid, an amino acid, a flavonoid, and/or a protein, or a
combination thereof. Non-limiting examples of vitamins include the
B vitamins (e.g., B1, B2, B6, B12, niacin, folic acid, biotin, and
pantothenic acid), vitamin C, vitamin D, vitamin E (e.g.,
tocopherol or tocopheryl acetate), vitamin A (e.g., palmitate,
retinyl palmitate, or retinoic acid), and vitamin K. Non-limiting
examples of minerals include iron, potassium, phosphorus,
magnesium, manganese, selenium, and calcium. Non-limiting examples
of essential fatty acids include Omega 3 (linolenic acid), Omega 6
(linoleic acid) and Omega 9 (oleic acid) essential fatty acid, or a
combination thereof. Non-limiting examples of amino acids include
essential amino acids (e.g., lysine, leucine, isoleucine,
methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, valine,
histidine, or arginine) and non-essential amino acids (e.g.,
serine, asparagine, glutamine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid,
alanine, tyrosine, cysteine, glycine, or proline). Non-limiting
examples of flavonoids include anthocyanin compounds (e.g.,
cyanidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-rutinoside).
[0012] The compositions in non-limiting aspects can have a pH of
about 6 to about 9. In other aspects, the pH can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, or 14. The compositions can include a
triglyceride. Non-limiting examples include small, medium, and
large chain triglycerides. In certain aspects, the triglyceride is
a medium chain triglyceride (e.g., caprylic capric triglyceride).
The compositions can also include preservatives. Non-limiting
examples of preservatives include methylparaben, propylparaben, or
a mixture of methylparaben and propylparaben.
[0013] The compositions can also include an essential oil.
Non-limiting examples of essential oils are those described in the
specification and those known to a person of ordinary skill in the
art. Examples include sesame oil, macadamia nut oil, tea tree oil,
evening primrose oil, Spanish sage oil, Spanish rosemary oil,
Coriander oil, Thyme oil, or Pimento berries oil. In certain
aspects, the compositions do not include a non-volatile oil. The
compositions can include thickening agents an/or surfactants.
[0014] Also disclosed is a method of treating or preventing a skin
condition comprising topical application of a composition
comprising a high ORAC value, kakadu plum extract, and/or acai
berry extract, wherein the topical application of the composition
treats the skin condition. Non-limiting examples of skin conditions
include pruritus, spider veins, lentigo, age spots, senile purpura,
keratosis, melasma, blotches, fine lines or wrinkles, nodules, sun
damaged skin, dermatitis (including, but not limited to seborrheic
dermatitis, nummular dermatitis, contact dermatitis, atopic
dermatitis, exfoliative dermatitis, perioral dermatitis, and stasis
dermatitis), psoriasis, folliculitis, rosacea, acne, impetigo,
erysipelas, erythrasma, eczema, and other inflammatory skin
conditions. In certain non-limiting aspects, the skin condition can
be caused by exposure to UV light, age, irradiation, chronic sun
exposure, environmental pollutants, air pollution, wind, cold,
heat, chemicals, disease pathologies, smoking, or lack of
nutrition. The skin can be facial skin or non-facial skin (e.g.,
arms, legs, hands, chest, back, feet, etc.). The method can further
comprise identifying a person in need of skin treatment. The person
can be a male or female. The age of the person can be at least 1,
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60,
65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, or more years old, or any range
derivable therein. The method can also include topically applying
an amount effective to: increase the stratum corneum turnover rate
of the skin; increase collagen synthesis in fibroblasts; increase
cellular anti-oxidant defense mechanisms (e.g., exogenous additions
of anti-oxidants can bolster, replenish, or prevent the loss of
cellular antioxidants such as catalase and glutathione in skin
cells (e.g., keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans cells, etc.)
which will reduce or prevent oxidative damage to the skin,
cellular, proteins, and lipids); inhibit melanin production in
melanocytes; reduce or prevent oxidative damage to skin (including
reducing the amount lipid peroxides and/or protein oxidation in the
skin).
[0015] In certain embodiments, compositions of the present
invention can decrease the amount of internal oxidation and/or
external oxidative damage in a cell. In other aspects, the
compositions can increase collagen synthesis in a cell. The
compositions can also reduce skin inflammation, such as by reducing
inflammatory cytokine production in a cell. Non-limiting examples
of such cells include human epidermal keratinocyte, human
fibroblast dermal cell, human melanocytes, three dimensional human
cell-derived in vitro tissue equivalents comprising human
keratinocytes, human fibroblasts, or human melanocytes, or any
combination thereof (e.g., combination of human keratinocytes and
human fibroblasts or a combination of human keratinocytes and human
melanocytes).
[0016] Also disclosed is a method of lightening skin or evening
skin tone comprising applying the compositions of the present
invention to the skin. The method can further comprise identify a
person in need of lightening skin or evening skin tone. The methods
can further include inhibiting melanogenesis in a skin cell,
inhibiting tyrosinase or tyrosinase synthesis in a skin cell, or
inhibiting melanin transport to keratinocytes in a skin cell. The
composition can act as an alpha melanin stimulatory hormone
antagonist. The composition can even out pigmentation of the skin.
In non-limiting aspect, lightening skin can include reducing the
appearance of an age spot, a skin discoloration, or a freckle.
[0017] Also disclosed is a method of treating hyperpigmentation
comprising applying the compositions of the present invention to
the skin. The method can also comprise identifying a person in need
of treating hyperpigmentation. Additional methods contemplated by
the inventor include methods for reducing the appearance of an age
spot, a skin discoloration, or a freckle, reducing or preventing
the appearance of fine lines or wrinkles in skin, or increasing the
firmness of skin.
[0018] Compositions comprising both kakadu plum extract and acai
berry extract can produce synergistic effects. For example, the two
extracts can work together synergistically to produce effects that
exceed the effects of what would be expected if the extracts were
used in separate compositions. Non-limiting synergistic effects
include the reduction of internal or external oxidative damage,
increased collagen production, reduction in inflammatory responses
and the inhibition of melanogenesis.
[0019] Compositions comprising both kakadu plum extract and acai
berry extract can also act in a complementary fashion. For example,
kakadu plum extract can reduce inflammatory responses (e.g., the
reduction of inflammatory cytokine production) by certain cytokines
that are not reduced, or not as significantly reduced, by acai
berry extract, and vice-versa.
[0020] Also contemplated are kits that includes the compositions of
the present invention. In certain embodiments, the composition is
comprised in a container. The container can be a bottle, dispenser,
or package. The container can dispense a pre-determined amount of
the composition. In certain aspects, the compositions is dispensed
in a spray, dollop, or liquid. The container can include indicia on
its surface. The indicia can be a word, an abbreviation, a picture,
or a symbol.
[0021] Also contemplated is a product comprising a composition of
the present invention. In non-limiting aspects, the product can be
a cosmetic product. The cosmetic product can be those described in
other sections of this specification or those known to a person of
skill in the art. Non-limiting examples of products include a
moisturizer, a cream, a lotion, a skin softener, a foundation, a
night cream, a lipstick, a cleanser, a toner, a sunscreen, a mask,
or an anti-aging product.
[0022] It is contemplated that any embodiment discussed in this
specification can be implemented with respect to any method or
composition of the invention, and vice versa. Furthermore,
compositions of the invention can be used to achieve methods of the
invention.
[0023] A "non-volatile oil" includes those substance that will not
evaporate at ordinary or room temperature.
[0024] The terms "mixture," "mix," and "mixing" or any variants of
these terms, when used in the claims and/or specification includes,
stirring, blending, dispersing, milling, homogenizing, and other
similar methods. The mixing of the components or ingredients of the
disclosed compositions can form into a solution. In other
embodiments, the mixtures may not form a solution. The
ingredients/components can also exist as undissolved colloidal
suspensions.
[0025] The term "about" or "approximately" are defined as being
close to as understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, and in
one non-limiting embodiment the terms are defined to be within 10%,
preferably within 5%, more preferably within 1%, and most
preferably within 0.5%.
[0026] The terms "inhibiting" or "reducing" or any variation of
these terms, when used in the claims and/or the specification
includes any measurable decrease or complete inhibition to achieve
a desired result.
[0027] The term "effective," as that term is used in the
specification and/or claims, means adequate to accomplish a
desired, expected, or intended result.
[0028] The use of the word "a" or "an" when used in conjunction
with the term "comprising" in the claims and/or the specification
may mean "one," but it is also consistent with the meaning of "one
or more," "at least one," and "one or more than one."
[0029] The use of the term "or" in the claims is used to mean
"and/or" unless explicitly indicated to refer to alternatives only
or the alternatives are mutually exclusive, although the disclosure
supports a definition that refers to only alternatives and
"and/or."
[0030] As used in this specification and claim(s), the words
"comprising" (and any form of comprising, such as "comprise" and
"comprises"), "having" (and any form of having, such as "have" and
"has"), "including" (and any form of including, such as "includes"
and "include") or "containing" (and any form of containing, such as
"contains" and "contain") are inclusive or open-ended and do not
exclude additional, unrecited elements or method steps.
[0031] Other objects, features and advantages of the present
invention will become apparent from the following detailed
description. It should be understood, however, that the detailed
description and the examples, while indicating specific embodiments
of the invention, are given by way of illustration only.
Additionally, it is contemplated that changes and modifications
within the spirit and scope of the invention will become apparent
to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0032] The following drawings form part of the present
specification and are included to further demonstrate certain
aspects of the present invention. The invention may be better
understood by reference to one or more of these drawings in
combination with the detailed description of specific embodiments
presented below.
[0033] FIG. 1. Anti-oxidant effects of kakadu plum extract on human
epidermal keratinocytes. E stands for external antioxidant
according to the assay (External meaning is able to reduce
oxidation that is introduced exogenously). 1% is volume per volume
of the Kakadu diluted in water. The original liquid extract is
listed at 20-30% W/W with 10-20% denatured alcohol and >50% 1,3
butylene glycol. A 10% stock of this extract was prepared by
dilution is water (2-3% fruit extract) which was further diluted in
the assay to 1.0% and 0.1% (0.2-0.3% and 0.02-0.03% kakadu fruit
extract, based upon the amount in the original extract).
[0034] FIG. 2. Collagen production in dermal cells as influenced by
exposure to kakadu plum extract. Similar to FIG. 1, the original
liquid extract is listed at 20-30% W/W with 10-20% denatured
alcohol and >50% 1,3 butylene glycol. A 10% stock of this
extract was prepared by dilution is water (2-3% fruit extract)
which was further diluted in the assay to 1.0% and 0.1% (0.2-0.3%
and 0.02-0.03% kakadu fruit extract, based upon the amount in the
original extract).
[0035] FIG. 3. Inflammatory profile regarding human epidermal
keratinocytes exposed to kakadu plum extract.
[0036] FIG. 4. Anti-oxidant effects of acai berry extract with
respect to human epidermal keratinocytes. E stands for external
antioxidant according to the assay (External meaning is able to
reduce oxidation that is introduced exogenously). I stands for
Internal which concerns the ability to reduce endogenous oxidation,
which is a result of metabolism in the cell.
[0037] The original powder extract is 20-30% W/W with 70-80%
carrier protein. The original dry powder extract was weighed at 100
mg/ml w/v with 50:50 mix of water and 90% denatured alcohol to
create a 100.times. stock. For the assay, the resulting 100.times.
stock was prepared by dilution in water to 1.0% and 0.1% (1.0 mg/ml
and 0.1 mg/ml).
[0038] FIG. 5. Study of collagen production in dermal cells as
influenced by exposure to acai berry extract. The original powder
extract is 20-30% W/W with 70-80% carrier protein. The original dry
powder extract was weighed at 100 mg/ml w/v with 50:50 mix of water
and 90% denatured alcohol to create a 100.times. stock. For the
assay, the resulting 100.times. stock was prepared by dilution in
water to 1.0% and 0.1% (1.0 mg/ml and 0.1 mg/ml).
[0039] FIG. 6. Inflammatory profile regarding human epidermal
keratinocytes exposed to acai berry extract.
[0040] FIG. 7. Complementary inflammatory response profiles of
kakadu plum extract and acai berry extract.
DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS
[0041] In today's image conscious society, people are continually
looking for a product that can improve the visual appearance of
their skin. Often times, aged skin, uneven skin tone, or skin
damaged by environmental factors such as UV light, chronic sun
exposure, environmental pollutants, chemicals, disease pathologies,
or smoking, is associated with unattractive skin. Previous attempts
to improve the visual appearance of skin has been shown to have
various drawbacks such as skin irritation and prolonged recovery
periods.
[0042] The present invention is an effective alternative to the use
of retinoid compounds or other compositions and ingredients
currently used to treat aged skin, environmentally-damaged skin,
uneven skin tone, and other skin conditions. In one non-limiting
aspect, the present invention can be used to improve the skin's
visual appearance, physiological functions, clinical properties, or
biophysical properties by providing kakadu plum extract and/or acai
berry extract containing compositions. These and other aspect of
the present invention are described in further detail below.
A. Kakadu Plum Extract
[0043] Kakadu plum (Terminalia ferdinandiana), also called
Billygoat plum, Gubinge, or Murunga, is a flowing plant from the
family Combretacae. Kakadu plum can be found in the tropical
woodlands from northwestern Australia to eastern Arnhem Land. This
fruit has a high vitamin C concentration, containing up to 4000 mg
of vitamin C per 100 g of fruit. Kakadu plum also has a high ORAC
value. Kakadu plum also includes phytochemicals such as gallic
acid, ellagic acid, and related compounds. These phytochemicals
have antioxidant properties that have been implicated in cancer
inhibition. Gallic acid has an antibacterial, antiviral and
antifungul activities and also shows anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor,
anti-mutigenic and anti-bronchodilatory activities. Ellagic acid
has anti-carcinogenic effects against a wide range of carcinogens
in many human tissues.
[0044] Kakadu plum extract is available commercially and can also
be isolated by a person of ordinary skill in the art using standard
isolation techniques. For instance, kakadu plum can be disrupted by
mechanical means which results in a puree. The puree is then
processed to be substantially free of impurities or undesired
solids, e.g., stems. The puree can then poured into a shallow
vessel and quickly exposed to low temperature, i.e., flash frozen,
for example at -20.degree. C. or lower, preferably under a vacuum
for removal of water content (lyophilization). The resultant plum
extract can then be used in the compositions of the present
invention. Alternatively, U.S. Publication No. 2005/0163880, which
is incorporated by reference, describes an additional non-limiting
method of preparing kakadu plum powder. In summary, the method
includes: disintegrating kakadu plum fruit; treating the
disintegrated kakadu plum material with enzymes to at least
partially digest the material; juicing the kakadu plum material and
drying the juice to produce a powder.
[0045] In other non-limiting aspects, the kakadu plum extract can
further be enriched with ingredients that have beneficial
properties for skin. Non-limiting examples of such ingredients
include those listed throughout this specification, including for,
example, antioxidants, vitamins, minerals, and amino acids. In
certain aspects, enriching the kakadu plum can increase the ORAC
value of the kakadu plum extract and/or the compositions of the
present invention.
B. Acai Berry Extract
[0046] Acai berries can be obtained from a species of a palm tree
(Euterpe oleracea) that grows in the Amazon rain forests of Brazil.
The fruit is born in bunches of 3 to 8. The Acai berry contains
vitamins, minerals, and essential fatty acids. This list includes
vitamin B1, B2, and B3, vitamin C, vitamin E, iron, potassium,
phosphorus, calcium, essential fatty acids Omega 6 and Omega 9, all
the essential amino acids, flavonoids and protein. Flavonoids found
in the acai berry include anthocyanins such as proanthrocyanadin,
cyanidin-3-glucoside and cyanidin-3-rutinoside. Acai berries are
also high in polyphenols. It has also been reported that acai berry
has up to 33 times the antioxidant content as red wine grapes and
has the highest ORAC value for any berry.
[0047] Acai berry extract is available commercially from a variety
of companies, including, for example, Global Laboratories and NHS
Labs Inc., Eagle, Id. Additionally, a person of ordinary skill in
the art would be able to isolate acai berry extract from whole acai
berry by using any suitable method known in the art. In one
non-limiting example, acai berry can be disrupted by mechanical
means which results in a puree. The puree is then processed to be
substantially free of impurities or undesired solids, e.g., stems.
The puree can then poured into a shallow vessel and quickly exposed
to low temperature, i.e., flash frozen, for example at -20.degree.
C. or lower, preferably under a vacuum for removal of water content
(lyophilization). The resultant berry extract can then be used in
the compositions of the present invention.
[0048] In other non-limiting aspects, the acai berry extract can
further be enriched with ingredients that have beneficial
properties for skin. Non-limiting examples of such ingredients
include those listed throughout this specification, including for,
example, antioxidants, vitamins, minerals, and amino acids. In
certain aspects, enriching the acai berry can increase the ORAC
value of the acai berry extract and/or the compositions of the
present invention.
C. Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity
[0049] Oxygen Radical Absorption (or Absorbance) Capacity (ORAC) is
an assay that measures the antioxidant activity of an ingredient or
composition. In essence, it can quantify the degree and length of
time it takes to inhibit the action of an oxidizing agent such as
oxygen radicals that are known to cause damage cells (e.g., skin
cells). The ORAC value of the kakadu plum extract, acai berry
extract and compositions of the present invention can be determined
by methods known to those of ordinary skill in the art (see U.S.
Publication Nos. 2004/0109905 and 2005/0163880; Cao et al. (1993)),
all of which are incorporated by reference). In summary, the assay
described in Cao et al. (1993) measures the ability of antioxidant
compounds in test materials to inhibit the decline of
B-phycoerythrm (B-PE) fluorescence that is induced by a peroxyl
radical generator, AAPH.
D. Compositions of the Present Invention
[0050] A person of ordinary skill would recognize that the
compositions of the present invention can include any number of
combinations of ingredients (e.g., kakadu plum extract, acai berry
extract, sun blocking agents, acute or chronic moisturizing agents
(including, e.g., humectants, occlusive agents, and agents that
affect the natural moisturization mechanisms of the skin),
anti-oxidants, sunscreens having UVA and/or UVB protection,
emollients, anti-irritants, vitamins, trace metals, anti-microbial
agents, botanical extracts, fragrances, dyes and color ingredients,
structuring agents, emulsifiers, etc.). Although certain
concentration ranges of particular ingredients are indicated in
other sections of the specification, it is also contemplated that
in certain embodiments the concentrations of these and other
ingredients can vary beyond those particular ranges. For example,
in one-non-limiting aspect, a composition of the present invention
can include at least about 0.0001%, 0.0002%, 0.0003%, 0.0004%,
0.0005%, 0.0006%, 0.0007%, 0.0008%, 0.0009%, 0.0010%, 0.0011%,
0.0012%, 0.0013%, 0.0014%, 0.0015%, 0.0016%, 0.0017%, 0.0018%,
0.0019%, 0.0020%, 0.0021%, 0.0022%, 0.0023%, 0.0024%, 0.0025%,
0.0026%, 0.0027%, 0.0028%, 0.0029%, 0.0030%, 0.0031%, 0.0032%,
0.0033%, 0.0034%, 0.0035%, 0.0036%, 0.0037%, 0.0038%, 0.0039%,
0.0040%, 0.0041%, 0.0042%, 0.0043%, 0.0044%, 0.0045%, 0.0046%,
0.0047%, 0.0048%, 0.0049%, 0.0050%, 0.0051%, 0.0052%, 0.0053%,
0.0054%, 0.0055%, 0.0056%, 0.0057%, 0.0058%, 0.0059%, 0.0060%,
0.0061%, 0.0062%, 0.0063%, 0.0064%, 0.0065%, 0.0066%, 0.0067%,
0.0068%, 0.0069%, 0.0070%, 0.0071%, 0.0072%, 0.0073%, 0.0074%,
0.0075%, 0.0076%, 0.0077%, 0.0078%, 0.0079%, 0.0080%, 0.0081%,
0.0082%, 0.0083%, 0.0084%, 0.0085%, 0.0086%, 0.0087%, 0.0088%,
0.0089%, 0.0090%, 0.0091%, 0.0092%, 0.0093%, 0.0094%, 0.0095%,
0.0096%, 0.0097%, 0.0098%, 0.0099%, 0.0100%, 0.0200%, 0.0250%,
0.0275%, 0.0300%, 0.0325%, 0.0350%, 0.0375%, 0.0400%, 0.0425%,
0.0450%, 0.0475%, 0.0500%, 0.0525%, 0.0550%, 0.0575%, 0.0600%,
0.0625%, 0.0650%, 0.0675%, 0.0700%, 0.0725%, 0.0750%, 0.0775%,
0.0800%, 0.0825%, 0.0850%, 0.0875%, 0.0900%, 0.0925%, 0.0950%,
0.0975%, 0.1000%, 0.1250%, 0.1500%, 0.1750%, 0.2000%, 0.2250%,
0.2500%, 0.2750%, 0.3000%, 0.3250%, 0.3500%, 0.3750%, 0.4000%,
0.4250%, 0.4500%, 0.4750%, 0.5000%, 0.5250%, 0.0550%, 0.5750%,
0.6000%, 0.6250%, 0.6500%, 0.6750%, 0.7000%, 0.7250%, 0.7500%,
0.7750%, 0.8000%, 0.8250%, 0.8500%, 0.8750%, 0.9000%, 0.9250%,
0.9500%, 0.9750%, 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%,
1.8%, 1.9%, 2.0%, 2.1%, 2.2%, 2.3%, 2.4%, 2.5%, 2.6%, 2.7%, 2.8%,
2.9%, 3.0%, 3.1%, 3.2%, 3.3%, 3.4%, 3.5%, 3.6%, 3.7%, 3.8%, 3.9%,
4.0%, 4.1%, 4.2%, 4.3%, 4.4%, 4.5%, 4.6%, 4.7%, 4.8%, 4.9%, 5.0%,
5.1%, 5.2%, 5.3%, 5.4%, 5.5%, 5.6%, 5.7%, 5.8%, 5.9%, 6.0%, 6.1%,
6.2%, 6.3%, 6.4%, 6.5%, 6.6%, 6.7%, 6.8%, 6.9%, 7.0%, 7.1%, 7.2%,
7.3%, 7.4%, 7.5%, 7.6%, 7.7%, 7.8%, 7.9%, 8.0%, 8.1%, 8.2%, 8.3%,
8.4%, 8.5%, 8.6%, 8.7%, 8.8%, 8.9%, 9.0%, 9.1%, 9.2%, 9.3%, 9.4%,
9.5%, 9.6%, 9.7%, 9.8%, 9.9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%,
17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%,
30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or
99% or any range derivable therein, of at least one of the
ingredients that are mentioned throughout the specification and
claims. In non-limiting aspects, the percentage can be calculated
by weight or volume of the total composition. A person of ordinary
skill in the art would understand that the concentrations can vary
depending on the addition, substitution, and/or subtraction of
ingredients in a given composition.
[0051] The disclosed compositions of the present invention may also
include various antioxidants to retard oxidation of one or more
components. Additionally, the prevention of the action of
microorganisms can be brought about by preservatives such as
various antibacterial and antifungal agents, including but not
limited to parabens (e.g., methylparabens, propylparabens),
chlorobutanol, phenol, sorbic acid, thimerosal or combinations
thereof.
E. Vehicles
[0052] The compositions of the present invention can be
incorporated into all types of vehicles. Non-limiting examples of
suitable vehicles include emulsions (e.g., water-in-oil,
water-in-oil-in-water, oil-in-water, oil-in-water-in-oil,
oil-in-water-in-silicone emulsions), creams, lotions, solutions
(both aqueous and hydro-alcoholic), anhydrous bases (such as
lipsticks and powders), gels, and ointments or by other method or
any combination of the forgoing as would be known to one of
ordinary skill in the art (Remington's, 1990). Variations and other
appropriate vehicles will be apparent to the skilled artisan and
are appropriate for use in the present invention. In certain
aspects, it is important that the concentrations and combinations
of the compounds, ingredients, and agents be selected in such a way
that the combinations are chemically compatible and do not form
complexes which precipitate from the finished product.
[0053] It is also contemplated that ingredients identified
throughout this specification, including but not limited to kakadu
plum extract and/or acai berry extract, can be encapsulated for
delivery to a target area such as skin. Non-limiting examples of
encapsulation techniques include the use of liposomes, vesicles,
and/or nanoparticles (e.g., biodegradable and non-biodegradable
colloidal particles comprising polymeric materials in which the
ingredient is trapped, encapsulated, and/or absorbed--examples
include nanospheres and nanocapsules) that can be used as delivery
vehicles to deliver the ingredient to skin (see, e.g., U.S. Pat.
Nos. 6,387,398; 6,203,802; 5,411,744; Kreuter 1998).
F. Cosmetic Products and Articles of Manufacture
[0054] The composition of the present invention can also be used in
many cosmetic products including, but not limited to, sunscreen
products, sunless skin tanning products, hair products, finger nail
products, moisturizing creams, skin benefit creams and lotions,
softeners, day lotions, gels, ointments, foundations, night creams,
lipsticks, cleansers, toners, masks, or other known cosmetic
products or applications. Additionally, the cosmetic products can
be formulated as leave-on or rinse-off products. In certain
aspects, the compositions of the present invention are stand-alone
products.
G. Additional Compounds, Agents, and Ingredients that can be Used
in Combination with the Present Compositions
[0055] Compositions of the present invention can include other
beneficial agents and compounds such as, for example, sun blocking
agents, acute or chronic moisturizing agents (including, e.g.,
humectants, occlusive agents, and agents that affect the natural
moisturization mechanisms of the skin), anti-oxidants, sunscreens
having UVA and/or UVB protection, emollients, anti-irritants,
vitamins, trace metals, anti-microbial agents, botanical extracts,
fragrances, dyes and color ingredients, structuring agents, and/or
emulsifiers (see U.S. Pat. No. 6,290,938).
[0056] 1. Sunblock Agents
[0057] Sunblock agents that can be used in combination with the
compositions of the present invention include chemical and physical
sunblocks. Non-limiting examples of chemical sunblocks that can be
used include para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), PABA esters (glyceryl
PABA, amyldimethyl PABA and octyldimethyl PABA), butyl PABA, ethyl
PABA, ethyl dihydroxypropyl PABA, benzophenones (oxybenzone,
sulisobenzone, benzophenone, and benzophenone-1 through 12),
cinnamates (and octyl methoxycinnamate, isoamyl p-methoxycinnamate,
octylmethoxy cinnamate, cinoxate, diisopropyl methyl cinnamate,
DEA-methoxycinnamate, ethyl diisopropylcinnamate, glyceryl
octanoate dimethoxycinnamate and ethyl methoxycinnamate), cinnamate
esters, salicylates (homomethyl salicylate, benzyl salicylate,
glycol salicylate, isopropylbenzyl salicylate), anthranilates,
ethyl urocanate, homosalate, and Parsol 1789. Non-limiting examples
of physical sunblocks include, kaolin, talc, petrolatum and metal
oxides (e.g., titanium dioxide and zinc oxide).
[0058] 2. Moisturizing Agents
[0059] Non-limiting examples of moisturizing agents that can be
used with the compositions of the present invention include amino
acids, chondroitin sulfate, diglycerin, erythritol, fructose,
glucose, glycerin, glycerol polymers, glycol, 1,2,6-hexanetriol,
honey, hyaluronic acid, hydrogenated honey, hydrogenated starch
hydrolysate, inositol, lactitol, maltitol, maltose, mannitol,
natural moisturizing factor, PEG-15 butanediol, polyglyceryl
sorbitol, salts of pyrollidone carboxylic acid, potassium PCA,
propylene glycol, sodium glucuronate, sodium PCA, sorbitol,
sucrose, trehalose, urea, and xylitol.
[0060] Other examples include acetylated lanolin, acetylated
lanolin alcohol, alanine, algae extract, aloe barbadensis,
aloe-barbadensis extract, aloe barbadensis gel, Althea officinalis
extract, apricot (Prunus armeniaca) kernel oil, arginine, arginine
aspartate, arnica montana extract, aspartic acid, avocado (Persea
gratissima) oil, barrier sphingolipids, butyl alcohol, beeswax,
behenyl alcohol, beta-sitosterol, birch (Betula alba) bark extract,
borage (Borago officinalis) extract, butcherbroom (Ruscus
aculeatus) extract, butylene glycol, Calendula officinalis extract,
Calendula officinalis oil, candelilla (Euphorbia cerifera) wax,
canola oil, caprylic/capric triglyceride, cardamon (Elettaria
cardamomum) oil, carnauba (Copernicia cerifera) wax, carrot (Daucus
carota sativa) oil, castor (Ricinus communis) oil, ceramides,
ceresin, ceteareth-5, ceteareth-12, ceteareth-20, cetearyl
octanoate, ceteth-20, ceteth-24, cetyl acetate, cetyl octanoate,
cetyl palmitate, chamomile (Anthemis nobilis) oil, cholesterol,
cholesterol esters, cholesteryl hydroxystearate, citric acid, clary
(Salvia sclarea) oil, cocoa (Theobroma cacao) butter,
coco-caprylate/caprate, coconut (Cocos nucifera) oil, collagen,
collagen amino acids, corn (Zea mays) oil, fatty acids, decyl
oleate, dimethicone copolyol, dimethiconol, dioctyl adipate,
dioctyl succinate, dipentaerythrityl hexacaprylate/hexacaprate,
DNA, erythritol, ethoxydiglycol, ethyl linoleate, eucalyptus
globulus oil, evening primrose (Oenothera biennis) oil, fatty
acids, geranium maculatum oil, glucosamine, glucose glutamate,
glutamic acid, glycereth-26, glycerin, glycerol, glyceryl
distearate, glyceryl hydroxystearate, glyceryl laurate, glyceryl
linoleate, glyceryl myristate, glyceryl oleate, glyceryl stearate,
glyceryl stearate SE, glycine, glycol stearate, glycol stearate SE,
glycosaminoglycans, grape (Vitis vinifera) seed oil, hazel (Corylus
americana) nut oil, hazel (Corylus avellana) nut oil, hexylene
glycol, hyaluronic acid, hybrid safflower (Carthamus tinctorius)
oil, hydrogenated castor oil, hydrogenated coco-glycerides,
hydrogenated coconut oil, hydrogenated lanolin, hydrogenated
lecithin, hydrogenated palm glyceride, hydrogenated palm kernel
oil, hydrogenated soybean oil, hydrogenated tallow glyceride,
hydrogenated vegetable oil, hydrolyzed collagen, hydrolyzed
elastin, hydrolyzed glycosaminoglycans, hydrolyzed keratin,
hydrolyzed soy protein, hydroxylated lanolin, hydroxyproline,
isocetyl stearate, isocetyl stearoyl stearate, isodecyl oleate,
isopropyl isostearate, isopropyl lanolate, isopropyl myristate,
isopropyl palmitate, isopropyl stearate, isostearamide DEA,
isostearic acid, isostearyl lactate, isostearyl neopentanoate,
jasmine (Jasminum officinale) oil, jojoba (Buxus chinensis) oil,
kelp, kukui (Aleurites moluccana) nut oil, lactamide MEA,
laneth-16, laneth-10 acetate, lanolin, lanolin acid, lanolin
alcohol, lanolin oil, lanolin wax, lavender (Lavandula
angustifolia) oil, lecithin, lemon (Citrus medica limonum) oil,
linoleic acid, linolenic acid, macadamia ternifolia nut oil,
maltitol, matricaria (Chamomilla recutita) oil, methyl glucose
sesquistearate, methylsilanol PCA, mineral oil, mink oil,
mortierella oil, myristyl lactate, myristyl myristate, myristyl
propionate, neopentyl glycol dicaprylate/dicaprate, octyldodecanol,
octyldodecyl myristate, octyldodecyl stearoyl stearate, octyl
hydroxystearate, octyl palmitate, octyl salicylate, octyl stearate,
oleic acid, olive (Olea europaea) oil, orange (Citrus aurantium
dulcis) oil, palm (Elaeis guineensis) oil, palmitic acid,
pantethine, panthenol, panthenyl ethyl ether, paraffin, PCA, peach
(Prunus persica) kernel oil, peanut (Arachis hypogaea) oil, PEG-8
C12-18 ester, PEG-15 cocamine, PEG-150 distearate, PEG-60 glyceryl
isostearate, PEG-5 glyceryl stearate, PEG-30 glyceryl stearate,
PEG-7 hydrogenated castor oil, PEG-40 hydrogenated castor oil,
PEG-60 hydrogenated castor oil, PEG-20 methyl glucose
sesquistearate, PEG40 sorbitan peroleate, PEG-5 soy sterol, PEG-10
soy sterol, PEG-2 stearate, PEG-8 stearate, PEG-20 stearate, PEG-32
stearate, PEG40 stearate, PEG-50 stearate, PEG-100 stearate,
PEG-150 stearate, pentadecalactone, peppermint (Mentha piperita)
oil, petrolatum, phospholipids, polyamino sugar condensate,
polyglyceryl-3 diisostearate, polyquaternium-24, polysorbate 20,
polysorbate 40, polysorbate 60, polysorbate 80, polysorbate 85,
potassium myristate, potassium palmitate, propylene glycol,
propylene glycol dicaprylate/dicaprate, propylene glycol
dioctanoate, propylene glycol dipelargonate, propylene glycol
laurate, propylene glycol stearate, propylene glycol stearate SE,
PVP, pyridoxine dipalmitate, retinol, retinyl palmitate, rice
(Oryza sativa) bran oil, RNA, rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis)
oil, rose oil, safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) oil, sage (Salvia
officinalis) oil, sandalwood (Santalum album) oil, serine, serum
protein, sesame (Sesamum indicum) oil, shea butter (Butyrospermum
parkii), silk powder, sodium chondroitin sulfate, sodium
hyaluronate, sodium lactate, sodium palmitate, sodium PCA, sodium
polyglutamate, soluble collagen, sorbitan laurate, sorbitan oleate,
sorbitan palmitate, sorbitan sesquioleate, sorbitan stearate,
sorbitol, soybean (Glycine soja) oil, sphingolipids, squalane,
squalene, stearamide MEA-stearate, stearic acid, stearoxy
dimethicone, stearoxytrimethylsilane, stearyl alcohol, stearyl
glycyrrhetinate, stearyl heptanoate, stearyl stearate, sunflower
(Helianthus annuus) seed oil, sweet almond (Prunus amygdalus
dulcis) oil, synthetic beeswax, tocopherol, tocopheryl acetate,
tocopheryl linoleate, tribehenin, tridecyl neopentanoate, tridecyl
stearate, triethanolamine, tristearin, urea, vegetable oil, water,
waxes, wheat (Triticum vulgare) germ oil, and ylang ylang (Cananga
odorata) oil.
[0061] 3. Antioxidants
[0062] Non-limiting examples of antioxidants that can be used with
the compositions of the present invention include acetyl cysteine,
ascorbic acid polypeptide, ascorbyl dipalmitate, ascorbyl
methylsilanol pectinate, ascorbyl palmitate, ascorbyl stearate,
BHA, BHT, t-butyl hydroquinone, cysteine, cysteine HCl,
diamylhydroquinone, di-t-butylhydroquinone, dicetyl
thiodipropionate, dioleyl tocopheryl methylsilanol, disodium
ascorbyl sulfate, distearyl thiodipropionate, ditridecyl
thiodipropionate, dodecyl gallate, erythorbic acid, esters of
ascorbic acid, ethyl ferulate, ferulic acid, gallic acid esters,
hydroquinone, isooctyl thioglycolate, kojic acid, magnesium
ascorbate, magnesium ascorbyl phosphate, methylsilanol ascorbate,
natural botanical anti-oxidants such as green tea or grape seed
extracts, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, octyl gallate,
phenylthioglycolic acid, potassium ascorbyl tocopheryl phosphate,
potassium sulfite, propyl gallate, quinones, rosmarinic acid,
sodium ascorbate, sodium bisulfite, sodium erythorbate, sodium
metabisulfite, sodium sulfite, superoxide dismutase, sodium
thioglycolate, sorbityl furfural, thiodiglycol, thiodiglycolamide,
thiodiglycolic acid, thioglycolic acid, thiolactic acid,
thiosalicylic acid, tocophereth-5, tocophereth-10, tocophereth-12,
tocophereth-18, tocophereth-50, tocopherol, tocophersolan,
tocopheryl acetate, tocopheryl linoleate, tocopheryl nicotinate,
tocopheryl succinate, and tris(nonylphenyl)phosphite.
[0063] 4. Structuring Agents
[0064] In other non-limiting aspects, the compositions of the
present invention can include a structuring agent. Structuring
agent, in certain aspects, assist in providing rheological
characteristics to the composition to contribute to the
composition's stability. In other aspects, structuring agents can
also function as an emulsifier or surfactant. Non-limiting examples
of structuring agents include stearic acid, palmitic acid, stearyl
alcohol, cetyl alcohol, behenyl alcohol, stearic acid, palmitic
acid, the polyethylene glycol ether of stearyl alcohol having an
average of about 1 to about 21 ethylene oxide units, the
polyethylene glycol ether of cetyl alcohol having an average of
about 1 to about 5 ethylene oxide units, and mixtures thereof.
[0065] 5. Emulsifiers
[0066] In certain aspects of the present invention, the
compositions do not include an emulsifier. In other aspects,
however, the compositions can include one or more emulsifiers.
Emulsifiers can reduce the interfacial tension between phases and
improve the formulation and stability of an emulsion. The
emulsifiers can be nonionic, cationic, anionic, and zwitterionic
emulsifiers (See McCutcheon's (1986); U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,011,681;
4,421,769; 3,755,560). Non-limiting examples include esters of
glycerin, esters of propylene glycol, fatty acid esters of
polyethylene glycol, fatty acid esters of polypropylene glycol,
esters of sorbitol, esters of sorbitan anhydrides, carboxylic acid
copolymers, esters and ethers of glucose, ethoxylated ethers,
ethoxylated alcohols, alkyl phosphates, polyoxyethylene fatty ether
phosphates, fatty acid amides, acyl lactylates, soaps, TEA
stearate, DEA oleth-3 phosphate, polyethylene glycol 20 sorbitan
monolaurate (polysorbate 20), polyethylene glycol 5 soya sterol,
steareth-2, steareth-20, steareth-21, ceteareth-20, PPG-2 methyl
glucose ether distearate, ceteth-10, polysorbate 80, cetyl
phosphate, potassium cetyl phosphate, diethanolamine cetyl
phosphate, polysorbate 60, glyceryl stearate, PEG-100 stearate, and
mixtures thereof.
[0067] 6. Silicone Containing Compounds
[0068] In non-limiting aspects, silicone containing compounds
include any member of a family of polymeric products whose
molecular backbone is made up of alternating silicon and oxygen
atoms with side groups attached to the silicon atoms. By varying
the --Si--O-- chain lengths, side groups, and crosslinking,
silicones can be synthesized into a wide variety of materials. They
can vary in consistency from liquid to gel to solids.
[0069] The silicone containing compounds that can be used in the
context of the present invention include those described in this
specification or those known to a person of ordinary skill in the
art. Non-limiting examples include silicone oils (e.g., volatile
and non-volatile oils), gels, and solids. In certain aspects, the
silicon containing compounds includes a silicone oils such as a
polyorganosiloxane. Non-limiting examples of polyorganosiloxanes
include dimethicone, cyclomethicone, polysilicone-11, phenyl
trimethicone, trimethylsilylamodimethicone,
stearoxytrimethylsilane, or mixtures of these and other
organosiloxane materials in any given ratio in order to achieve the
desired consistency and application characteristics depending upon
the intended application (e.g., to a particular area such as the
skin, hair, or eyes). A "volatile silicone oil" includes a silicone
oil have a low heat of vaporization, i.e. normally less than about
50 cal per gram of silicone oil. Non-limiting examples of volatile
silicone oils include: cyclomethicones such as Dow Corning 344
Fluid, Dow Corning 345 Fluid, Dow Corning 244 Fluid, and Dow
Corning 245 Fluid, Volatile Silicon 7207 (Union Carbide Corp.,
Danbury, Conn.); low viscosity dimethicones, i.e. dimethicones
having a viscosity of about 50 cst or less (e.g., dimethicones such
as Dow Corning 200-0.5 cst Fluid). The Dow Corning Fluids are
available from Dow Corning Corporation, Midland, Mich.
Cyclomethicone and dimethicone are described in the Third Edition
of the CTFA Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary (incorporated by
reference) as cyclic dimethyl polysiloxane compounds and a mixture
of fully methylated linear siloxane polymers end-blocked with
trimethylsiloxy units, respectively. Other non-limiting volatile
silicone oils that can be used in the context of the present
invention include those available from General Electric Co.,
Silicone Products Div., Waterford, N.Y. and SWS Silicones Div. of
Stauffer Chemical Co., Adrian, Michigan.
[0070] 7. Essential Oils
[0071] Essential oils include oils derived from herbs, flowers,
trees, and other plants. Such oils are typically present as tiny
droplets between the plant's cells, and can be extracted by several
method known to those of skill in the art (e.g., steam distilled,
enfleurage (i.e., extraction by using fat), maceration, solvent
extraction, or mechanical pressing). When these types of oils are
exposed to air they tend to evaporate (i.e., a volatile oil). As a
result, many essential oils are colorless, but with age they can
oxidize and become darker. Essential oils are insoluble in water
and are soluble in alcohol, ether, fixed oils (vegetal), and other
organic solvents. Typical physical characteristics found in
essential oils include boiling points that vary from about
160.degree. to 240.degree. C. and densities ranging from about
0.759 to about 1.096.
[0072] Essential oils typically are named by the plant from which
the oil is found. For example, rose oil or peppermint oil are
derived from rose or peppermint plants, respectively. Non-limiting
examples of essential oils that can be used in the context of the
present invention include sesame oil, macadamia nut oil, tea tree
oil, evening primrose oil, Spanish sage oil, Spanish rosemary oil,
coriander oil, thyme oil, pimento berries oil, rose oil, anise oil,
balsam oil, bergamot oil, rosewood oil, cedar oil, chamomile oil,
sage oil, clary sage oil, clove oil, cypress oil, eucalyptus oil,
fennel oil, sea fennel oil, frankincense oil, geranium oil, ginger
oil, grapefruit oil, jasmine oil, juniper oil, lavender oil, lemon
oil, lemongrass oil, lime oil, mandarin oil, marjoram oil, myrrh
oil, neroli oil, orange oil, patchouli oil, pepper oil, black
pepper oil, petitgrain oil, pine oil, rose otto oil, rosemary oil,
sandalwood oil, spearmint oil, spikenard oil, vetiver oil,
wintergreen oil, or ylang ylang. Other essential oils known to
those of skill in the art are also contemplated as being useful
within the context of the present invention.
[0073] 8. Thickening Agents
[0074] Thickening agents, including thickener or gelling agents,
include substances which that can increase the viscosity of a
composition. Thickeners includes those that can increase the
viscosity of a composition without substantially modifying the
efficacy of the active ingredient within the composition.
Thickeners can also increase the stability of the compositions of
the present invention. In certain aspects of the present invention,
thickeners include hydrogenated polyisobutene or trihydroxystearin,
or a mixture of both.
[0075] Non-limiting examples of additional thickening agents that
can be used in the context of the present invention include
carboxylic acid polymers, crosslinked polyacrylate polymers,
polyacrylamide polymers, polysaccharides, and gums. Examples of
carboxylic acid polymers include crosslinked compounds containing
one or more monomers derived from acrylic acid, substituted acrylic
acids, and salts and esters of these acrylic acids and the
substituted acrylic acids, wherein the crosslinking agent contains
two or more carbon-carbon double bonds and is derived from a
polyhydric alcohol (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,087,445; 4,509,949;
2,798,053; CTFA International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary,
Fourth edition, 1991, pp. 12 and 80). Examples of commercially
available carboxylic acid polymers include carbomers, which are
homopolymers of acrylic acid crosslinked with allyl ethers of
sucrose or pentaerytritol (e.g., Carbopol.TM. 900 series from B. F.
Goodrich).
[0076] Non-limiting examples of crosslinked polyacrylate polymers
include cationic and nonionic polymers. Examples are described in
U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,100,660; 4,849,484; 4,835,206; 4,628,078;
4,599,379).
[0077] Non-limiting examples of polyacrylamide polymers (including
nonionic polyacrylamide polymers including substituted branched or
unbranched polymers) include polyacrylamide, isoparaffin and
laureth-7, multi-block copolymers of acrylamides and substituted
acrylamides with acrylic acids and substituted acrylic acids.
[0078] Non-limiting examples of polysaccharides include cellulose,
carboxymethyl hydroxyethylcellulose, cellulose acetate propionate
carboxylate, hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxyethyl ethylcellulose,
hydroxypropylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, methyl
hydroxyethylcellulose, microcrystalline cellulose, sodium cellulose
sulfate, and mixtures thereof Another example is an alkyl
substituted cellulose where the hydroxy groups of the cellulose
polymer is hydroxyalkylated (preferably hydroxy ethylated or
hydroxypropylated) to form a hydroxyalkylated cellulose which is
then further modified with a C.sub.10-C.sub.30 straight chain or
branched chain alkyl group through an ether linkage. Typically
these polymers are ethers of C.sub.10-C.sub.30 straight or branched
chain alcohols with hydroxyalkylcelluloses. Other useful
polysaccharides include scleroglucans comprising a linear chain of
(1-3) linked glucose units with a (1-6) linked glucose every three
unit.
[0079] Non-limiting examples of gums that can be used with the
present invention include acacia, agar, algin, alginic acid,
ammonium alginate, amylopectin, calcium alginate, calcium
carrageenan, carnitine, carrageenan, dextrin, gelatin, gellan gum,
guar gum, guar hydroxypropyltrimonium chloride, hectorite,
hyaluroinic acid, hydrated silica, hydroxypropyl chitosan,
hydroxypropyl guar, karaya gum, kelp, locust bean gum, natto gum,
potassium alginate, potassium carrageenan, propylene glycol
alginate, sclerotium gum, sodium carboyxmethyl dextran, sodium
carrageenan, tragacanth gum, xanthan gum, and mixtures thereof.
[0080] 9. Additional Compounds and Agents
[0081] Non-limiting examples of additional compounds and agents
that can be used with the compositions of the present invention
include, vitamins (e.g. A, B, C, D, E, and K), trace metals (e.g.
zinc, calcium and selenium), anti-irritants (e.g. steroids and
non-steroidal anti-inflammatories), botanical extracts (e.g. aloe
vera, chamomile, cucumber extract, Ginkgo biloba, ginseng, and
rosemary), dyes and color ingredients (e.g. D&C blue no. 4,
D&C green no. 5, D&C orange no. 4, D&C red no. 17,
D&C red no. 33, D&C violet no. 2, D&C yellow no. 10,
D&C yellow no. 11, etc.), emollients (i.e. organic esters,
fatty acids, lanolin and its derivatives, plant and animal oils and
fats, and di- and triglycerides), antimicrobial agents (e.g.,
triclosan and ethanol), and fragrances (natural and
artificial).
H. Kits
[0082] The inventor also contemplates the use of a kits in certain
aspects of the present invention. For example, any of the
compositions, compounds, agents, or ingredients described in this
specification may be included in a kit. In a non-limiting example,
a kit can include a topical skin care composition that includes
kakadu plum extract, acai berry extract, or a combination of
both.
[0083] Containers of the kits can include a bottle, dispenser,
package, compartment, or other types of containers, into which a
component may be placed. The containers can dispense a
pre-determined amount of the component (e.g. compositions of the
present invention). The composition can be dispensed in a spray, an
aerosol, or in a liquid form or semi-solid form. The containers can
have spray, pump, or squeeze mechanisms. The container can include
indicia on its surface. The indicia, for example, can be a word, a
phrase, an abbreviation, a picture, or a symbol. The word or phrase
can be "Mary Kay," "cosmetic," "sunscreen," etc.
[0084] Where there is more than one component in the kit (they may
be packaged together), the kit also will generally contain a
second, third or other additional containers into which the
additional components may be separately placed. The kits of the
present invention also can include a container housing the
components in close confinement for commercial sale. Such
containers may include injection or blow-molded plastic containers
into which the desired bottles, dispensers, or packages are
retained.
[0085] A kit can also include instructions for employing the kit
components as well the use of any other compositions, compounds,
agents, ingredients, or objects not included in the kit.
Instructions may include variations that can be implemented. For
example, the instructions can include an explanation of how to
apply, use, and maintain the products or compositions.
EXAMPLES
[0086] The following examples are included to demonstrate certain
non-limiting aspects of the invention. It should be appreciated by
those of skill in the art that the techniques disclosed in the
examples which follow represent techniques discovered by the
inventor to function well in the practice of the invention.
However, those of skill in the art should, in light of the present
disclosure, appreciate that many changes can be made in the
specific embodiments which are disclosed and still obtain a like or
similar result without departing from the spirit and scope of the
invention.
Example 1
Kakadu Plum Extract Containing Compositions
[0087] Non-limiting examples of kakadu plum extract containing
compositions of the present invention are described in Tables 1 and
2.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1* Ingredient % Concentration (by weight)
Phase A Water 84.44 Xanthum gum 0.1 M-paraben 0.15 P-paraben 0.1
Citric acid 0.01 Phase B Cetyl alcohol 4.0 Glyceryl stearate + PEG
100 4.0 Octyl palmitate 4.0 Dimethicone 1.0 Tocopheryl acetate 0.2
Phase C Kakadu plum extract 2.0 *Sprinkle Xanthum gum in water and
mix for 10 min. Subsequently, add all ingredients in phase A and
heat to 70-75.degree. C. Add all items in phase B to separate
beaker and heat to 70-75.degree. C. Mix phases A and B at
70-75.degree. C. Continue mixing and allow composition to cool to
30.degree. C. Subsequently, add phase C ingredient while
mixing.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2* Ingredient % Concentration (by weight)
Phase A Water 78.6 M-paraben 0.2 P-paraben 0.1 Na2 EDTA 0.1 Shea
butter 4.5 Petrolatum 4.5 Glycerin 4.0 Propylene Glycol 2.0
Finsolve TN 2.0 Phase B Sepigel 305 2.0 Phase C Kakadu plum extract
2.0 *Add ingredients in phase A to beaker and heat to 70-75.degree.
C. while mixing. Subsequently, add the phase B ingredient with
phase A and cool to 30.degree. C. with mixing. Subsequently, add
phase C ingredient while mixing.
[0088] Derivatives and modifications of these ingredients can be
used as substitutes. Additionally, other ingredients with similar
physiological activities are contemplated as being useful as
substitutes or as additional ingredients that can be used with the
compositions of the present invention. It is also contemplated that
the compositions of the present invention may include ingredients
that do not substantially affect the efficacy of the compositions.
Such ingredients can be used, for example, to vary the appearance,
taste, and/or smell of the compositions of the present
invention.
Example 2
Bioefficacy of Kakadu Plum Extract as an Anti-Oxidant
[0089] The ability of kakadu plum extract to act as an anti-oxidant
was evaluated in terms of its ability to (1) reduce existing
internal oxidation in cells; and (2) reduce external oxidative
damage to cells.
[0090] Peroxide Assay: Cellular peroxides are measured flow
cytometrically using the peroxide-specific dye,
2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA). DCFH-DA is initially
non-fluorescent and is rapidly concentrated within living cells by
an enzyme-dependent process. Following modification by cellular
peroxides, this dye exhibits an intense green fluorescence when
excited by laser light. Basal peroxide production, generated by
normal cellular metabolism, will induce a gradual development of
low levels of peroxide-specific cellular fluorescence. As such, a
measurement of this fluorescence without any treatment can act as a
negative control for comparative purposes. Furthermore,
extracellular peroxides (i.e., H.sub.2O.sub.2, added exogenously)
can readily permeate the cell membrane and cause a rapid and
dramatic increase in the peroxide-specific fluorescence of the
cell. This assay can be used to characterize the effect of test
articles on basal peroxide levels and/or the ability of
extracellular peroxides to influence cellular peroxide levels. If
the test article functions as an antioxidant, this assay can also
be used to determine if the test article can permeate the cell
membrane to quench intracellular peroxide or if it can only affect
extracellular peroxide levels.
[0091] Human adult epidermal keratinocytes were cultured at
37.degree. C. and 5.0% CO.sub.2 in standard growth medium. At
70-80% confluent, cells were removed from plates using 0.025%
Trypsin/EDTA. When the cells become rounded, the Trypsin/EDTA
containing cells are removed from the culture dish and neutralized.
Cells were centrifuged and the resulting pellet resuspended in
media to generate a single cell suspension. Cellular peroxides were
measured cytometrically by loading cultured keratinocytes with
DCFH-DA (10 mM final conc.). Cells were treated with increasing
concentrations of plant extract in triplicate followed with or
without exogenous addition of hydrogen peroxide (60 mM). The level
of induced or un-induced cellular peroxide was analyzed. To confirm
that antioxidant activity of the cells could be adduced, positive
controls for an antioxidant response using Trolox.TM. (an analog of
vitamin E and a known antioxidant) were employed. The
peroxide-specific fluorescence of the cells was measured using a
flow cytometer and the Mean Fluorescence Intensity (MFI). Debris
was excluded from analysis using a gate created on a dual-parameter
light scattergram. These experiments were repeated in triplicate,
and the percent reduction of oxidative damage compared to untreated
control was calculated (FIG. 1). Kakadu plum extract reduced
oxidative damage from external insults.
Example 3
Collagen Production in Human Fibroblast Dermal Cells in the
Presence of Kakadu Plum Extract
[0092] The ability of kakadu plum extract to increase collagen
production in human fibroblast dermal cells was studied.
[0093] Collagen production protocol: Normal human dermal fibroblast
(NHDF) cells were grown to subconfluence from a frozen vial in
tissue culture flasks (T25's). Two confluent T25's were
trypsinized, washed, resuspended to 16 mls and seeded heavily into
a 96 well plate (200 .mu.l/well) (Columns 4-12 only). Cells were
allowed to grow overnight or until the cells reached 100%
confluence. Upon reaching confluence, the spent media was aspirated
and 200 .mu.l of fresh media with or without samples of interest
(in triplicate) were added. The liquid extract in FIG. 2 is 1.0%
(20 .mu.l of 100.times. stock) and 0.1% (2 .mu.l of 100.times.
stock) kakadu extract and was diluted into a final volume of 200
.mu.l NHDF growth medium (note that the liquid extract is listed at
20-30% W/W with 10-20% denatured alcohol and >50% 1,3 butylene
glycol. A 10% stock of this extract was prepared by dilution is
water (2-3% fruit extract) which was further diluted in the assay
to 1.0% and 0.1% (0.2-0.3% and 0.02-0.03% kakadu fruit extract,
based upon the amount in the original extract). One set of cells
was treated with L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C), an agent known to
increase collagen production, at a final concentration of 18
.mu.g/ml in triplicate as a positive control. Cells were incubated
for 3 days in the presence of the samples at 37.degree. C./5%
CO.sub.2. Supernatants were harvested and frozen at -80.degree. C.
until assayed with the Procollagen Peptide (PIP) kit (Takara Bio
Inc.), designed to measure procollagen peptide in the range of 40
to 640 ng/ml. The cells in this system can be expected to produce
at least 3000 ng/ml of procollagen peptide (media control). Tissue
culture supernatants need to be diluted 1:100 with the sample
diluent included in the kit. The protocol supplied with the kit was
followed. Brief instructions are provided: [0094] Allow plate to
reach room temperature before opening the foil package. Allow the
supernatants to thaw to room temp. slowly. [0095] Add 1 ml
dH.sub.2O to Vial 3: PIP Standard--Mix gently and allow to stand at
room temp. for 10 min. prior to use. [0096] Add 11 ml H.sub.2O to
Vial 2: Antibody-POD Conjugate--Mix gently and allow to stand at
room temp. for 10 min. prior to use. [0097] Prepare Standard curve
as directed in protocol booklet. [0098] Dilute all supernatants
1:40 with sample diluent (supplied with kit). [0099] Transfer 100
.mu.l of POD conjugate/well with a multichannel pipet. Subsequently
add 20 .mu.l of diluted standard or sample/well in triplicate.
[0100] Incubate (covered) for 3 hours at 37.degree. C. [0101] Wash
plate 4 times with 400 .mu.l of wash solution (see protocol booklet
for complete washing instructions). [0102] Add 100 .mu.l substrate
solution/well and incubate at room temp for 15 min. [0103] Add 100
.mu.l stop solution/well. Tap plate gently to mix. [0104] Measure
absorbance at 450 nm with a plate reader within 1 hour. [0105] The
standard curve is plotted using a 4 parameter curve fit. The
concentration of the procollagen peptide was determined from the
standard curve. The results from the standard curve must be
multiplied by the dilution factor to yield the total number of
ng/ml of the procollagen peptide.
[0106] Collagen production in dermal cells in the presence of 1%
kakadu plum extract increased significantly compared to untreated
control dermal cells (FIG. 2).
Example 4
Reducing Inflammation in Human Epidermal Keratinocytes Using Kakadu
Plum Extract
[0107] The ability of kakadu plum extract to reduce inflammation in
human epidermal keratinocytes was studied using a cytokine array
assay.
[0108] Cytokine array: Human epidermal keratinocytes were cultured
to 70-80% confluency. The media in the plate was aspirated and
0.025% trypsin/EDTA was added. When the cells became rounded, the
culture dish was gently tapped to release the cells. The
trypsin/EDTA containing cells were removed from the culture dish
and neutralized. Cells were centrifuged for 5 min. at 180.times.g.
The cells formed a pellet and the supernatant was aspirated. The
resulting pellet was resuspended in EpiLife.TM. media (Cascade
Biologics). The cells were seeded in 6-well plates at approximately
10-20% confluency. After the cells became approximately 80%
confluent, the media was aspirated and 1.0 ml of EpiLife.TM., along
with phorbol 13-Myristate 12-acetate ("PMA") (a known inducer of
inflammation) and the test article dilution were added to two
replicate wells (i.e., 1.0% (100 .mu.l of 100.times. stock) and
0.1% (10 .mu.l of 100.times. stock) kakadu extract as prepared in
paragraph [0034] above was diluted into a final volume of 1 ml
EpiLife Growth Medium). The media was gently swirled to ensure
adequate mixing. In addition, 1.0 ml of EpiLife' was added to the
control wells, with and without additional PMA. The plates were
then incubated at 37.+-.1.degree. C. and 5.0.+-.1% CO.sub.2 for
approximately 5 hours after dosing. Following this 5-hour
incubation, all media was collected in conical tubes and frozen at
-70.degree. C. and the frozen media was subsequently shipped to the
sponsor on dry ice. 16-pad FAST slides arrayed in triplicate with
16 anti-cytokine antibodies plus experimental controls were
purchased from Whatman BioSciences.
[0109] On the day of the analysis, a 16-pad hybridization chamber
was attached to the slides, and the slides were placed into a
FASTFrame (4 slides per frame) for processing. Arrays were blocked
for 15 min. at room temp. using 70 ml S&S Protein Array
Blocking buffer (Whatman Schleicher and Scheull). Blocking buffer
was removed and 70 ml of each supernatant sample was added to each
array. Arrays were incubated for 3 hours at room temp. with gentle
agitation. Arrays were washed 3 times with TBS-T. Arrays were
treated with 70 ml of an antibody cocktail, containing one
biotinylated antibody corresponding to each of the arrayed capture
antibodies. Arrays were incubated for 1 hour at room temp. with
gentle agitation. Arrays were washed 3 times with TBS-T. Arrays
were incubated with 70 ml of a solution containing streptavidin-Cy5
conjugate for 1 hour at room temp. with gentle agitation. Arrays
were washed 3 times with TBS-T, quickly rinsed in de-ionized water,
and dried.
[0110] Slides were imaged in a Perkin-Elmer ScanArray 4000 confocal
fluorescent imaging system. Array images were saved as 16-bit TIF
files, with 10 micron pixel resolution. Images were analyzed using
Imaging Research ArrayVision software. Briefly, spot intensities
were determined by subtracting background signal. Spot replicates
from each sample condition were averaged and then compared to the
appropriate controls. Microsoft Excel and GraphPad Prism were used
for additional analysis and data presentation.
[0111] The percent reduction in certain inflammatory cytokines can
be seen in FIG. 3. While kakadu plum extract reduced the
inflammatory response associated with several types of cytokines,
the extract is particularly effective at reducing the inflammatory
responses of IL-8 and IL-6. In this manner, then, the reduction in
inflammatory responses as seen with kakadu plum extract and acai
berry extract are complementary (see FIG. 7).
Example 5
Non-Limiting Examples of Acai Berry Extract Containing Compositions
of the Present Invention
[0112] Non-limiting examples of kakadu plum extract containing
compositions of the present invention are described in Tables 3 and
4.
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3* Ingredient % Concentration (by weight)
Phase A Water 84.44 Xanthum gum 0.1 M-paraben 0.15 P-paraben 0.1
Citric acid 0.01 Phase B Cetyl alcohol 4.0 Glyceryl stearate + PEG
100 4.0 Octyl palmitate 4.0 Dimethicone 1.0 Tocopheryl acetate 0.2
Phase C Acai berry extract 2.0 *Sprinkle Xanthum gum in water and
mix for 10 min. Subsequently, add all ingredients in phase A and
heat to 70-75.degree. C. Add all items in phase B to separate
beaker and heat to 70-75.degree. C. Mix phases A and B at
70-75.degree. C. Continue mixing and allow composition to cool to
30.degree. C. Subsequently, add phase C ingredient while
mixing.
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4* Ingredient % Concentration (by weight)
Phase A Water 78.6 M-paraben 0.2 P-paraben 0.1 Na2 EDTA 0.1 Shea
butter 4.5 Petrolatum 4.5 Glycerin 4.0 Propylene Glycol 2.0
Finsolve TN 2.0 Phase B Sepigel 305 2.0 Phase C Acai berry extract
2.0 *Add ingredients in phase A to beaker and heat to 70-75.degree.
C. while mixing. Subsequently, add the phase B ingredient with
phase A and cool to 30.degree. C. with mixing. Subsequently, add
phase C ingredient while mixing.
Example 6
Bioefficacy of Acai Berry Extract: Action as an Anti-Oxidant
[0113] The ability of acai berry extract to act as an anti-oxidant
was evaluated in terms of its ability to (1) reduce existing
internal oxidation in cells; and (2) reduce external oxidative
damage to cells. The Peroxide Assay described in Example 2 was
used, wherein H.sub.2O.sub.2, DCFH-DA dye and acai berry extract
(in place of kakadu plum extract) were used in the same
amounts.
[0114] These experiments were repeated in triplicate, and the
percent reduction of oxidative damage was calculated (FIG. 5). Acai
berry extract reduces oxidative damage from both internal and
external insults.
Example 7
Collagen Production in Human Fibroblast Dermal Cells in the
Presence of Acai Berry Extract
[0115] The ability of acai berry extract to increase collagen
production in human fibroblast dermal cells was studied. The
collagen production protocol as described in Example 3 was
employed, utilizing the same amount of acai berry extract in place
of the kakadu plum extract.
[0116] Collagen production in dermal cells in the presence of 1%
acai berry extract increased significantly compared to control
dermal cells (FIG. 6), but less than the percent collagen produced
in the presence of the same amount of kakadu plum extract as shown
in FIG. 2.
Example 8
Reducing Inflammation in Human Epidermal Keratinocytes Using Acai
Berry Extract
[0117] The ability of acai berry extract to reduce inflammation in
human epidermal keratinocytes was studied using a cytokine array
assay. The cytokine assay of Example 4 was employed, using acai
berry extract in place of kakadu plum extract.
[0118] The percent reduction of certain inflammatory cytokines can
be seen in FIG. 6. While acai berry extract reduced the
inflammatory response associated with several types of cytokines,
the extract is particularly effective at reducing the inflammatory
responses of IL-2 and ICAM-6. the reduction in inflammatory
responses as seen with kakadu plum extract and acai berry extract
are complementary (FIG. 7).
Example 9
Non-Limiting Examples of Compositions of the Present Invention
Comprising Kakadu Plum Extract and Acai Berry Extract
[0119] Non-limiting examples of kakadu plum extract containing
compositions of the present invention are described in Tables 5 and
6.
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5* Ingredient % Concentration (by weight)
Phase A Water 84.44 Xanthum gum 0.1 M-paraben 0.15 P-paraben 0.1
Citric acid 0.01 Phase B Cetyl alcohol 4.0 Glyceryl stearate + PEG
100 4.0 Octyl palmitate 4.0 Dimethicone 1.0 Tocopheryl acetate 0.2
Phase C Kakadu plum extract 1.0 Acai berry extract 1.0 *Sprinkle
Xanthum gum in water and mix for 10 min. Subsequently, add all
ingredients in phase A and heat to 70-75.degree. C. Add all items
in phase B to separate beaker and heat to 70-75.degree. C. Mix
phases A and B at 70-75.degree. C. Continue mixing and allow
composition to cool to 30.degree. C. Subsequently, add phase C
ingredient while mixing.
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6* Ingredient % Concentration (by weight)
Phase A Water 78.6 M-paraben 0.2 P-paraben 0.1 Na2 EDTA 0.1 Shea
butter 4.5 Petrolatum 4.5 Glycerin 4.0 Propylene Glycol 2.0
Finsolve TN 2.0 Phase B Sepigel 305 2.0 Phase C Kakadu plum extract
1.0 Acai berry extract 1.0 *Add ingredients in phase A to beaker
and heat to 70-75.degree. C. while mixing. Subsequently, add the
phase B ingredient with phase A and cool to 30.degree. C. with
mixing. Subsequently, add phase C ingredient while mixing.
Example 10
Determining Efficacy of the Compositions of the Present
Invention
[0120] The efficacy of compositions of the present inventions can
be determined by methods known to those of ordinary skill in the
art. The following are non-limiting procedures that can be used in
the context of the present invention. It should be recognized that
other testing procedures can be used, including, for example,
objective and subjective procedures.
[0121] Skin moisture/hydration can be measured by using impedance
measurements with the Nova Dermal Phase Meter. The impedance meter
measures changes in skin moisture content. The outer layer of the
skin has distinct electrical properties. When skin is dry it
conducts electricity very poorly. As it becomes more hydrated
increasing conductivity results. Consequently, changes in skin
impedance (related to conductivity) can be used to assess changes
in skin hydration. The unit can be calibrated according to
instrument instructions for each testing day. A notation of
temperature and relative humidity can also be made. Subjects can be
evaluated as follows: prior to measurement they can equilibrate in
a room with defined humidity (e.g., 30-50%) and temperature (e.g.,
68-72 C). Three separate impedance readings can be taken on each
side of the face, recorded, and averaged. The T5 setting can be
used on the impedance meter which averages the impedance values of
every five seconds application to the face. Changes can be reported
with statistical variance and significance.
[0122] Skin clarity and the reduction in freckles and age spots can
be evaluated using a Minolta Chromometer. Changes in skin color can
be assessed to determine irritation potential due to product
treatment using the a* values of the Minolta Chroma Meter. The a*
value measures changes in skin color in the red region. This is
used to determine whether a composition is inducing irritation. The
measurements can be made on each side of the face and averaged, as
left and right facial values. Skin clarity can also be measured
using the Minolta Meter. The measurement is a combination of the
a*, b, and L values of the Minolta Meter and is related to skin
brightness, and correlates well with skin smoothness and hydration.
Skin reading is taken as above. In one non-limiting aspect, skin
clarity can be described as L/C where C is chroma and is defined as
(a.sup.2+b.sup.2).sup.1/2.
[0123] Skin dryness, surface fine lines, skin smoothness, and skin
tone can be evaluated with clinical grading techniques. For
example, clinical grading of skin dryness can be determined by a
five point standard Kligman Scale: (0) skin is soft and moist; (1)
skin appears normal with no visible dryness; (2) skin feels
slightly dry to the touch with no visible flaking; (3) skin feels
dry, tough, and has a whitish appearance with some scaling; and (4)
skin feels very dry, rough, and has a whitish appearance with
scaling. Evaluations can be made independently by two clinicians
and averaged.
[0124] Clinical grading of skin tone can be performed via a ten
point analog numerical scale: (10) even skin of uniform, pinkish
brown color. No dark, erythremic, or scaly patches upon examination
with a hand held magnifying lens. Microtexture of the skin very
uniform upon touch; (7) even skin tone observed without
magnification. No scaly areas, but slight discolorations either due
to pigmentation or erythema. No discolorations more than 1 cm in
diameter; (4) both skin discoloration and uneven texture easily
noticeable. Slight scaliness. Skin rough to the touch in some
areas; and (1) uneven skin coloration and texture. Numerous areas
of scaliness and discoloration, either hypopigmented, erythremic or
dark spots. Large areas of uneven color more than 1 cm in diameter.
Evaluations were made independently by two clinicians and
averaged.
[0125] Clinical grading of skin smoothness can be analyzed via a
ten point analog numerical scale: (10) smooth, skin is moist and
glistening, no resistance upon dragging finger across surface; (7)
somewhat smooth, slight resistance; (4) rough, visibly altered,
friction upon rubbing; and (1) rough, flaky, uneven surface.
Evaluations were made independently by two clinicians and
averaged.
[0126] Skin smoothness and wrinkle reduction can also be assessed
visually by using the methods disclosed in Packman et al. (1978).
For example, at each subject visit, the depth, shallowness and the
total number of superficial facial lines (SFLs) of each subject can
be carefully scored and recorded. A numerical score was obtained by
multiplying a number factor times a depth/width/length factor.
Scores are obtained for the eye area and mouth area (left and right
sides) and added together as the total wrinkle score.
[0127] Skin firmness can be measured using a Hargens ballistometer,
a device that evaluates the elasticity and firmness of the skin by
dropping a small body onto the skin and recording its first two
rebound peaks. The ballistometry is a small lightweight probe with
a relatively blunt tip (4 square mm-contact area) was used. The
probe penetrates slightly into the skin and results in measurements
that are dependent upon the properties of the outer layers of the
skin, including the stratum corneum and outer epidermis and some of
the dermal layers.
[0128] Skin softness/suppleness can be evaluated using the Gas
Bearing Electrodynamometer, an instrument that measures the
stress/strain properties of the skin. The viscoelastic properties
of skin correlate with skin moisturization. Measurements can be
obtained on the predetermined site on the cheek area by attaching
the probe to the skin surface with double-stick tape. A force of
approximately 3.5 gm can be applied parallel to the skin surface
and the skin displacement is accurately measured. Skin suppleness
can then be calculated and is expressed as DSR (Dynamic Spring Rate
in gm/mm).
[0129] The appearance of lines and wrinkles on the skin can be
evaluated using replicas, which is the impression of the skin's
surface. Silicone rubber like material can be used. The replica can
be analyzed by image analysis. Changes in the visibility of lines
and wrinkles can be objectively quantified via the taking of
silicon replicas form the subjects' face and analyzing the replicas
image using a computer image analysis system. Replicas can be taken
from the eye area and the neck area, and photographed with a
digital camera using a low angle incidence lighting. The digital
images can be analyzed with an image processing program and the are
of the replicas covered by wrinkles or fine lines was
determined.
[0130] The surface contour of the skin can be measured by using the
profilometer/Stylus method. This includes either shining a light or
dragging a stylus across the replica surface. The vertical
displacement of the stylus can be fed into a computer via a
distance transducer, and after scanning a fixed length of replica a
cross-sectional analysis of skin profile can be generated as a
two-dimensional curve. This scan can be repeated any number of
times along a fix axis to generate a simulated 3-D picture of the
skin. Ten random sections of the replicas using the stylus
technique can be obtained and combined to generate average values.
The values of interest include Ra which is the arithmetic mean of
all roughness (height) values computed by integrating the profile
height relative to the mean profile height. Rt which is the maximum
vertical distance between the highest peak and lowest trough, and
Rz which is the mean peak amplitude minus the mean peak height.
Values are given as a calibrated value in mm. Equipment should be
standardized prior to each use by scanning metal standards of know
values. Ra Value can be computed by the following equation:
R.sub.a=Standardize roughness; l.sub.m=the traverse (scan) length;
and y=the absolute value of the location of the profile relative to
the mean profile height (x-axis).
[0131] In other non-limiting aspects, the efficacy of the
compositions of the present invention can be evaluated by using a
skin analog, such as, for example, MELANODERM.TM.. Melanocytes, one
of the cells in the skin analog, stain positively when exposed to
L-dihydroxyphenyl alanine (L-DOPA), a precursor of melanin. The
skin analog, MELANODERM.TM., can be treated with a variety of bases
containing the compositions and whitening agents of the present
invention or with the base alone as a control. Alternatively, an
untreated sample of the skin analog can be used as a control.
[0132] All of the compositions and/or methods disclosed and claimed
in this specification can be made and executed without undue
experimentation in light of the present disclosure. While the
compositions and methods of this invention have been described in
terms of particular embodiments, it will be apparent to those of
skill in the art that variations may be applied to the compositions
and/or methods and in the steps or in the sequence of steps of the
method described herein without departing from the concept, spirit
and scope of the invention. More specifically, it will be apparent
that certain agents which are both chemically and physiologically
related may be substituted for the agents described herein while
the same or similar results would be achieved. All such similar
substitutes and modifications apparent to those skilled in the art
are deemed to be within the spirit, scope and concept of the
invention as defined by the appended claims.
REFERENCES
[0133] The following references, to the extent that they provide
exemplary procedural or other details supplementary to those set
forth herein, are specifically incorporated herein by reference.
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[0136] U.S. Pat. No. 4,421,769 [0137] U.S. Pat. No. 4,509,949
[0138] U.S. Pat. No. 4,599,379 [0139] U.S. Pat. No. 4,628,078
[0140] U.S. Pat. No. 4,835,206 [0141] U.S. Pat. No. 4,849,484
[0142] U.S. Pat. No. 5,011,681 [0143] U.S. Pat. No. 5,087,445
[0144] U.S. Pat. No. 5,100,660 [0145] U.S. Pat. No. 5,411,744
[0146] U.S. Pat. No. 5,720,963 [0147] U.S. Pat. No. 6,203,802
[0148] U.S. Pat. No. 6,290,938 [0149] U.S. Pat. No. 6,387,398
[0150] U.S. Pat. No. 6,495,126 [0151] U.S. Publn. 2004/0109905
[0152] U.S. Publn. 2005/0163880 [0153] U.S. Prov. App. 60/760,103
[0154] U.S. Prov. App. 60/760,977 [0155] U.S. Prov. App. 60/760,979
[0156] Cao et al., Free Radic. Biol. Med., 14:303-311, 1993. [0157]
CTFA International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary, Fourth edition,
pps. 12 and 80, 1991. [0158] J. Kreuter, J. Microencapsulation,
5:115-127 (1988). [0159] McCutcheon's, Detergents and Emulsifiers,
North American Edition (1986). [0160] Packman and Gams, J. Soc.
Cos. Chem., 29:70-90, 1978. [0161] Remington's Pharmaceutical
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Schiltz et al. J. Investigative Dermatology, 87:663-667, 1986.
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