U.S. patent application number 17/166655 was filed with the patent office on 2021-06-03 for synchronization signal transmission techniques for peak-to-average power ratio reduction.
The applicant listed for this patent is QUALCOMM INCORPORATED. Invention is credited to Navid Abedini, Juergen Cezanne, Muhammad Nazmul Islam, Junyi Li, Bilal Sadiq, Ashwin Sampath, Sundar Subramanian.
Application Number | 20210167940 17/166655 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 1000005389374 |
Filed Date | 2021-06-03 |
United States Patent
Application |
20210167940 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Islam; Muhammad Nazmul ; et
al. |
June 3, 2021 |
SYNCHRONIZATION SIGNAL TRANSMISSION TECHNIQUES FOR PEAK-TO-AVERAGE
POWER RATIO REDUCTION
Abstract
Methods, systems, and devices for wireless communication are
described. Synchronization signals may be transmitted using a set
of phase offsets over different component carriers or using a
single component carrier for each antenna port. For example, a base
station may identify a set of synchronization signals (e.g., a set
of primary synchronization signals (PSSs)) to be transmitted over
one or multiple component carriers. In some cases, each PSS may be
associated with a different component carrier, and the base station
may apply a different phase offset to each PSS when transmitting
the set of PSSs on the component carriers. In some examples, the
base station may transmit the PSSs on the component carriers using
a different antenna port for each component carrier.
Inventors: |
Islam; Muhammad Nazmul;
(Littleton, MA) ; Abedini; Navid; (Basking Ridge,
NJ) ; Cezanne; Juergen; (Ocean Township, NJ) ;
Subramanian; Sundar; (San Diego, CA) ; Sadiq;
Bilal; (Basking Ridge, NJ) ; Sampath; Ashwin;
(Skillman, NJ) ; Li; Junyi; (Franklin Park,
NJ) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
QUALCOMM INCORPORATED |
San Diego |
CA |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
1000005389374 |
Appl. No.: |
17/166655 |
Filed: |
February 3, 2021 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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15713225 |
Sep 22, 2017 |
10938545 |
|
|
17166655 |
|
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62421630 |
Nov 14, 2016 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H04L 27/2621 20130101;
H04L 27/2614 20130101; H04J 1/02 20130101; H04L 5/0048 20130101;
H04W 52/36 20130101; Y02D 30/70 20200801; H04W 56/001 20130101;
H04L 7/041 20130101; H04L 5/001 20130101 |
International
Class: |
H04L 7/04 20060101
H04L007/04; H04L 5/00 20060101 H04L005/00; H04L 27/26 20060101
H04L027/26; H04J 1/02 20060101 H04J001/02; H04W 52/36 20060101
H04W052/36; H04W 56/00 20060101 H04W056/00 |
Claims
1. A method for wireless communication at a base station,
comprising: identifying a set of synchronization signal blocks; and
transmitting each synchronization signal block of the set of
synchronization signal blocks, each synchronization signal block
being transmitted on one or more component carriers of a set of
component carriers or transmitted simultaneously on a wideband
carrier.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein transmitting each synchronization
signal block comprises: transmitting each synchronization signal
block using a different antenna port of the base station or using a
same antenna port of the base station.
3. The method of claim 2, further comprising: generating a
synchronization signal block corresponding to the different antenna
port; and transmitting the synchronization signal block in a
different component carrier of the set of component carriers from
the different antenna port.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein transmitting each synchronization
signal block on the one or more component carriers comprises:
transmitting each synchronization signal block on different
component carriers of the set of component carriers, each
synchronization signal block associated with a different component
carrier of the set of component carriers.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein transmitting each synchronization
signal block comprises: transmitting each synchronization signal
block using a first beam configuration having a first width greater
than a second width of a second beam configuration, the second beam
configuration associated with transmitting a synchronization signal
block over multiple component carriers of the set of component
carriers from a same antenna port.
6. The method of claim 5, wherein the first beam configuration is
based at least in part on a plurality of beam directions.
7. The method of claim 1, further comprising: identifying a first
transmit power greater than a second transmit power, the second
transmit power associated with transmitting a synchronization
signal block over multiple component carriers of the set of
component carriers from a same antenna port, wherein transmitting
each synchronization signal block in the one or more component
carriers of the set of component carriers includes using the first
transmit power.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein each synchronization signal block
comprises at least one or more of a primary synchronization signal
(PSS), a secondary synchronization signal (SSS), a physical
broadcast channel (PBCH), and a demodulation reference signal
(DMRS) of the PBCH.
9. The method of claim 1, further comprising: identifying an
indication of an antenna port associated with different component
carriers, or a selected transmission beam, or both, wherein
transmitting the synchronization signal block comprises
transmitting the indication.
10. The method of claim 1, wherein transmitting each
synchronization signal block comprises: refraining from
transmitting another signal while transmitting each synchronization
signal block.
11. An apparatus for wireless communication at a base station,
comprising: a processor; memory coupled with the processor; and
instructions stored in the memory and executable by the processor
to cause the apparatus to: identify a set of synchronization signal
blocks; and transmit each synchronization signal block of the set
of synchronization signal blocks, each synchronization signal block
being transmitted on one or more component carriers of a set of
component carriers or transmitted simultaneously on a wideband
carrier.
12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the instructions to transmit
each synchronization signal block are executable by the processor
to cause the apparatus to: transmit each synchronization signal
block using a different antenna port of the base station or using a
same antenna port of the base station.
13. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the instructions are further
executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to: generate a
synchronization signal block corresponding to the different antenna
port; and transmit the synchronization signal block in a different
component carrier of the set of component carriers from the
different antenna port.
14. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the instructions to transmit
each synchronization signal block on the one or more component
carriers are executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to:
transmit each synchronization signal block on different component
carriers of the set of component carriers, each synchronization
signal block associated with a different component carrier of the
set of component carriers.
15. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the instructions to transmit
each synchronization signal block are executable by the processor
to cause the apparatus to: transmit each synchronization signal
block using a first beam configuration having a first width greater
than a second width of a second beam configuration, the second beam
configuration associated with transmitting a synchronization signal
block over multiple component carriers of the set of component
carriers from a same antenna port.
16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein the first beam configuration
is based at least in part on a plurality of beam directions.
17. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the instructions are further
executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to: identify a
first transmit power greater than a second transmit power, the
second transmit power associated with transmitting a
synchronization signal block over multiple component carriers of
the set of component carriers from a same antenna port, wherein
transmitting each synchronization signal block in the one or more
component carriers of the set of component carriers includes using
the first transmit power.
18. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein each synchronization signal
block comprises at least one or more of a primary synchronization
signal (PSS), a secondary synchronization signal (SSS), a physical
broadcast channel (PBCH), and a demodulation reference signal
(DMRS) of the PBCH.
19. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the instructions are further
executable by the processor to cause the apparatus to: identify an
indication of an antenna port associated with different component
carriers, or a selected transmission beam, or both, wherein
transmitting the synchronization signal block comprises
transmitting the indication.
20. An apparatus for wireless communication at a base station,
comprising: means for identifying a set of synchronization signal
blocks; and means for transmitting each synchronization signal
block of the set of synchronization signal blocks, each
synchronization signal block being transmitted on one or more
component carriers of a set of component carriers or transmitted
simultaneously on a wideband carrier.
Description
CROSS REFERENCES
[0001] The present Application for Patent is a Divisional of U.S.
patent application Ser. No. 15/713,225 by Islam et al., entitled
"Synchronization Signal Transmission Techniques For Peak-To-Average
Power Ratio Reduction" filed Sep. 22, 2017, which claims priority
to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/421,630 by Islam et
al., entitled "Synchronization Signal Transmission Techniques For
Peak-To-Average Power Ratio Reduction," filed Nov. 14, 2016,
assigned to the assignee hereof, and is hereby expressly
incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
BACKGROUND
[0002] The following relates generally to wireless communication at
a base station, and more specifically to synchronization signal
transmission techniques for peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR)
reduction.
[0003] Wireless communications systems are widely deployed to
provide various types of communication content such as voice,
video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, and so on. These systems
may be capable of supporting communication with multiple users by
sharing the available system resources (e.g., time, frequency, and
power). Examples of such multiple-access systems include code
division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple
access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA)
systems, and orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA)
systems, (e.g., a Long Term Evolution (LTE) system, or a New Radio
(NR) system). A wireless multiple-access communications system may
include a number of base stations or access network nodes, each
simultaneously supporting communication for multiple communication
devices, which may be otherwise known as user equipment (UE).
[0004] Wireless communications networks may operate using
millimeter wave (mmW) spectrum that may be associated with greater
path loss for transmitted signals. In such cases, beamforming may
be used to increase the strength of wireless signals, including
signals that are broadcast from a base station and used by a UE.
However, various transmission configurations may affect power
ratios associated with certain signals, and it may be desirable to
implement techniques related to such signals.
SUMMARY
[0005] The described techniques relate to improved methods,
systems, devices, or apparatuses that support synchronization
signal transmission techniques for peak-to-average power ratio
(PAPR) reduction. Generally, the described techniques provide for
the transmission of synchronization signals using a set of phase
offsets that are simultaneously transmitted using frequency
division multiplexing (FDM). The described techniques also provide
for the transmission of synchronization signal blocks, where each
synchronization signal block is transmitted on one or more
component carriers or transmitted simultaneously on a wideband
carrier. For example, a base station may identify a set of
synchronization signals (e.g., a set of primary synchronization
signals (PSSs)) to be transmitted over one or more component
carriers. In some cases, each PSS may be associated with a
different component carrier, and the base station may apply a
different phase offset to each PSS when transmitting the set of
PSSs on the different component carriers. In some examples, the
base station may transmit the synchronization signal blocks on the
component carriers using a different antenna port for each
component carrier.
[0006] A method of wireless communication is described. The method
may include identifying a set of synchronization signals, selecting
a phase offset from a set of phase offsets for each synchronization
signal of the set of synchronization signals, and transmitting the
set of synchronization signals using the selected phase offsets,
the set of synchronization signals being simultaneously transmitted
using frequency division multiplexing.
[0007] An apparatus for wireless communication is described. The
apparatus may include means for identifying a set of
synchronization signals, means for selecting a phase offset from a
set of phase offsets for each synchronization signal of the set of
synchronization signals, and means for transmitting the set of
synchronization signals using the selected phase offsets, the set
of synchronization signals being simultaneously transmitted using
frequency division multiplexing.
[0008] Another apparatus for wireless communication is described.
The apparatus may include a processor, memory in electronic
communication with the processor, and instructions stored in the
memory. The instructions may be operable to cause the processor to
identify a set of synchronization signals, select a phase offset
from a set of phase offsets for each synchronization signal of the
set of synchronization signals, and transmit the set of
synchronization signals using the selected phase offsets, the set
of synchronization signals being simultaneously transmitted using
frequency division multiplexing.
[0009] A non-transitory computer readable medium for wireless
communication is described. The non-transitory computer-readable
medium may include instructions operable to cause a processor to
identify a set of synchronization signals, select a phase offset
from a set of phase offsets for each synchronization signal of the
set of synchronization signals, and transmit the set of
synchronization signals using the selected phase offsets, the set
of synchronization signals being simultaneously transmitted using
frequency division multiplexing.
[0010] In some examples of the method, apparatus, and
non-transitory computer-readable medium described above,
transmitting the set of synchronization signals comprises:
transmitting each synchronization signal on one or more component
carriers of a set of component carriers. In some examples of the
method, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable medium
described above, transmitting each synchronization signal on the
one or more component carriers comprises: transmitting each
synchronization signal on different component carriers of the set
of component carriers, each synchronization signal associated with
a different component carrier of the set of component carriers.
[0011] In some examples of the method, apparatus, and
non-transitory computer-readable medium described above,
transmitting each synchronization signal on the different component
carriers comprises: transmitting each synchronization signal in a
different radio frequency band. In some examples of the method,
apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described
above, transmitting the set of synchronization signals comprises:
transmitting the set of synchronization signals simultaneously in a
frequency domain within a wideband carrier.
[0012] In some examples of the method, apparatus, and
non-transitory computer-readable medium described above, the set of
synchronization signals comprises PSSs, or secondary
synchronization signals (SSSs), or a combination thereof. Some
examples of the method, apparatus, and non-transitory
computer-readable medium described above may further include
processes, features, means, or instructions for multiplexing each
PSS and each SSS of the set of synchronization signals using time
division multiplexing.
[0013] In some examples of the method, apparatus, and
non-transitory computer-readable medium described above, selecting
the phase offset comprises: applying a phase ramp across the set of
synchronization signals, each synchronization signal being
associated with different component carriers of a set of component
carriers. In some examples of the method, apparatus, and
non-transitory computer-readable medium described above, selecting
the phase offset comprises: applying a sequence across different
component carriers of a set of component carriers. In some examples
of the method, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable
medium described above, the sequence comprises a short Zadoff-Chu
sequence, or an extended Zadoff-Chu sequence, or a short maximum
length (M) sequence, or an extended M sequence.
[0014] Some examples of the method, apparatus, and non-transitory
computer-readable medium described above may further include
processes, features, means, or instructions for identifying the set
of phase offsets based at least in part on a number of component
carriers of a set of component carriers, or a sequence of
synchronization signals associated with different component
carriers of the set of component carriers, or both. Some examples
of the method, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable
medium described above may further include processes, features,
means, or instructions for identifying a PAPR or a cubic metric
(CM) associated with the set of phase offsets, wherein identifying
the set of phase offsets may be based at least in part on
minimizing the identified PAPR or the identified CM.
[0015] Some examples of the method, apparatus, and non-transitory
computer-readable medium described above may further include
processes, features, means, or instructions for identifying a PAPR
or a CM associated with the set of phase offsets, wherein
identifying the set of phase offsets may be based at least in part
on whether the identified PAPR or the identified CM may be less
than a predetermined threshold. Some examples of the method,
apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described
above may further include processes, features, means, or
instructions for selecting one or more sequences for the set of
synchronization signals. In some examples of the method, apparatus,
and non-transitory computer-readable medium described above, the
one or more sequences comprise a Zadoff-Chu sequence, or a M
sequence, or a combination thereof.
[0016] In some examples of the method, apparatus, and
non-transitory computer-readable medium described above, selecting
the one or more sequences comprises: selecting one or more
combinations of a root and a cyclic shift of a Zadoff-Chu sequence
that minimizes a PAPR or a CM. Some examples of the method,
apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described
above may further include processes, features, means, or
instructions for selecting one or more combinations of a polynomial
and a cyclic shift of a M sequence that minimized the PAPR or the
CM.
[0017] In some examples of the method, apparatus, and
non-transitory computer-readable medium described above, selecting
the one or more sequences comprises: selecting one or more
combinations of a root and a cyclic shift of a Zadoff-Chu sequence
that corresponds to a PAPR value or a CM value that may be below a
predetermined threshold. Some examples of the method, apparatus,
and non-transitory computer-readable medium described above may
further include processes, features, means, or instructions for
selecting one or more combinations of a polynomial and a cyclic
shift of an M sequence that corresponds to a PAPR value or a CM
value that may be below a predetermined threshold.
[0018] Some examples of the method, apparatus, and non-transitory
computer-readable medium described above may further include
processes, features, means, or instructions for transmitting a
synchronization signal block using the selected phase offsets,
wherein the synchronization signal block comprises at least one or
more of a PSS, an SSS, a physical broadcast channel (PBCH), and a
demodulation reference signal (DMRS) of the PBCH.
[0019] A method of wireless communication is described. The method
may include identifying a set of synchronization signal blocks and
transmitting each synchronization signal block of the set of
synchronization signal blocks, each synchronization signal block
being transmitted on one or more component carriers of a set of
component carriers or transmitted simultaneously on a wideband
carrier.
[0020] An apparatus for wireless communication is described. The
apparatus may include means for identifying a set of
synchronization signal blocks and means for transmitting each
synchronization signal block of the set of synchronization signal
blocks, each synchronization signal block being transmitted on one
or more component carriers of a set of component carriers or
transmitted simultaneously on a wideband carrier.
[0021] Another apparatus for wireless communication is described.
The apparatus may include a processor, memory in electronic
communication with the processor, and instructions stored in the
memory. The instructions may be operable to cause the processor to
identify a set of synchronization signal blocks and transmit each
synchronization signal block of the set of synchronization signal
blocks, each synchronization signal block being transmitted on one
or more component carriers of a set of component carriers or
transmitted simultaneously on a wideband carrier.
[0022] A non-transitory computer readable medium for wireless
communication is described. The non-transitory computer-readable
medium may include instructions operable to cause a processor to
identify a set of synchronization signal blocks and transmit each
synchronization signal block of the set of synchronization signal
blocks, each synchronization signal block being transmitted on one
or more component carriers of a set of component carriers or
transmitted simultaneously on a wideband carrier.
[0023] In some examples of the method, apparatus, and
non-transitory computer-readable medium described above,
transmitting each synchronization signal block comprises:
transmitting each synchronization signal block using a different
antenna port of the base station or using a same antenna port of
the base station. Some examples of the method, apparatus, and
non-transitory computer-readable medium described above may further
include processes, features, means, or instructions for generating
a synchronization signal block corresponding to the different
antenna port. Some examples of the method, apparatus, and
non-transitory computer-readable medium described above may further
include processes, features, means, or instructions for
transmitting the synchronization signal block in a different
component carrier of the set of component carriers from the
different antenna port.
[0024] In some examples of the method, apparatus, and
non-transitory computer-readable medium described above,
transmitting each synchronization signal block on the one or more
component carriers comprises: transmitting each synchronization
signal block on different component carriers of the set of
component carriers, each synchronization signal block associated
with a different component carrier of the set of component
carriers.
[0025] In some examples of the method, apparatus, and
non-transitory computer-readable medium described above,
transmitting each synchronization signal block comprises:
transmitting each synchronization signal block using a first beam
configuration having a first width greater than a second width of a
second beam configuration, the second beam configuration associated
with transmitting a synchronization signal block over multiple
component carriers of the set of component carriers from a same
antenna port.
[0026] In some examples of the method, apparatus, and
non-transitory computer-readable medium described above, the first
beam configuration may be based at least in part on a plurality of
beam directions. Some examples of the method, apparatus, and
non-transitory computer-readable medium described above may further
include processes, features, means, or instructions for identifying
a first transmit power greater than a second transmit power, the
second transmit power associated with transmitting a
synchronization signal block over multiple component carriers of
the set of component carriers from a same antenna port, wherein
transmitting each synchronization signal block in the one or more
component carriers of the set of component carriers includes using
the first transmit power.
[0027] In some examples of the method, apparatus, and
non-transitory computer-readable medium described above, each
synchronization signal block comprises at least one or more of a
PSS, an SSS, a PBCH, and a DMRS of the PBCH. Some examples of the
method, apparatus, and non-transitory computer-readable medium
described above may further include processes, features, means, or
instructions for identifying an indication of an antenna port
associated with different component carriers, or a selected
transmission beam, or both, wherein transmitting the
synchronization signal block comprises transmitting the indication.
In some examples of the method, apparatus, and non-transitory
computer-readable medium described above, transmitting each
synchronization signal block comprises: refraining from
transmitting another signal while transmitting each synchronization
signal block.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0028] FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a system for wireless
communication at a base station that supports synchronization
signal transmission techniques for PAPR reduction in accordance
with aspects of the present disclosure.
[0029] FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a wireless communications
system that supports synchronization signal transmission techniques
for PAPR reduction in accordance with aspects of the present
disclosure.
[0030] FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a synchronization signal
block configuration that supports synchronization signal
transmission techniques for PAPR reduction in accordance with
aspects of the present disclosure.
[0031] FIGS. 4 and 5 illustrate examples of transmission schemes
that support synchronization signal transmission techniques for
PAPR reduction in accordance with aspects of the present
disclosure.
[0032] FIGS. 6 and 7 illustrates examples of process flows in a
system that supports synchronization signal transmission techniques
for PAPR reduction in accordance with aspects of the present
disclosure.
[0033] FIGS. 8 through 10 show block diagrams of a device that
supports synchronization signal transmission techniques for PAPR
reduction in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
[0034] FIG. 11 illustrates a block diagram of a system including a
device that supports synchronization signal transmission techniques
for PAPR reduction in accordance with aspects of the present
disclosure.
[0035] FIGS. 12 through 16 illustrate methods for synchronization
signal transmission techniques for PAPR reduction in accordance
with aspects of the present disclosure.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0036] Some wireless communication systems may operate in
millimeter wave (mmW) frequency ranges, e.g., 28 GHz, 40 GHz, 60
GHz, etc. Wireless communication at these frequencies may be
associated with increased signal attenuation (e.g., path loss),
which may be influenced by various factors, such as temperature,
barometric pressure, diffraction, etc. As a result, signal
processing techniques, such as beamforming, may be used to
coherently combine energy and overcome the path losses at these
frequencies.
[0037] The transmission of synchronization signals and
synchronization signal blocks by a base station (e.g., including
primary synchronization signals (PSSs), secondary synchronization
signals (SSSs), and physical broadcast channels (PBCHs)) may be
utilized by a user equipment (UE) to synchronize its timing with
the base station. Additionally, in wireless communications systems
using mmW frequency ranges, synchronization signals may utilize
beamforming techniques to meet a link budget. In such cases, a base
station may use several antenna ports (e.g., 1, 2, 4, 8 antenna
ports) connected to subarrays of antennas to form beams in various
directions using a number of analog weight factors, and
synchronization signals associated with the antenna ports may be
transmitted in different directions. That is, the base station may
sweep beams in multiple directions, where the synchronization
signal may be transmitted for a relatively short duration in each
direction.
[0038] Synchronization signals may be transmitted by a base station
using time division multiplexing (TDM) or frequency division
multiplexing (FDM), although TDM may, in some cases, be associated
with a reduced peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) of
synchronization signals, such as PSSs. In some cases, if the PSS is
transmitted using multiple component carriers (such as with the
simultaneous transmission of PSS in multiple directions from
different antenna ports) the reduction of PAPR for synchronization
signals may not be maintained through the use of TDM alone.
Accordingly, there may be techniques in which signals may be
transmitted using TDM or FDM that reduce the PAPR (or cubic metric
(CM)) of synchronization signals.
[0039] In some examples, a base station may use a selected set of
phase offsets for the transmission of synchronization signals
(e.g., PSSs) that are simultaneously transmitted using FDM, where a
different phase offset may be applied to one or more
synchronization signals transmitted on one or more component
carriers. That is, a first synchronization signal transmitted in a
first component carrier may be phase shifted (e.g., using a first
phase offset) relative to a second synchronization signal
transmitted in a second component carrier (e.g., using a second
phase offset). The synchronization signal may then be transmitted
during a symbol period on the one or more component carriers. For
example, the synchronization signals may be transmitted on
different component carriers or on the same component carrier.
Additionally or alternatively, a base station may transmit a
synchronization signal of a set of synchronization signals using
only one component carrier for each transmit antenna port. For
instance, PSSs from different antenna ports may be transmitted on
different respective component carriers. The application of the
phase offsets to PSSs transmitted over a set of component carriers
and transmitting PSSs from different antenna ports on one or more
component carriers may reduce the PAPR of the transmitted signal
and provide other benefits. In some examples, synchronization
signal blocks may be transmitted on the one or more component
carries, or may be transmitted simultaneously on a wideband
carrier. In such cases, the synchronization signal blocks may be
transmitted using a same or different antenna port of the base
station.
[0040] Aspects of the disclosure are initially described in the
context of a wireless communications system. Further examples are
then provided of synchronization signal transmission schemes.
Aspects of the disclosure are further illustrated by and described
with reference to apparatus diagrams, system diagrams, and
flowcharts that relate to synchronization signal transmission
techniques for PAPR reduction.
[0041] FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a wireless communications
system 100 in accordance with various aspects of the present
disclosure. The wireless communications system 100 includes base
stations 105, UEs 115, and a core network 130. In some examples,
the wireless communications system 100 may be an LTE (or
LTE-Advanced) network, or a New Radio (NR) network. In some cases,
wireless communications system 100 may support enhanced broadband
communications, ultra-reliable (i.e., mission critical)
communications, low latency communications, and communications with
low-cost and low-complexity devices. Wireless communications system
100 may be an example of a system that enables a sustained PAPR
reduction when transmitting synchronization signals.
[0042] Base stations 105 may wirelessly communicate with UEs 115
via one or more base station antennas. Each base station 105 may
provide communication coverage for a respective geographic coverage
area 110. Communication links 125 shown in wireless communications
system 100 may include uplink transmissions from a UE 115 to a base
station 105, or downlink transmissions, from a base station 105 to
a UE 115. Control information and data may be multiplexed on an
uplink channel or downlink according to various techniques. Control
information and data may be multiplexed on a downlink channel, for
example, using TDM techniques, FDM techniques, or hybrid TDM-FDM
techniques. In some examples, the control information transmitted
during a transmission time interval (TTI) of a downlink channel may
be distributed between different control regions in a cascaded
manner (e.g., between a common control region and one or more
UE-specific control regions).
[0043] UEs 115 may be dispersed throughout the wireless
communications system 100, and each UE 115 may be stationary or
mobile. A UE 115 may also be referred to as a mobile station, a
subscriber station, a mobile unit, a subscriber unit, a wireless
unit, a remote unit, a mobile device, a wireless device, a wireless
communications device, a remote device, a mobile subscriber
station, an access terminal, a mobile terminal, a wireless
terminal, a remote terminal, a handset, a user agent, a mobile
client, a client, or some other suitable terminology. A UE 115 may
also be a cellular phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a
wireless modem, a wireless communication device, a handheld device,
a tablet computer, a laptop computer, a cordless phone, a personal
electronic device, a handheld device, a personal computer, a
wireless local loop (WLL) station, an Internet of things (IoT)
device, an Internet of Everything (IoE) device, a machine type
communication (MTC) device, an appliance, an automobile, or the
like.
[0044] In some cases, a UE 115 may also be able to communicate
directly with other UEs (e.g., using a peer-to-peer (P2P) or
device-to-device (D2D) protocol). One or more of a group of UEs 115
utilizing D2D communications may be within the coverage area 110 of
a cell. Other UEs 115 in such a group may be outside the coverage
area 110 of a cell, or otherwise unable to receive transmissions
from a base station 105. In some cases, groups of UEs 115
communicating via D2D communications may utilize a one-to-many
(1:M) system in which each UE 115 transmits to every other UE 115
in the group. In some cases, a base station 105 facilitates the
scheduling of resources for D2D communications. In other cases, D2D
communications are carried out independent of a base station
105.
[0045] Base stations 105 may communicate with the core network 130
and with one another. For example, base stations 105 may interface
with the core network 130 through backhaul links 132 (e.g., S1,
etc.). Base stations 105 may communicate with one another over
backhaul links 134 (e.g., X2, etc.) either directly or indirectly
(e.g., through core network 130). Base stations 105 may perform
radio configuration and scheduling for communication with UEs 115,
or may operate under the control of a base station controller (not
shown). In some examples, base stations 105 may be macro cells,
small cells, hot spots, or the like. Base stations 105 may also be
referred to as eNodeBs (eNBs) 105.
[0046] A base station 105 may be connected by an S1 interface to
the core network 130. The core network may be an evolved packet
core (EPC), which may include at least one mobility management
entity (MME), at least one serving gateway (S-GW), and at least one
packet data network (PDN) gateway (P-GW). The MME may be the
control node that processes the signaling between the UE 115 and
the EPC. All user Internet Protocol (IP) packets may be transferred
through the S-GW, which itself may be connected to the P-GW. The
P-GW may provide IP address allocation as well as other functions.
The P-GW may be connected to the network operators IP services. The
operators IP services may include the Internet, the Intranet, an IP
Multimedia Subsystem (IMS), and a Packet-Switched (PS) Streaming
Service.
[0047] Wireless communications system 100 may operate in an
ultra-high frequency (UHF) frequency region using frequency bands
from 700 MHz to 2600 MHz (2.6 GHz), although in some cases wireless
local area networks (WLANs) may use frequencies as high as 5 GHz.
This region may also be known as the decimeter band, since the
wavelengths range from approximately one decimeter to one meter in
length. UHF waves may propagate mainly by line of sight, and may be
blocked by buildings and environmental features. However, the waves
may penetrate walls sufficiently to provide service to UEs 115
located indoors. Transmission of UHF waves is characterized by
smaller antennas and shorter range (e.g., less than 100 km)
compared to transmission using the smaller frequencies (and longer
waves) of the high frequency (HF) or very high frequency (VHF)
portion of the spectrum. In some cases, wireless communications
system 100 may also utilize extremely high frequency (EHF) portions
of the spectrum (e.g., from 30 GHz to 300 GHz). This region may
also be known as the millimeter band, since the wavelengths range
from approximately one millimeter to one centimeter in length.
Thus, EHF antennas may be even smaller and more closely spaced than
UHF antennas. In some cases, this may facilitate use of antenna
arrays within a UE 115 (e.g., for directional beamforming).
However, EHF transmissions may be subject to even greater
atmospheric attenuation and shorter range than UHF
transmissions.
[0048] Wireless communications system 100 may support millimeter
wave (mmW) communications between UEs 115 and base stations 105.
Devices operating in mmW or EHF bands may have multiple antennas to
allow beamforming. That is, a base station 105 may use multiple
antennas or antenna arrays to conduct beamforming operations for
directional communications with a UE 115. Beamforming (which may
also be referred to as spatial filtering or directional
transmission) is a signal processing technique that may be used at
a transmitter (e.g., a base station 105) to shape and/or steer an
overall antenna beam in the direction of a target receiver (e.g., a
UE 115). This may be achieved by combining elements in an antenna
array in such a way that transmitted signals at particular angles
experience constructive interference while others experience
destructive interference.
[0049] Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) wireless systems use a
transmission scheme between a transmitter (e.g., a base station
105) and a receiver (e.g., a UE 115), where both transmitter and
receiver are equipped with multiple antennas. Some portions of
wireless communications system 100 may use beamforming. For
example, base station 105 may have an antenna array with a number
of rows and columns of antenna ports that the base station 105 may
use for beamforming in its communication with UE 115. Signals may
be transmitted multiple times in different directions (e.g., each
transmission may be beamformed differently). A mmW receiver (e.g.,
a UE 115) may try multiple beams (e.g., antenna subarrays) while
receiving the synchronization signals.
[0050] In some cases, the antennas of a base station 105 or UE 115
may be located within one or more antenna arrays, which may support
beamforming or MIMO operation. One or more base station antennas or
antenna arrays may be collocated at an antenna assembly, such as an
antenna tower. In some cases, antennas or antenna arrays associated
with a base station 105 may be located in diverse geographic
locations. A base station 105 may use multiple antennas or antenna
arrays to conduct beamforming operations for directional
communications with a UE 115.
[0051] Time intervals in LTE or NR may be expressed in multiples of
a basic time unit (which may be a sampling period of
T.sub.s=1/30,720,000 seconds). Time resources may be organized
according to radio frames of length of 10 ms (T.sub.f=307200
T.sub.s), which may be identified by a system frame number (SFN)
ranging from 0 to 1023. Each frame may include ten 1 ms subframes
numbered from 0 to 9. A subframe may be further divided into two
0.5 ms slots, each of which contains 6 or 7 modulation symbol
periods (depending on the length of the cyclic prefix prepended to
each symbol). Excluding the cyclic prefix, each symbol contains
2048 sample periods. In some cases, the subframe may be the
smallest scheduling unit, also known as a TTI. In other cases, a
TTI may be shorter than a subframe or may be dynamically selected
(e.g., in short TTI bursts or in selected component carriers using
short TTIs).
[0052] Wireless communications system 100 may support operation on
multiple cells or carriers, a feature which may be referred to as
carrier aggregation (CA) or multi-carrier operation. A carrier may
also be referred to as a component carrier, a layer, a channel,
etc. The terms "carrier," "component carrier," "cell," and
"channel" may be used interchangeably herein. A UE 115 may be
configured with multiple downlink component carriers and one or
more uplink component carriers for carrier aggregation. Carrier
aggregation may be used with both frequency division duplexed (FDD)
and time division duplexed (TDD) component carriers.
[0053] In some cases, wireless communications system 100 may
utilize enhanced component carriers (eCCs). An eCC may be
characterized by one or more features including: wider bandwidth,
shorter symbol duration, shorter TTIs, and modified control channel
configuration. In some cases, an eCC may be associated with a
carrier aggregation configuration or a dual connectivity
configuration (e.g., when multiple serving cells have a suboptimal
or non-ideal backhaul link). An eCC may also be configured for use
in unlicensed spectrum or shared spectrum (where more than one
operator is allowed to use the spectrum). An eCC characterized by
wide bandwidth may include one or more segments that may be
utilized by UEs 115 that are not capable of monitoring the whole
bandwidth or prefer to use a limited bandwidth (e.g., to conserve
power).
[0054] In some cases, an eCC may utilize a different symbol
duration than other CCs, which may include use of a reduced symbol
duration as compared with symbol durations of the other CCs. A
shorter symbol duration may be associated with increased subcarrier
spacing. A TTI in an eCC may consist of one or multiple symbols. In
some cases, the TTI duration (that is, the number of symbols in a
TTI) may be variable. In some cases, an eCC may utilize a different
symbol duration than other CCs, which may include use of a reduced
symbol duration as compared with symbol durations of the other CCs.
A shorter symbol duration is associated with increased subcarrier
spacing. A device, such as a UE 115 or base station 105, utilizing
eCCs may transmit wideband signals (e.g., 20, 40, 60, 80 MHz, etc.)
at reduced symbol durations (e.g., 16.67 microseconds). A TTI in
eCC may consist of one or multiple symbols. In some cases, the TTI
duration (that is, the number of symbols in a TTI) may be
variable.
[0055] A UE 115 attempting to access a wireless network may perform
an initial cell search by detecting a PSS from a base station 105.
The PSS may enable synchronization of slot timing and may indicate
a physical layer identity value. The UE 115 may then receive an
SSS. The SSS may enable radio frame synchronization, and may
provide a cell identity value, which may be combined with the
physical layer identity value to identify the cell. The SSS may
also enable detection of a duplexing mode and a cyclic prefix
length. Some systems, such as TDD systems, may transmit an SSS but
not a PSS. Both the PSS and the SSS may be located in the central
62 and 72 subcarriers of a carrier, respectively. After receiving
the PSS and SSS, the UE 115 may receive a master information block
(MIB), which may be transmitted in the physical broadcast channel
(PBCH). The MIB may contain system bandwidth information, a system
frame number (SFN), and a physical hybrid automatic repeat request
(HARD) indicator channel (PHICH) configuration. After decoding the
MIB, the UE 115 may receive one or more system information blocks
(SIBs). For example, SIB1 may contain cell access parameters and
scheduling information for other Ms. Decoding SIB1 may enable the
UE 115 to receive SIB2. SIB2 may contain radio resource control
(RRC) configuration information related to random access channel
(RACH) procedures, paging, physical uplink control channel (PUCCH),
physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH), power control, sounding
reference signal (SRS), and cell barring.
[0056] In some examples, synchronization signals that are
transmitted using beamforming may be used to identify a best
transmission and reception beam pair that meets a certain link
budget (such as with a RACH Message-2). In some cases,
synchronization signals in the frequency domain may be limited to a
minimum bandwidth. For example, synchronization signal
transmissions may be associated with a bandwidth between 35 MHz and
40 MHz. Additionally, orthogonal frequency division multiplexing
(OFDM) symbols used for synchronization signals may not be
frequency division multiplexed with other signals, which may
support a full transmission power by a base station.
[0057] Wireless communications system 100 may support the
transmission of synchronization signals using a set of phase
offsets that are simultaneously transmitted using FDM. The
described techniques also provide for the transmission of
synchronization signal blocks, where each synchronization signal
block is transmitted on one or more component carriers or
transmitted simultaneously on a wideband carrier. For example, a
base station 105 may identify a set of synchronization signals
(e.g., a set of PSSs) to be transmitted over one or more component
carriers. In some cases, each PSS may be associated with a
different component carrier, and the base station 105 may apply a
different phase offset to each PSS when transmitting the set of
PSSs on the different component carriers. In some examples, the
base station 105 may transmit the synchronization signal blocks on
the component carriers using a different antenna port for each
component carrier.
[0058] FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a wireless communications
system 200 for synchronization signal transmission techniques for
PAPR reduction. Wireless communications system 200 may include a
base station 105-a and a UE 115-a, which may be examples of the
corresponding devices described with reference to FIG. 1. Wireless
communications system 200 may be an example of the transmission of
PSS from base station 105-a using a set of phase offsets.
Additionally or alternatively, wireless communications system 200
may be an example of the transmission of PSS in one component
carrier for each antenna port.
[0059] Wireless communications system 200 may be an example of a
mmW communications system, and may accordingly use beamforming to
overcome path loss within the system. The transmission of
synchronization signals (e.g., PSSs, SSSs, PBCHs) from base station
105-a may be used by UE 115-a to synchronize its timing with base
station 105-a. For instance, base station 105-a may use beams 205
to transmit synchronization signals in multiple directions, where
different antenna ports of base station 105-a are used to transmit
in the different directions. Additionally, the synchronization
signals transmitted by base station 105-a may be swept through each
direction, where the signals corresponding to different directions
may be transmitted in different symbol periods (e.g., OFDM
symbols). In some cases, base station 105-a may also refrain from
multiplexing data with a PSS.
[0060] Synchronization signals may be transmitted by base station
105-a using TDM or FDM. However, if the PSS is transmitted using
multiple component carriers, the reduction of PAPR for PSS may not
be maintained solely through the use of TDM. As a result, there may
be several techniques in which synchronization signals may be
transmitted by base station 105-a using FDM that reduce the PAPR
(or a cubic metric (CM)) of synchronization signals.
[0061] In some examples, base station 105-a may use a set of phase
offsets for the transmission of synchronization signals sent
simultaneously in an FDM manner, where a different phase offset is
applied to synchronization signals transmitted on one or more
component carriers. For example, a first PSS transmitted in a first
component carrier may be phase shifted relative to a second PSS in
a second component carrier, where the PSSs may be simultaneously
transmitted in the different component carriers. Accordingly, the
application of the phase offsets to synchronization signals
transmitted over a set of component carriers may reduce the PAPR of
the transmitted signal. For example, a PAPR associated with the
transmission of PSSs including the phase offset may be lower than
the PAPR when PSSs are transmitted without the phase offset. In
some cases, a component carrier may include PSS transmission for
multiple antenna ports, where the antenna ports each transmit in
different directions at the same time. Additionally or
alternatively, the synchronization signals having different phase
offsets may be transmitted in the frequency domain within a
wideband carrier.
[0062] Base station 105-a may use a number of techniques for the
application of phase offsets to synchronization signals transmitted
across one or more component carriers. For example, a phase ramp
may be applied across synchronization signals that are associated
with different component carriers, or a phase ramp may be applied
across synchronization signals that are associated with a same
component carrier. In other examples, a sequence may also be used
across different component carriers. For instance, a Zadoff-Chu or
a maximum length (M) sequence may be applied across different
component carriers. In such cases, a short Zadoff-Chu sequence or a
short M sequence may be used across respective carriers.
Additionally or alternatively, an extended Zadoff-Chu sequence or
extended M sequence may be used across the different component
carriers.
[0063] In some cases, base station 105-a may use different aspects
of synchronization signal transmissions when determining the set of
phase offsets. For example, the set of phase offsets base station
105-a selects may be based on the number of component carriers
within a set of component carriers used to transmit the
synchronization signal. The set of phase offsets may also be based
on a sequence of synchronization signals. Additionally, the set of
phase offsets may also be chosen such that the PAPR or a CM is
minimized, or chosen such that the PAPR or CM is less than a
threshold. Base station 105-a may determine the set of phase
offsets based on a measurement of the PAPR or CM within wireless
communications system 200. For example, base station 105-a may
perform an initial measurement of PAPR, determine the set of phase
offsets based on the measurement, and proceed to use the set of
phase offsets going forward.
[0064] When transmitting the synchronization signals, base station
105-a may select a sequence to transmit the synchronization signals
on the different component carriers. In such cases, the sequence
used by base station 105-a (e.g., including a root and a cyclic
shift, or a length of a base sequence) may be chosen to reduce the
PAPR or CM within the system. For instance, a root and a cyclic
shift (or the root and a base sequence length) of the Zadoff-Chu
sequence may be chosen to minimize the PAPR or CM. Additionally or
alternatively, the Zadoff-Chu sequence may be chosen so that the
PAPR or CM of the system remains below a predetermined threshold.
Similar techniques may be used for choosing an M sequence such that
the PAPR or CM of the system is minimized or remains below a
predetermined threshold. For instance, a polynomial and a cyclic
shift, or combinations thereof, may be selected to minimize the
PAPR or CM, or both.
[0065] In some cases, additional synchronization signals may be
transmitted with the same phase offset as the PSS in each component
carrier. For example, base station 105-a may transmit other
synchronization signals (e.g., SSS and PBCH) using the same phase
offset as the PSS in each component carrier. The SSS or PBCH in a
given component carrier may therefore have a same phase offset
relative to the PSS within that component carrier, and SSS and PBCH
in other component carriers may have different phase offsets.
However, in some cases, the additional synchronization signals may
have a different phase offset than the transmitted PSS.
[0066] In some examples, base station 105-a may transmit a
synchronization signal (e.g., PSS) using only one component carrier
for each transmit antenna port. That is, PSSs from different
antenna ports may be transmitted on respective component carriers.
In such cases, the PAPR (or CM) for the PSS may be reduced, the
transmission of a single Zadoff-Chu sequence for the PSS in each
component carrier may be associated with a lower PAPR than when
multiple Zadoff-Chu sequences are used for antenna ports
transmitting PSS across multiple component carriers.
[0067] Each antenna port used to transmit the PSS in a single
component carrier may also be associated with a wider beam 205.
That is, an antenna port of base station 105-a may be transmitting
in multiple directions (e.g., using different beams 205) during
each symbol, and the beam 205 may be wider than when the antenna
port is transmitting in a single direction or using a narrow beam
205. Additionally, each antenna port may have a boosted power to
transmit the PSS, where the boosted power is greater than when the
antenna port is transmitting PSS across multiple component carriers
(e.g., in a single direction during each symbol). For example, the
antenna port may only be using one of n component carriers for the
PSS transmission, and therefore the transmit power for that antenna
port may be boosted by a factor of n (e.g., due to the use of a
wider beam 205). While the area gain may drop with the wider beam
205, the boosted transmit power may result in a receive power at UE
115-a that is the same as if a signal was transmitted using a
single beam 205 over multiple component carriers.
[0068] In some cases, additional synchronization signals may be
transmitted with the same configuration as the PSS transmission.
That is, SSS and PBCH from each antenna port may also be
transmitted in a single component carrier when PSS is transmitted
in this manner. In some cases, this configuration of
synchronization signals may indicate an antenna port associated
with each component carrier, or may also indicate the choice of
transmission beam 205.
[0069] FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a synchronization signal
block configuration 300 for synchronization signal transmission
techniques for PAPR reduction. The synchronization signal block
configuration 300 may be used by a base station 105 to transmit
synchronization signals (e.g., PSS, SSS, PBCH, etc.) to a UE 115.
For example, synchronization signal block configuration 300 may
include a number of synchronization signal bursts 305 that a UE 115
uses for initial access to a cell.
[0070] The synchronization signal bursts 305 may have a certain
duration (e.g., T2) and may be transmitted periodically, where
resources may be separated in the time domain by a certain period
(e.g., T1). For example, a synchronization signal burst 305 may
have a duration of 250 .mu.s, and may be transmitted every 5 ms.
Additionally, each synchronization signal burst 305 may include a
multiple symbols 310 (e.g., 14 OFDM symbols) where resources for
synchronization signals may be allocated.
[0071] For example, within a synchronization signal burst 305,
multiple consecutive synchronization signal blocks 315 may be
transmitted in the symbols 310. Each synchronization signal block
may include a number of synchronization signals 320, which may
include PSS, SSS, PBCH, or mobility reference signal (MRS), or a
combination thereof. In some cases, each synchronization signal
block 315 may be associated with a direction transmission of
synchronization signals. That is, synchronization signal blocks 315
in each symbol 310 may be designated for a transmission in a
different direction.
[0072] A synchronization signal block 315 may include
synchronization signals 320 that are multiplexed according to TDM
or FDM. For example, synchronization signal block 315 may include
at least one or more PSS, SSS, and PBCH. In some cases, a PAPR of a
PSS may improve with TDM (e.g., relative to FDM), where a
Zadoff-Chu sequence or M sequence based synchronization signal may
maintain a relatively lower PAPR if the PSS is not multiplexed with
other signals. Additionally, PBCH demodulation may use the SSS as a
reference (e.g., as compared to cases using dedicated reference
tones), and may provide more efficient resource utilization.
[0073] FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a transmission scheme 400
for synchronization signal transmission techniques for PAPR
reduction. Transmission scheme 400 may be used by a base station
105 to broadcast synchronization signals in multiple directions,
where each beam of an antenna port may be associated with a
different direction. Additionally, transmission scheme 400 may be
an example of different antenna ports transmitting synchronization
signals across multiple component carriers using a set of phase
offsets.
[0074] Transmission scheme 400 may include multiple antenna port
transmissions 405 originating from different antenna ports of a
base station 105. Each antenna port transmission 405 may include
multiple symbols 410 that correspond to a transmission of
synchronization signals using a different beam, where each beam
(e.g., b1 through b8) may be associated with a different direction.
For instance, a first antenna port transmission 405-a may include
symbols 410 for four different beams (e.g., b1 through b4) from a
first antenna port (AP1). Similarly, a second antenna port
transmission 405-b may include symbols 410 for four different beams
(e.g., b5 through b8) from a second antenna port (AP2).
[0075] In some examples, synchronization signals sent by each
antenna port transmission 405 may use multiple component carriers
415 with a set of phase offsets applied to the synchronization
signals across the component carriers 415. For example, the PSSs in
the first antenna port transmission 405-a and the second antenna
port transmission 405-b may be sent using a first component carrier
415-a. Additionally, PSSs sent in a third antenna port transmission
405-c and a fourth antenna port transmission 405-d may be included
in a second component carrier 415-b. In the example of FIG. 4, the
third antenna port transmission 405-c includes transmissions from
the same beams as the first antenna port transmission 405-a. The
same is illustrated with respect to the fourth antenna port
transmission 405-d and the second antenna port transmission 405-b.
The synchronization signals corresponding to a given beam may be
simultaneously transmitted in a symbol 410 of different component
carriers. Accordingly, transmission scheme 400 may illustrate the
transmission of eight different beams for two different antenna
ports (e.g., eight different directions for each antenna port)
during four symbols 410.
[0076] As mentioned above, the synchronization signals transmitted
in each component carrier 415 may use a set of phase offsets, where
the synchronization signals for respective component carriers have
a different phase offset. For instance, the first component carrier
415-a may include PSSs with a different phase offset from PSSs
transmitted in the second component carrier 415-b. Other
synchronization signals (e.g., SSS, PBCH, etc.) transmitted in the
component carriers 415 may have a same phase offset as the PSSs
transmitted in the respective component carrier 415. In some
examples, the other synchronization signals may have a different
phase offset.
[0077] FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a transmission scheme 500
for synchronization signal transmission techniques for PAPR
reduction. Transmission scheme 500 may be used by base station 105
to broadcast synchronization signals in multiple directions, where
each beam of an antenna port may be associated with a different
direction. Additionally, transmission scheme 500 may be an example
of different antenna ports transmitting synchronization signals
across multiple component carriers using a set of phase
offsets.
[0078] Transmission scheme 500 may include multiple antenna port
transmissions 505 originating from different antenna ports of base
station 105. Each antenna port transmission 505 may include
multiple symbols 510 that correspond to a transmission of
synchronization signals using multiple beams, where each beam
(e.g., b1 through b8) may be associated with a different direction.
For instance, a first antenna port transmission 505-a may include
four symbols 510 for eight different beams (e.g., b1 through b8)
from a first antenna port (AP1), where each symbol 510 is
associated with two different beams. Similarly, a second antenna
port transmission 505-b may include four symbols 510 for eight
different beams (e.g., b1 through b8) from a second antenna port
(AP2).
[0079] Synchronization signals sent by each antenna port
transmission 505 may use a single component carriers 515. For
example, the PSSs in the first antenna port transmission 505-a and
the second antenna port transmission 505-b may be sent using one
component carrier 515. Accordingly, transmission scheme 500 may
illustrate the transmission of eight different beams for two
different antenna ports (e.g., eight different directions for each
antenna port) across four symbols 510, but using a single component
carrier 515.
[0080] In some cases, transmission scheme 500 may be associated
with a relatively lower PAPR (e.g., as compared to the transmission
scheme 400 as described with reference to FIG. 4). For instance,
transmission scheme 500 may be used to transmit the PSS for a same
number of beams within a same time interval as transmission scheme
400. Accordingly, a single Zadoff-Chu sequence may be used for PSS
transmissions using transmission scheme 500, as compared to
multiple Zadoff-Chu sequences used across multiple component
carriers, which may lead to a reduced PAPR or reduced CM.
[0081] FIG. 6 illustrates an example of a process flow 600 in a
system that supports synchronization signal transmission techniques
for PAPR reduction. Process flow 600 may include UE 115-b and base
station 105-b, which may be examples of the corresponding devices
described with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2. For example, base
station 105-b and UE 115-b may operate in a mmW communications
system. Process flow 600 may illustrate the application of a set of
phases to synchronization signals transmitted across multiple
component carriers.
[0082] At step 605, base station 105-b may optionally measure a
current PAPR (or CM) within a system. In some examples, this
measurement may be used to determine a set of phase offsets.
Additionally or alternatively, this measurement may be a one-time
measurement completed by base station 105-b.
[0083] At step 610, base station 105-b may identify a set of
synchronization signals. For example, base station 105-b may
identify a set of PSSs, where each PSS is associated with a
different component carrier of a set of component carriers. In some
cases, base station 105-b may identify a set of SSSs, and may
multiplex each PSS and each SSS using TDM.
[0084] At step 615, base station 105-b may select a phase offset
from a set of phase offsets for each synchronization signal of the
set of synchronization signals. In some cases, the selection of the
phase offset may include applying a phase ramp across the
synchronization signal each associated with the different component
carriers of the set of component carriers. Additionally or
alternatively, selecting the phase offset includes applying a
sequence, such as a short Zadoff-Chu sequence, an extended
Zadoff-Chu sequence, a short M sequence, or an extended M sequence,
across the different component carriers of the set of component
carriers.
[0085] In some examples, base station 105-b may identify the set of
phase offsets based at least in part on a number of component
carriers of the set of component carriers, or a sequence of the
synchronization signals associated with the different component
carriers of the set of component carriers, or both. Base station
105-b may also identify a PAPR or a CM associated with the set of
phase offsets. Accordingly, identifying the set of phase offsets
may be based on minimizing the identified PAPR or the identified
CM. In some cases, base station 105-b may identify the PAPR or the
CM associated with the set of phase offsets, where identifying the
set of phase offsets is based on whether the identified PAPR or the
identified CM is less than a predetermined threshold.
[0086] At step 620, base station 105-b may transmit synchronization
signals to UE 115-b. For example, base station 105-b may transmit
each synchronization signal on the different component carriers of
the set of component carriers using the selected phase offset. In
some cases, the synchronization signals may be transmitted
simultaneously using FDM. In some cases, base station 105-b may
transmit a synchronization signal block using the selected phase
offset, where the synchronization signal block comprises at least
one or more of a PSS, an SSS, and a PBCH. That is, the transmission
to UE 115-b at step 620 may include a number of different
synchronization signals that may be multiplexed into a
synchronization signal block (such as the synchronization signal
block 315 described with reference to FIG. 3).
[0087] In some examples, transmitting each PSS on one or more
component carriers includes transmitting each PSS in a different
frequency band. Additionally, base station 105-b may select a
Zadoff-Chu sequence for the PSS that are transmitted. In some
cases, the selection of the Zadoff-Chu sequence may include
selecting one or more combinations of a root and a cyclic shift or
a base sequence length of the Zadoff-Chu sequence that minimizes a
PAPR or a CM. The Zadoff-Chu sequence may also be selected such
that the root and the cyclic shift of the Zadoff-Chu sequence
corresponds to a PAPR value or a CM value that is below a
predetermined threshold. In some examples, base station 105-b may
not transmit another signal (e.g., such as another data signal)
while transmitting each synchronization signal.
[0088] At step 625, UE 115-a may achieve synchronization with base
station 105-a based on the received PSS, SSS, and PBCH. That is, UE
115-a may identify a radio frame, a subframe, a slot, and a symbol
synchronization in the time domain, and may proceed with access
procedures with base station 105-a.
[0089] FIG. 7 illustrates an example of a process flow 700 in a
system that supports synchronization signal transmission techniques
for PAPR reduction. Process flow 700 may include a UE 115-c and a
base station 105-c, which may be examples of the corresponding
devices described with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2. For example,
base station 105-c and UE 115-c may operate in a mmW communications
system. Process flow 700 may illustrate the transmission of PSSs
from different antenna ports of base station 105-c using a single
component carrier for each antenna port.
[0090] At step 705, base station 105-c may identify synchronization
signals to be broadcast to multiple UEs 115 (e.g., including UE
115-c). For example, a set of PSSs may be identified, where each
PSS of the set of PSSs may be associated with a different component
carrier of a set of component carriers. In some examples, each PSS
of the set of PSSs is associated with a same PSS sequence.
[0091] At step 710, base station 105-c may generate a set of
synchronization signal blocks (e.g., a synchronization signal block
315 as described with reference to FIG. 3), where the
synchronization signal block may correspond to the different
antenna ports. The synchronization signal block may include each
PSS, SSS, PBCH, or a combination thereof.
[0092] At step 715, base station 105-c may transmit, and UE 115-c
may receive the synchronization signal blocks. In some cases, the
synchronization signals may be associated with directional
transmission from base station 105-c. Transmitting the
synchronization signal blocks may include transmitting each
synchronization signal block in one or more component carriers of
the set of component carriers using a different antenna port of
base station 105-c. Additionally or alternatively, transmitting the
synchronization signal blocks may include transmitting the
synchronization signal blocks simultaneously on a wideband carrier.
In some examples, base station 105-c may transmit the
synchronization signal blocks in the different component carriers
from respective antenna ports of base station 105-c (e.g., where
each antenna port uses a single component carrier to transmit the
synchronization signal block).
[0093] Transmitting the synchronization signal blocks may also
include, for example, transmitting each synchronization signal
block of the set of synchronization signal blocks using a
relatively wider beam. For instance, base station 105-c may use a
first beam configuration having a first width greater than a second
width of a second beam configuration, where the second beam
configuration may be associated with transmitting a synchronization
signal block over multiple component carriers of the set of
component carriers from a same antenna port (such as described with
reference to FIGS. 1, 2, 4, and 6). In some cases, the first beam
configuration may be based on multiple beam directions used by base
station 105-c, where signals may be swept through the different
directions.
[0094] Base station 105-c may also identify a first transmit power
that is greater than a second transmit power, where the second
transmit power is associated with transmitting a synchronization
signal block over multiple component carriers of the set of
component carriers from the same antenna port. As a result, base
station 105-c may transmit each synchronization signal block on one
or more component carriers of the set of component carriers from
the different antenna ports using the first transmit power. In some
cases, base station 105-c may identify an indication of an antenna
port associated with the different component carriers, or a
selected transmission beam, or both, and transmitting the
synchronization signal block may include transmitting the
indication. In some examples, base station 105-c may not transmit
another signal while transmitting each synchronization signal
block.
[0095] At step 720, UE 115-c may achieve synchronization with base
station 105-c based on the received PSS, SSS, and PBCH. That is, UE
115-c may identify a radio frame, a subframe, a slot, and a symbol
synchronization in the time domain, and may proceed with access
procedures with base station 105-c.
[0096] FIG. 8 shows a block diagram 800 of a wireless device 805
that supports synchronization signal transmission techniques for
PAPR reduction in accordance with various aspects of the present
disclosure. Wireless device 805 may be an example of aspects of a
base station 105 as described with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2.
Wireless device 805 may include receiver 810, synchronization
signal manager 815, and transmitter 820. Wireless device 805 may
also include a processor. Each of these components may be in
communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses).
[0097] Receiver 810 may receive information such as packets, user
data, or control information associated with various information
channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, and information
related to synchronization signal transmission techniques for PAPR
reduction, etc.). Information may be passed on to other components
of the device. The receiver 810 may be an example of aspects of the
transceiver 1135 described with reference to FIG. 11.
[0098] Synchronization signal manager 815 may be an example of
aspects of the synchronization signal manager 1115 described with
reference to FIG. 11. Synchronization signal manager 815 and/or at
least some of its various sub-components may be implemented in
hardware, software executed by a processor, firmware, or any
combination thereof. If implemented in software executed by a
processor, the functions of the synchronization signal manager 815
and/or at least some of its various sub-components may be executed
by a general-purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP),
an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a
field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic
device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware
components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the
functions described in the present disclosure.
[0099] The synchronization signal manager 815 and/or at least some
of its various sub-components may be physically located at various
positions, including being distributed such that portions of
functions are implemented at different physical locations by one or
more physical devices. In some examples, synchronization signal
manager 815 and/or at least some of its various sub-components may
be a separate and distinct component in accordance with various
aspects of the present disclosure. In other examples,
synchronization signal manager 815 and/or at least some of its
various sub-components may be combined with one or more other
hardware components, including but not limited to a receiver, a
transmitter, a transceiver, one or more other components described
in the present disclosure, or a combination thereof in accordance
with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0100] Synchronization signal manager 815 may identify a set of
synchronization signals, where, in some cases, each synchronization
signal of the set of synchronization signals may be associated with
a different component carrier of a set of component carriers.
Synchronization signal manager 815 may also select a phase offset
from a set of phase offsets for each synchronization signal of the
set of synchronization signals and transmit each synchronization
signal using the selected phase offsets, the set of synchronization
signals being simultaneously transmitted using FDM. In some
examples, the synchronization signal manager 815 may identify a set
of synchronization signal blocks and may transmit each
synchronization signal block of the set of synchronization signal
blocks. In such cases, each synchronization signal block may be
transmitted on one or more component carriers of a set of component
carriers or transmitted simultaneously on a wideband carrier.
[0101] Transmitter 820 may transmit signals generated by other
components of the device. In some examples, the transmitter 820 may
be collocated with a receiver 810 in a transceiver module. For
example, the transmitter 820 may be an example of aspects of the
transceiver 1135 described with reference to FIG. 11. The
transmitter 820 may include a single antenna, or it may include a
set of antennas.
[0102] FIG. 9 shows a block diagram 900 of wireless device 905 that
supports synchronization signal transmission techniques for PAPR
reduction in accordance with various aspects of the present
disclosure. Wireless device 905 may be an example of aspects of a
wireless device 805 or a base station 105 (e.g., a base station
that operates in mmW frequency spectrum) as described with
reference to FIGS. 1 and 8. Wireless device 905 may include
receiver 910, synchronization signal manager 915, and transmitter
920. Wireless device 905 may also include a processor. Each of
these components may be in communication with one another (e.g.,
via one or more buses).
[0103] Receiver 910 may receive information such as packets, user
data, or control information associated with various information
channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, and information
related to synchronization signal transmission techniques for PAPR
reduction, etc.). Information may be passed on to other components
of the device. The receiver 910 may be an example of aspects of the
transceiver 1135 described with reference to FIG. 11.
[0104] Synchronization signal manager 915 may be an example of
aspects of the synchronization signal manager 1115 described with
reference to FIG. 11. Synchronization signal manager 915 may also
include synchronization signal component 925, phase offset
component 930, and component carrier manager 935.
[0105] Synchronization signal manager 915 and/or at least some of
its various sub-components may be implemented in hardware, software
executed by a processor, firmware, or any combination thereof. If
implemented in software executed by a processor, the functions of
the synchronization signal manager 915 and/or at least some of its
various sub-components may be executed by a general-purpose
processor, a DSP, an ASIC, a FPGA or other programmable logic
device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware
components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the
functions described in the present disclosure.
[0106] The synchronization signal manager 915 and/or at least some
of its various sub-components may be physically located at various
positions, including being distributed such that portions of
functions are implemented at different physical locations by one or
more physical devices. In some examples, synchronization signal
manager 915 and/or at least some of its various sub-components may
be a separate and distinct component in accordance with various
aspects of the present disclosure. In other examples,
synchronization signal manager 915 and/or at least some of its
various sub-components may be combined with one or more other
hardware components, including but not limited to a receiver, a
transmitter, a transceiver, one or more other components described
in the present disclosure, or a combination thereof in accordance
with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0107] Synchronization signal component 925 may identify a set of
synchronization signals. In some cases, each synchronization signal
may be associated with a different component carrier of a set of
component carriers. In some examples, the set of synchronization
signals includes PSSs, or SSSs, or a combination thereof. In some
cases, each synchronization signal of the set of synchronization
signal is associated with a same sequence. In some examples,
synchronization signal component 925 may identify a set of
synchronization signal blocks. In some cases, each synchronization
signal block includes at least one or more of a PSS, a SSS, a PBCH,
and a DMRS of the PBCH.
[0108] Phase offset component 930 may select a phase offset from a
set of phase offsets for each synchronization signal of the set of
synchronization signals and may identify the set of phase offsets
based on a number of component carriers of the set of component
carriers, or a sequence of the synchronization signals associated
with the different component carriers of the set of component
carriers, or both. In some examples, phase offset component 930 may
identify a PAPR or a CM associated with the set of phase offsets,
where identifying the set of phase offsets is based on minimizing
the identified PAPR or the identified CM. Additionally or
alternatively, phase offset component 930 may identify a PAPR or a
CM associated with the set of phase offsets, where identifying the
set of phase offsets is based on whether the identified PAPR or the
identified CM is less than a predetermined threshold. In some
cases, selecting the phase offset includes applying a phase ramp
across the synchronization signals each associated with the
different component carriers of the set of component carriers.
[0109] In some cases, selecting the phase offset includes applying
a sequence across different component carriers of a set of
component carriers. The sequence may include a short Zadoff-Chu
sequence, or an extended Zadoff-Chu sequence, or a short M
sequence, or an extended M sequence. In some examples, selecting
the phase offset includes applying a short Zadoff-Chu sequence
across the different component carriers of the set of component
carriers. In some cases, selecting the phase offset includes
applying an extended Zadoff-Chu sequence across the different
component carriers of the set of component carriers.
[0110] Component carrier manager 935 may transmit each
synchronization signal on one or more component carriers of a set
of component carriers using the selected phase offset. In some
examples, component carrier manager 935 may transmit the set of
synchronization signals using the selected phase offsets, the set
of synchronization signals being simultaneously transmitted using
FDM. In some cases, transmitting the set of synchronization signals
includes transmitting each synchronization signal on one or more
component carriers of a set of component carriers. In some
examples, transmitting each synchronization signal on the different
component carriers includes transmitting each synchronization
signal in a different radio frequency band. In some cases,
transmitting the set of synchronization signals includes
transmitting the set of synchronization signals simultaneously in a
frequency domain within a wideband carrier.
[0111] Additionally or alternatively, component carrier manager 935
may transmit each synchronization signal block of the set of
synchronization signal blocks, each synchronization signal block
being transmitted on one or more component carriers of a set of
component carriers or transmitted simultaneously on a wideband
carrier. In some cases, transmitting each synchronization signal on
one or more component carriers includes transmitting each
synchronization signal in a different frequency band. In some
cases, transmitting each synchronization signal includes
transmitting each synchronization signal on different component
carriers of a set of component carriers, where each synchronization
signal may be associated with a different component carrier of the
set of component carriers. In some cases, transmitting each PSS
includes refraining from transmitting another signal while
transmitting each synchronization signal. Additionally or
alternatively, transmitting each synchronization signal includes
refraining from transmitting a data signal while transmitting each
synchronization signal.
[0112] In some examples, transmitting each synchronization signal
block includes transmitting each synchronization signal block using
a different antenna port of the base station or using a same
antenna port of the base station. In some cases, transmitting each
synchronization signal block on the one or more component carriers
includes transmitting each synchronization signal block on
different component carriers of the set of component carriers, each
synchronization signal block associated with a different component
carrier of the set of component carriers. In some examples,
transmitting each synchronization signal block includes
transmitting each synchronization signal block using a first beam
configuration having a first width greater than a second width of a
second beam configuration, the second beam configuration associated
with transmitting a synchronization signal block over multiple
component carriers of the set of component carriers from a same
antenna port. In some cases, the first beam configuration is based
at least in part on a plurality of beam directions. In some
examples, transmitting each synchronization signal block includes
refraining from transmitting another signal while transmitting each
synchronization signal block.
[0113] Transmitter 920 may transmit signals generated by other
components of the device. In some examples, the transmitter 920 may
be collocated with a receiver 910 in a transceiver module. For
example, the transmitter 920 may be an example of aspects of the
transceiver 1135 described with reference to FIG. 11. The
transmitter 920 may include a single antenna, or it may include a
set of antennas.
[0114] FIG. 10 shows a block diagram 1000 of a synchronization
signal manager 1015 that supports synchronization signal
transmission techniques for PAPR reduction in accordance with
various aspects of the present disclosure. The synchronization
signal manager 1015 may be an example of aspects of a
synchronization signal manager 815, a synchronization signal
manager 915, or a synchronization signal manager 1115 described
with reference to FIGS. 8, 9, and 11. The synchronization signal
manager 1015 may include synchronization signal component 1020,
phase offset component 1025, component carrier manager 1030, SSS
manager 1035, multiplexing component 1040, sequence selector 1045,
synchronization signal block manager 1050, and transmit power
component 1055. Each of these modules may communicate, directly or
indirectly, with one another (e.g., via one or more buses).
[0115] Synchronization signal manager 1015 and/or at least some of
its various sub-components may be implemented in hardware, software
executed by a processor, firmware, or any combination thereof. If
implemented in software executed by a processor, the functions of
the synchronization signal manager 1015 and/or at least some of its
various sub-components may be executed by a general-purpose
processor, a DSP, an ASIC, a FPGA or other programmable logic
device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware
components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the
functions described in the present disclosure.
[0116] The synchronization signal manager 1015 and/or at least some
of its various sub-components may be physically located at various
positions, including being distributed such that portions of
functions are implemented at different physical locations by one or
more physical devices. In some examples, synchronization signal
manager 1015 and/or at least some of its various sub-components may
be a separate and distinct component in accordance with various
aspects of the present disclosure. In other examples,
synchronization signal manager 1015 and/or at least some of its
various sub-components may be combined with one or more other
hardware components, including but not limited to a receiver, a
transmitter, a transceiver, one or more other components described
in the present disclosure, or a combination thereof in accordance
with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0117] Synchronization signal component 1020 may identify a set of
synchronization signals. In some cases, each synchronization signal
may be associated with a different component carrier of a set of
component carriers. In some examples, the set of synchronization
signals includes PSSs, or SSSs, or a combination thereof. In some
cases, each synchronization signal of the set of synchronization
signal is associated with a same sequence. In some examples,
synchronization signal component 1020 may identify a set of
synchronization signal blocks. In some cases, each synchronization
signal block includes at least one or more of a PSS, a SSS, a PBCH,
and a DMRS of the PBCH.
[0118] Phase offset component 1025 may select a phase offset from a
set of phase offsets for each synchronization signal of the set of
synchronization signals and may identify the set of phase offsets
based on a number of component carriers of the set of component
carriers, or a sequence of the synchronization signals associated
with the different component carriers of the set of component
carriers, or both. In some examples, phase offset component 1025
may identify a PAPR or a CM associated with the set of phase
offsets, where identifying the set of phase offsets is based on
minimizing the identified PAPR or the identified CM. Additionally
or alternatively, phase offset component 1025 may identify a PAPR
or a CM associated with the set of phase offsets, where identifying
the set of phase offsets is based on whether the identified PAPR or
the identified CM is less than a predetermined threshold. In some
cases, selecting the phase offset includes applying a phase ramp
across the synchronization signals each associated with the
different component carriers of the set of component carriers.
[0119] In some cases, selecting the phase offset includes applying
a sequence across different component carriers of a set of
component carriers. The sequence may include a short Zadoff-Chu
sequence, or an extended Zadoff-Chu sequence, or a short M
sequence, or an extended M sequence. In some examples, selecting
the phase offset includes applying a short Zadoff-Chu sequence
across the different component carriers of the set of component
carriers. In some cases, selecting the phase offset includes
applying an extended Zadoff-Chu sequence across the different
component carriers of the set of component carriers.
[0120] Component carrier manager 1030 may transmit each
synchronization signal on one or more component carriers of a set
of component carriers using the selected phase offset. In some
examples, component carrier manager 1030 may transmit the set of
synchronization signals using the selected phase offsets, the set
of synchronization signals being simultaneously transmitted using
FDM. In some cases, transmitting the set of synchronization signals
includes transmitting each synchronization signal on one or more
component carriers of a set of component carriers. In some
examples, transmitting each synchronization signal on the different
component carriers includes transmitting each synchronization
signal in a different radio frequency band. In some cases,
transmitting the set of synchronization signals includes
transmitting the set of synchronization signals simultaneously in a
frequency domain within a wideband carrier.
[0121] Additionally or alternatively, component carrier manager
1030 may transmit each synchronization signal block of the set of
synchronization signal blocks, each synchronization signal block
being transmitted on one or more component carriers of a set of
component carriers or transmitted simultaneously on a wideband
carrier. In some cases, transmitting each synchronization signal on
one or more component carriers includes transmitting each
synchronization signal in a different frequency band. In some
cases, transmitting each synchronization signal includes
transmitting each synchronization signal on different component
carriers of a set of component carriers, where each synchronization
signal may be associated with a different component carrier of the
set of component carriers. In some cases, transmitting each
synchronization signal block includes refraining from transmitting
another signal while transmitting each synchronization signal
block. Additionally or alternatively, transmitting each
synchronization signal block includes refraining from transmitting
a data signal while transmitting each synchronization signal
block.
[0122] In some examples, transmitting each synchronization signal
block includes transmitting each synchronization signal block using
a different antenna port of the base station or using a same
antenna port of the base station. In some cases, transmitting each
synchronization signal block on the one or more component carriers
includes transmitting each synchronization signal block on
different component carriers of the set of component carriers, each
synchronization signal block associated with a different component
carrier of the set of component carriers. In some examples,
transmitting each synchronization signal block includes
transmitting each synchronization signal block using a first beam
configuration having a first width greater than a second width of a
second beam configuration, the second beam configuration associated
with transmitting a synchronization signal block over multiple
component carriers of the set of component carriers from a same
antenna port. In some cases, the first beam configuration is based
at least in part on a plurality of beam directions. In some
examples, transmitting each synchronization signal block includes
refraining from transmitting another signal while transmitting each
synchronization signal block.
[0123] SSS manager 1035 may identify a set of SSSs. Multiplexing
component 1040 may multiplex each PSS and each SSS of a set of
synchronization signals using time division multiplexing. Sequence
selector 1045 may select one or more sequences for the set of
synchronization signals. In some cases, the one or more sequences
may include a Zadoff-Chu sequence, or a M sequence, or a
combination thereof. In some cases, selecting the Zadoff-Chu
sequence includes selecting a root and a base sequence length of
the Zadoff-Chu sequence that minimizes a PAPR or a CM. In some
cases, selecting the Zadoff-Chu sequence includes selecting a root
and a base sequence length of the Zadoff-Chu sequence that
corresponds to a PAPR value or a CM value that is below a
predetermined threshold. In some cases, selecting the one or more
sequences includes selecting one or more combinations of a root and
a cyclic shift of a Zadoff-Chu sequence that minimizes a PAPR or a
CM; or selecting one or more combinations of a polynomial and a
cyclic shift of an M sequence that minimized the PAPR or the CM. In
some examples, selecting the one or more sequences includes
selecting one or more combinations of a root and a cyclic shift of
a Zadoff-Chu sequence that corresponds to a PAPR value or a CM
value that is below a predetermined threshold; or selecting one or
more combinations of a polynomial and a cyclic shift of an M
sequence that corresponds to a PAPR value or a CM value that is
below a predetermined threshold.
[0124] Synchronization signal block manager 1050 may generate a
synchronization signal block corresponding to the different antenna
port, transmit the synchronization signal block in one or more
component carriers of the set of component carriers from the
different antenna port. Synchronization signal block manager 1050
may also identify an indication of an antenna port associated with
the component carriers, or a selected transmission beam, or both,
where transmitting the synchronization signal block includes
transmitting the indication. In some cases, synchronization signal
block manager 1050 may transmit a synchronization signal block
using the selected phase offset, where the synchronization signal
block includes at least one or more of a PSS, an SSS, and a
PBCH
[0125] Transmit power component 1055 may identify a first transmit
power greater than a second transmit power, the second transmit
power associated with transmitting a synchronization signal block
over multiple component carriers of the set of component carriers
from a same antenna port, where transmitting each synchronization
signal block in one or more component carriers of the set of
component carriers from the different antenna port includes using
the first transmit power.
[0126] FIG. 11 shows a diagram of a system 1100 including a device
1105 that supports synchronization signal transmission techniques
for PAPR reduction in accordance with various aspects of the
present disclosure. Device 1105 may be an example of or include the
components of wireless device 805, wireless device 905, or a base
station 105 as described with reference to FIGS. 1, 8 and 9. Device
1105 may include components for bi-directional voice and data
communications including components for transmitting and receiving
communications, including synchronization signal manager 1115,
processor 1120, memory 1125, software 1130, transceiver 1135,
antenna 1140, network communications manager 1145, and base station
communications manager 1150. These components may be in electronic
communication via one or more busses (e.g., bus 1110). Device 1105
may communicate wirelessly with one or more UEs 115.
[0127] Processor 1120 may include an intelligent hardware device,
(e.g., a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a central processing
unit (CPU), a microcontroller, an ASIC, an FPGA, a programmable
logic device, a discrete gate or transistor logic component, a
discrete hardware component, or any combination thereof). In some
cases, processor 1120 may be configured to operate a memory array
using a memory controller. In other cases, a memory controller may
be integrated into processor 1120. Processor 1120 may be configured
to execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory to
perform various functions (e.g., functions or tasks supporting
synchronization signal transmission techniques for PAPR
reduction).
[0128] Memory 1125 may include random access memory (RAM) and read
only memory (ROM). The memory 1125 may store computer-readable,
computer-executable software 1130 including instructions that, when
executed, cause the processor to perform various functions
described herein. In some cases, the memory 1125 may contain, among
other things, a basic input/output system (BIOS) which may control
basic hardware and/or software operation such as the interaction
with peripheral components or devices.
[0129] Software 1130 may include code to implement aspects of the
present disclosure, including code to support synchronization
signal transmission techniques for PAPR reduction. Software 1130
may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as
system memory or other memory. In some cases, the software 1130 may
not be directly executable by the processor but may cause a
computer (e.g., when compiled and executed) to perform functions
described herein.
[0130] Transceiver 1135 may communicate bi-directionally, via one
or more antennas, wired, or wireless links as described above. For
example, the transceiver 1135 may represent a wireless transceiver
and may communicate bi-directionally with another wireless
transceiver. The transceiver 1135 may also include a modem to
modulate the packets and provide the modulated packets to the
antennas for transmission, and to demodulate packets received from
the antennas.
[0131] In some cases, the wireless device may include a single
antenna 1140. However, in some cases the device may have more than
one antenna 1140, which may be capable of concurrently transmitting
or receiving multiple wireless transmissions. Network
communications manager 1145 may manage communications with the core
network (e.g., via one or more wired backhaul links). For example,
the network communications manager 1145 may manage the transfer of
data communications for client devices, such as one or more UEs
115.
[0132] Network communications manager 1145 and/or at least some of
its various sub-components may be implemented in hardware, software
executed by a processor, firmware, or any combination thereof. If
implemented in software executed by a processor, the functions of
the network communications manager 1145 and/or at least some of its
various sub-components may be executed by a general-purpose
processor, a DSP, an ASIC, a FPGA or other programmable logic
device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware
components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the
functions described in the present disclosure.
[0133] The network communications manager 1145 and/or at least some
of its various sub-components may be physically located at various
positions, including being distributed such that portions of
functions are implemented at different physical locations by one or
more physical devices. In some examples, network communications
manager 1145 and/or at least some of its various sub-components may
be a separate and distinct component in accordance with various
aspects of the present disclosure. In other examples, network
communications manager 1145 and/or at least some of its various
sub-components may be combined with one or more other hardware
components, including but not limited to a receiver, a transmitter,
a transceiver, one or more other components described in the
present disclosure, or a combination thereof in accordance with
various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0134] Base station communications manager 1150 may manage
communications with other base stations 105, and may include a
controller or scheduler for controlling communications with UEs 115
in cooperation with other base stations 105. For example, the base
station communications manager 1150 may coordinate scheduling for
transmissions to UEs 115 for various interference mitigation
techniques such as beamforming or joint transmission. In some
examples, base station communications manager 1150 may provide an
X2 interface within an LTE/LTE-A wireless communication network
technology to provide communication between base stations 105.
[0135] Base station communications manager 1150 and/or at least
some of its various sub-components may be implemented in hardware,
software executed by a processor, firmware, or any combination
thereof If implemented in software executed by a processor, the
functions of the base station communications manager 1150 and/or at
least some of its various sub-components may be executed by a
general-purpose processor, DSP, an ASIC, a FPGA or other
programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic,
discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed
to perform the functions described in the present disclosure.
[0136] The base station communications manager 1150 and/or at least
some of its various sub-components may be physically located at
various positions, including being distributed such that portions
of functions are implemented at different physical locations by one
or more physical devices. In some examples, base station
communications manager 1150 and/or at least some of its various
sub-components may be a separate and distinct component in
accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. In other
examples, base station communications manager 1150 and/or at least
some of its various sub-components may be combined with one or more
other hardware components, including but not limited to a receiver,
a transmitter, a transceiver, one or more other components
described in the present disclosure, or a combination thereof in
accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0137] FIG. 12 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1200 for
synchronization signal transmission techniques for PAPR reduction
in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. The
operations of method 1200 may be implemented by a base station 105
or its components as described herein. For example, the operations
of method 1200 may be performed by a synchronization signal manager
as described with reference to FIGS. 8 through 11. In some
examples, a base station 105 may execute a set of codes to control
the functional elements of the device to perform the functions
described below. Additionally or alternatively, the base station
105 may perform aspects the functions described below using
special-purpose hardware.
[0138] At block 1205 the base station 105 may identify a set of
synchronization signals. The operations of block 1205 may be
performed according to the methods described with reference to
FIGS. 1 through 7. In certain examples, aspects of the operations
of block 1205 may be performed by a synchronization signal
component as described with reference to FIGS. 8 through 11.
[0139] At block 1210 the base station 105 may select a phase offset
from a set of phase offsets for each synchronization signal of the
set of synchronization signals. The operations of block 1210 may be
performed according to the methods described with reference to
FIGS. 1 through 7. In certain examples, aspects of the operations
of block 1210 may be performed by a phase offset component as
described with reference to FIGS. 8 through 11.
[0140] At block 1215 the base station 105 may transmit the set of
synchronization signals using the selected phase offsets, the set
of synchronization signals being simultaneously transmitted using
frequency division multiplexing. The operations of block 1215 may
be performed according to the methods described with reference to
FIGS. 1 through 7. In certain examples, aspects of the operations
of block 1215 may be performed by a component carrier manager as
described with reference to FIGS. 8 through 11.
[0141] FIG. 13 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1300 for
synchronization signal transmission techniques for PAPR reduction
in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. The
operations of method 1300 may be implemented by a base station 105
or its components as described herein. For example, the operations
of method 1300 may be performed by a synchronization signal manager
as described with reference to FIGS. 8 through 11. In some
examples, a base station 105 may execute a set of codes to control
the functional elements of the device to perform the functions
described below. Additionally or alternatively, the base station
105 may perform aspects the functions described below using
special-purpose hardware.
[0142] At block 1305 the base station 105 may identify a set of
synchronization signals. The operations of block 1305 may be
performed according to the methods described with reference to
FIGS. 1 through 7. In certain examples, aspects of the operations
of block 1305 may be performed by a synchronization signal
component as described with reference to FIGS. 8 through 11.
[0143] After identifying the set of synchronization signals, the
base station 105 may select a phase offset from a set of phase
offsets for each synchronization signal of the set of
synchronization signals. In some examples, the base station 105 may
use various techniques to select the phase offset. For instance, at
block 1310 the base station may optionally select the phase offset
by applying a phase ramp across the synchronization signals each
associated with different component carriers of a set of component
carriers. The operations of block 1310 may be performed according
to the methods described with reference to FIGS. 1 through 7. In
certain examples, aspects of the operations of block 1310 may be
performed by a phase offset component as described with reference
to FIGS. 8 through 11.
[0144] At block 1315, the base station 105 may optionally select
the phase offset by applying a short Zadoff-Chu sequence or a short
M sequence across the different component carriers of the set of
component carriers. The operations of block 1315 may be performed
according to the methods described with reference to FIGS. 1
through 7. In certain examples, aspects of the operations of block
1315 may be performed by a phase offset component as described with
reference to FIGS. 8 through 11.
[0145] Additionally or alternatively, the base station 105 may
optionally select the phase offset by applying an extended
Zadoff-Chu sequence or an extended M sequence across the different
component carriers of the set of component carriers at block 1320.
The operations of block 1320 may be performed according to the
methods described with reference to FIGS. 1 through 7. In certain
examples, aspects of the operations of block 1320 may be performed
by a phase offset component as described with reference to FIGS. 8
through 11.
[0146] At block 1325 the base station 105 may transmit the set of
synchronization signals using the selected phase offsets, the set
of synchronization signals being simultaneously transmitted using
frequency division multiplexing. The operations of block 1325 may
be performed according to the methods described with reference to
FIGS. 1 through 7. In certain examples, aspects of the operations
of block 1325 may be performed by a component carrier manager as
described with reference to FIGS. 8 through 11.
[0147] FIG. 14 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1400 for
synchronization signal transmission techniques for PAPR reduction
in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. The
operations of method 1400 may be implemented by a base station 105
or its components as described herein. For example, the operations
of method 1400 may be performed by a synchronization signal manager
as described with reference to FIGS. 8 through 11. In some
examples, a base station 105 may execute a set of codes to control
the functional elements of the device to perform the functions
described below. Additionally or alternatively, the base station
105 may perform aspects the functions described below using
special-purpose hardware.
[0148] At block 1405 the base station 105 may identify a set of
synchronization signals. The operations of block 1405 may be
performed according to the methods described with reference to
FIGS. 1 through 7. In certain examples, aspects of the operations
of block 1405 may be performed by a synchronization signal
component as described with reference to FIGS. 8 through 11.
[0149] At block 1410 the base station 105 may identify a set of
phase offsets based at least in part on a number of component
carriers of a set of component carriers, or a sequence of the
synchronization signals associated with different component
carriers of the set of component carriers, or both. The operations
of block 1410 may be performed according to the methods described
with reference to FIGS. 1 through 7. In certain examples, aspects
of the operations of block 1410 may be performed by a phase offset
component as described with reference to FIGS. 8 through 11.
[0150] At block 1415 the base station 105 may select a phase offset
from a set of phase offsets for each synchronization signal. The
operations of block 1415 may be performed according to the methods
described with reference to FIGS. 1 through 7. In certain examples,
aspects of the operations of block 1415 may be performed by a phase
offset component as described with reference to FIGS. 8 through
11.
[0151] At block 1420 the base station 105 may transmit the set of
synchronization signals using the selected phase offsets, the set
of synchronization signals being simultaneously transmitted using
frequency division multiplexing. The operations of block 1420 may
be performed according to the methods described with reference to
FIGS. 1 through 7. In certain examples, aspects of the operations
of block 1420 may be performed by a component carrier manager as
described with reference to FIGS. 8 through 11.
[0152] FIG. 15 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1500 for
synchronization signal transmission techniques for PAPR reduction
in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. The
operations of method 1500 may be implemented by a base station 105
or its components as described herein. For example, the operations
of method 1500 may be performed by a synchronization signal manager
as described with reference to FIGS. 8 through 11. In some
examples, a base station 105 may execute a set of codes to control
the functional elements of the device to perform the functions
described below. Additionally or alternatively, the base station
105 may perform aspects of the functions described below using
special-purpose hardware.
[0153] At block 1505 the base station 105 may identify a set of
synchronization signal blocks. The operations of block 1505 may be
performed according to the methods described with reference to
FIGS. 1 through 7. In certain examples, aspects of the operations
of block 1505 may be performed by a synchronization signal
component as described with reference to FIGS. 8 through 11.
[0154] At block 1510 the base station 105 may transmit each
synchronization signal block of the set of synchronization signal
blocks, each synchronization signal block being transmitted on one
or more component carriers of a set of component carriers or
transmitted simultaneously on a wideband carrier. The operations of
block 1510 may be performed according to the methods described with
reference to FIGS. 1 through 7. In certain examples, aspects of the
operations of block 1510 may be performed by a component carrier
manager as described with reference to FIGS. 8 through 11.
[0155] FIG. 16 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1600 for
synchronization signal transmission techniques for PAPR reduction
in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. The
operations of method 1600 may be implemented by a base station 105
or its components as described herein. For example, the operations
of method 1600 may be performed by a synchronization signal manager
as described with reference to FIGS. 8 through 11. In some
examples, a base station 105 may execute a set of codes to control
the functional elements of the device to perform the functions
described below. Additionally or alternatively, the base station
105 may perform aspects of the functions described below using
special-purpose hardware.
[0156] At block 1605 the base station 105 may identify a set of
synchronization signal blocks. The operations of block 1605 may be
performed according to the methods described with reference to
FIGS. 1 through 7. In certain examples, aspects of the operations
of block 1605 may be performed by a synchronization signal
component as described with reference to FIGS. 8 through 11.
[0157] At block 1610 the base station 105 may identify a first
transmit power greater than a second transmit power, the second
transmit power associated with transmitting a synchronization
signal block over multiple component carriers of a set of component
carriers from a same antenna port. The operations of block 1610 may
be performed according to the methods described with reference to
FIGS. 1 through 7. In certain examples, aspects of the operations
of block 1610 may be performed by a transmit power component as
described with reference to FIGS. 8 through 11.
[0158] At block 1615 the base station 105 may transmit each
synchronization signal block of the set of synchronization signal
blocks, each synchronization signal block being transmitted on one
or more component carriers of a set of component carriers or
transmitted simultaneously on a wideband carrier, where
transmitting each synchronization signal block includes using the
first transmit power and using a first beam configuration having a
first width greater than a second width of a second beam
configuration. In some examples, the first beam configuration is
based at least in part on a plurality of beam directions.
Additionally, the second beam configuration may be associated with
transmitting a synchronization signal block over multiple component
carriers of the set of component carriers from a same antenna port.
The operations of block 1615 may be performed according to the
methods described with reference to FIGS. 1 through 7. In certain
examples, aspects of the operations of block 1615 may be performed
by a component carrier manager as described with reference to FIGS.
8 through 11.
[0159] In some examples, aspects from two or more of the methods
1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, or 1600 described with reference to FIGS.
12 through 16 may be combined. It should be noted that the methods
1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, and 1600 are just example implementations,
and that the operations of the methods 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500, or
1600 may be rearranged or otherwise modified such that other
implementations are possible.
[0160] Techniques described herein may be used for various wireless
communications systems such as code division multiple access
(CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division
multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal frequency division multiple
access (OFDMA), single carrier frequency division multiple access
(SC-FDMA), and other systems. The terms "system" and "network" are
often used interchangeably. A code division multiple access (CDMA)
system may implement a radio technology such as CDMA2000, Universal
Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), etc. CDMA2000 covers IS-2000,
IS-95, and IS-856 standards. IS-2000 Releases may be commonly
referred to as CDMA2000 1X, 1X, etc. IS-856 (TIA-856) is commonly
referred to as CDMA2000 1xEV-DO, High Rate Packet Data (HRPD), etc.
UTRA includes Wideband CDMA (WCDMA) and other variants of CDMA. A
time division multiple access (TDMA) system may implement a radio
technology such as Global System for Mobile Communications
(GSM).
[0161] An orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA)
system may implement a radio technology such as Ultra Mobile
Broadband (UMB), Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA), Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 (Wi-Fi), IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX),
IEEE 802.20, Flash-OFDM, etc. UTRA and E-UTRA are part of Universal
Mobile Telecommunications system (UMTS). 3GPP Long Term Evolution
(LTE) and LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) are releases of Universal Mobile
Telecommunications System (UMTS) that use E-UTRA. UTRA, E-UTRA,
UMTS, LTE, LTE-A, NR, and Global System for Mobile communications
(GSM) are described in documents from the organization named "3rd
Generation Partnership Project" (3GPP). CDMA2000 and UMB are
described in documents from an organization named "3rd Generation
Partnership Project 2" (3GPP2). The techniques described herein may
be used for the systems and radio technologies mentioned above as
well as other systems and radio technologies. While aspects an LTE
or an NR system may be described for purposes of example, and LTE
or NR terminology may be used in much of the description, the
techniques described herein are applicable beyond LTE or NR
applications.
[0162] In LTE/LTE-A networks, including such networks described
herein, the term evolved node B (eNB) may be generally used to
describe the base stations. The wireless communications system or
systems described herein may include a heterogeneous LTE/LTE-A or
NR network in which different types of evolved node B (eNBs)
provide coverage for various geographical regions. For example,
each eNB, next generation NodeB (gNB), or base station may provide
communication coverage for a macro cell, a small cell, or other
types of cell. The term "cell" may be used to describe a base
station, a carrier or component carrier associated with a base
station, or a coverage area (e.g., sector, etc.) of a carrier or
base station, depending on context.
[0163] Base stations may include or may be referred to by those
skilled in the art as a base transceiver station, a radio base
station, an access point, a radio transceiver, a NodeB, eNB, gNB,
Home NodeB, a Home eNodeB, or some other suitable terminology. The
geographic coverage area for a base station may be divided into
sectors making up only a portion of the coverage area. The wireless
communications system or systems described herein may include base
stations of different types (e.g., macro or small cell base
stations). The UEs described herein may be able to communicate with
various types of base stations and network equipment including
macro eNBs, small cell eNBs, gNBs, relay base stations, and the
like. There may be overlapping geographic coverage areas for
different technologies.
[0164] A macro cell generally covers a relatively large geographic
area (e.g., several kilometers in radius) and may allow
unrestricted access by UEs with service subscriptions with the
network provider. A small cell is a lower-powered base station, as
compared with a macro cell, that may operate in the same or
different (e.g., licensed, unlicensed, etc.) frequency bands as
macro cells. Small cells may include pico cells, femto cells, and
micro cells according to various examples. A pico cell, for
example, may cover a small geographic area and may allow
unrestricted access by UEs with service subscriptions with the
network provider. A femto cell may also cover a small geographic
area (e.g., a home) and may provide restricted access by UEs having
an association with the femto cell (e.g., UEs in a closed
subscriber group (CSG), UEs for users in the home, and the like).
An eNB for a macro cell may be referred to as a macro eNB. An eNB
for a small cell may be referred to as a small cell eNB, a pico
eNB, a femto eNB, or a home eNB. An eNB may support one or multiple
(e.g., two, three, four, and the like) cells (e.g., component
carriers).
[0165] The wireless communications system or systems described
herein may support synchronous or asynchronous operation. For
synchronous operation, the base stations may have similar frame
timing, and transmissions from different base stations may be
approximately aligned in time. For asynchronous operation, the base
stations may have different frame timing, and transmissions from
different base stations may not be aligned in time. The techniques
described herein may be used for either synchronous or asynchronous
operations.
[0166] The downlink transmissions described herein may also be
called forward link transmissions while the uplink transmissions
may also be called reverse link transmissions. Each communication
link described herein--including, for example, wireless
communications system 100 and 200 of FIGS. 1 and 2--may include one
or more carriers, where each carrier may be a signal made up of
multiple sub-carriers (e.g., waveform signals of different
frequencies).
[0167] The description set forth herein, in connection with the
appended drawings, describes example configurations and does not
represent all the examples that may be implemented or that are
within the scope of the claims. The term "exemplary" used herein
means "serving as an example, instance, or illustration," and not
"preferred" or "advantageous over other examples." The detailed
description includes specific details for the purpose of providing
an understanding of the described techniques. These techniques,
however, may be practiced without these specific details. In some
instances, well-known structures and devices are shown in block
diagram form in order to avoid obscuring the concepts of the
described examples.
[0168] In the appended figures, similar components or features may
have the same reference label. Further, various components of the
same type may be distinguished by following the reference label by
a dash and a second label that distinguishes among the similar
components. If just the first reference label is used in the
specification, the description is applicable to any one of the
similar components having the same first reference label
irrespective of the second reference label.
[0169] Information and signals described herein may be represented
using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques.
For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals,
bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the
above description may be represented by voltages, currents,
electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields
or particles, or any combination thereof.
[0170] The various illustrative blocks and modules described in
connection with the disclosure herein may be implemented or
performed with a general-purpose processor, a DSP, an ASIC, an FPGA
or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor
logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof
designed to perform the functions described herein. A
general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the
alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor,
controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also
be implemented as a combination of computing devices (e.g., a
combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple
microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a
DSP core, or any other such configuration).
[0171] The functions described herein may be implemented in
hardware, software executed by a processor, firmware, or any
combination thereof If implemented in software executed by a
processor, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as
one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium.
Other examples and implementations are within the scope of the
disclosure and appended claims. For example, due to the nature of
software, functions described above can be implemented using
software executed by a processor, hardware, firmware, hardwiring,
or combinations of any of these. Features implementing functions
may also be physically located at various positions, including
being distributed such that portions of functions are implemented
at different physical locations. Also, as used herein, including in
the claims, "or" as used in a list of items (for example, a list of
items prefaced by a phrase such as "at least one of" or "one or
more of") indicates an inclusive list such that, for example, a
list of at least one of A, B, or C means A or B or C or AB or AC or
BC or ABC (i.e., A and B and C). Also, as used herein, the phrase
"based on" shall not be construed as a reference to a closed set of
conditions. For example, an exemplary step that is described as
"based on condition A" may be based on both a condition A and a
condition B without departing from the scope of the present
disclosure. In other words, as used herein, the phrase "based on"
shall be construed in the same manner as the phrase "based at least
in part on."
[0172] Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory
computer storage media and communication media including any medium
that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to
another. A non-transitory storage medium may be any available
medium that can be accessed by a general purpose or special purpose
computer. By way of example, and not limitation, non-transitory
computer-readable media may comprise RAM, ROM, electrically
erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM), compact disk (CD)
ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other
magnetic storage devices, or any other non-transitory medium that
can be used to carry or store desired program code means in the
form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by
a general-purpose or special-purpose computer, or a general-purpose
or special-purpose processor. Also, any connection is properly
termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is
transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a
coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber
line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and
microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair,
digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as
infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of
medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, include CD, laser disc,
optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and Blu-ray
disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs
reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above are
also included within the scope of computer-readable media.
[0173] The description herein is provided to enable a person
skilled in the art to make or use the disclosure. Various
modifications to the disclosure will be readily apparent to those
skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may
be applied to other variations without departing from the scope of
the disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not limited to the examples
and designs described herein, but is to be accorded the broadest
scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed
herein.
* * * * *