U.S. patent application number 16/564142 was filed with the patent office on 2020-01-02 for multi-functional active matrix organic light-emitting diode display.
The applicant listed for this patent is Ignis Innovation Inc.. Invention is credited to Gholamreza Chaji, Baolin Tian.
Application Number | 20200006447 16/564142 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 48571535 |
Filed Date | 2020-01-02 |
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United States Patent
Application |
20200006447 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Chaji; Gholamreza ; et
al. |
January 2, 2020 |
MULTI-FUNCTIONAL ACTIVE MATRIX ORGANIC LIGHT-EMITTING DIODE
DISPLAY
Abstract
A multi-functional active matrix display comprises a transparent
front sheet, a semi-transparent layer of light emissive devices
adjacent the rear side of the front sheet and forming a matrix of
display pixels, and a solar cell layer located behind the light
emissive devices for converting both ambient light and internal
light7 from the light emissive devices into electrical energy, the
solar cell layer including an array of electrodes on the front
surface of the solar cell layer for use in detecting the location
of a change in the amount of light impinging on a portion of the
front surface of the solar cell layer.
Inventors: |
Chaji; Gholamreza;
(Waterloo, CA) ; Tian; Baolin; (Kitchener,
CA) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Ignis Innovation Inc. |
Waterloo |
|
CA |
|
|
Family ID: |
48571535 |
Appl. No.: |
16/564142 |
Filed: |
September 9, 2019 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
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16107672 |
Aug 21, 2018 |
10453904 |
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16564142 |
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15783662 |
Oct 13, 2017 |
10079269 |
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16107672 |
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15174174 |
Jun 6, 2016 |
9818806 |
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15783662 |
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13689241 |
Nov 29, 2012 |
9385169 |
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15174174 |
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61564634 |
Nov 29, 2011 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G09G 3/3406 20130101;
H01L 51/525 20130101; H01L 51/5012 20130101; H01L 27/288 20130101;
H01L 51/5246 20130101; H01L 2251/558 20130101; H01L 51/5206
20130101; H01L 51/524 20130101; H01L 2251/5323 20130101; G09G 3/003
20130101; G09G 2354/00 20130101; H01L 27/3227 20130101; H01L
51/0072 20130101; H01L 2251/305 20130101; H01L 51/5056 20130101;
G06F 3/0412 20130101; H01L 51/5234 20130101; H01L 51/5284 20130101;
G06F 3/0421 20130101; G09G 2358/00 20130101; H01L 51/006 20130101;
H01L 2251/308 20130101; G09G 3/3225 20130101; H01L 51/5092
20130101; G06F 3/042 20130101; H01L 51/0081 20130101; H01L 51/0071
20130101; H01L 2251/301 20130101; H01L 27/323 20130101; H01L
51/5072 20130101; H01L 51/0058 20130101 |
International
Class: |
H01L 27/32 20060101
H01L027/32; G09G 3/3225 20060101 G09G003/3225; G06F 3/042 20060101
G06F003/042; G06F 3/041 20060101 G06F003/041; H01L 51/52 20060101
H01L051/52; H01L 27/28 20060101 H01L027/28; G09G 3/00 20060101
G09G003/00; G09G 3/34 20060101 G09G003/34 |
Claims
1-9. (canceled)
10. A method comprising: receiving at least a portion of light
emitted from a display at one or more solar cells adjacent the
display; and converting the received at least a portion of light
into an electrical output.
11. The method of claim 10 further comprising: prior to receiving,
integrating behind the display, the one or more solar cells with
the display.
12. The method of claim 10, in which the electrical output
comprises electrical energy, the method further comprising: storing
the electrical energy in electrical energy storage.
13. The method of claim 12, further comprising: receiving ambient
light at the one or more solar cells; and converting the received
ambient light into electrical energy for storage in the electrical
energy storage.
14. The method of claim 10, in which the one or more solar cells
are comprised in a solar cell layer which includes an array of
electrodes on at least one surface of the solar cell layer for
generating the electrical output, the electrical output
corresponding to light emissions from various areas across the
display, the method further comprising: detecting non-uniformities
in the display from the electrical output; and correcting for the
detected non-uniformities in the display.
15. The method of claim 10, in which the at least a portion of
light includes light emitted by the display and reflected from an
object near a front surface of the display, the method further
comprising: detecting a location of the object from the electrical
output.
16. An active matrix display comprising: a semi-transparent layer
of light emissive devices forming a matrix of display pixels for
displaying images; and one or more solar cells adjacent said
semi-transparent layer for receiving at least a portion of light
emitted from the semi-transparent layer and converting the at least
a portion of light into an electrical output.
17. The active matrix display of claim 16 further comprising: a
transparent front sheet adjacent a front side of the
semi-transparent layer, the displayed images for viewing through
the front sheet.
18. The active matrix display of claim 17 in which the
semi-transparent layer of light emissive devices includes a
substantially transparent anode adjacent the front sheet, a
semi-transparent semiconductor stack forming organic light emitting
diodes adjacent a rear side of the anode, a semi-transparent
cathode adjacent a rear side of the semiconductor stack, a cover
glass spaced rearwardly of the cathode and covering the one or more
solar cells, and a peripheral sealant bonding the cover glass to
the transparent front sheet.
19. The active matrix display of claim 18 in which the peripheral
sealant holds the cover glass spaced away from a rear side of the
cathode to form an air gap between the cathode and the cover
glass.
20. The active matrix display of claim 17 in which the transparent
front sheet is a glass substrate for the semi-transparent layer of
light emissive devices.
21. The active matrix display of claim 16 in which the one or more
solar cells re comprised in a solar cell layer which includes
laminated N-type and P-type semiconductor materials, and includes
an array of electrodes on at least one surface of said solar cell
layer for generating said electrical output, the array of
electrodes including multiple electrode segments located on a front
surface of the semiconductor laminate and spaced from each other to
allow light from the light emissive devices to impinge on the
semiconductor laminate.
22. The active matrix display of claim 21 in which the array of
electrodes includes first spaced electrode segments running in a
first direction on one surface of the semiconductor laminate, and
second spaced electrode segments running in a second direction on
an opposite surface of the semiconductor laminate.
23. The active matrix display of claim 16 in which the
semi-transparent layer of light emissive devices includes a
substantially transparent anode and a semi-transparent cathode.
24. The active matrix display of claim 16 in which the one or more
solar cells is comprised in a solar cell layer which includes an
array of electrodes on at least one surface of the solar cell layer
for generating said electrical output, the electrical output
corresponding to light emissions from various light emissive
devices across the matrix of display pixels.
25. The active matrix display of claim 24 further comprising: a
detection circuit for detecting non-uniformities in the active
matrix display from the electrical output; and a correction circuit
for correcting for the detected non-uniformities in the active
matrix display.
26. The active matrix display of claim 25, in which each solar cell
of the one or more solar cells represents one or more pixels or
sub-pixels.
27. The active matrix display of claim 26, in which each solar cell
is calibrated at different color and brightness levels, and in
which values corresponding to the electrical output are stored in a
lookup table for use in the detecting and the correcting of the
non-uniformities in the active matrix display.
28. The active matrix display of claim 24 in which the electrodes
on the at least one surface of the solar cell layer generates the
electrical output for use in detecting a location of a change in an
amount of light impinging on a portion of the front surface of the
solar cell layer due to an object in front of the semi-transparent
layer reflecting light from the light emissive devices back through
the semi-transparent layer to the solar cell layer.
29. The active matrix display of claim 28 further comprising: a
touch screen circuit coupled to the solar cell layer for receiving
the electrical output from the array of electrodes and for
detecting the location of the change in the amount of light with
use of the electrical output.
30. The active matrix display of claim 16, in which the electrical
output comprises electrical energy, the active matrix display
further comprising: electrical energy storage for storing the
electrical energy.
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
[0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional
Application No. 61/564,634 filed Nov. 29, 2011, the contents of
which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their
entirety.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0002] The present invention relates generally to active matrix
displays organic light-emitting diode (AMOLED) displays and, more
particularly, to multi-functional AMOLED displays having integrated
solar cells.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have attracted
significant attention because of their great potential for making
next-generation flat panel displays, i.e., active-matrix organic
light-emitting diode displays (AMOLEDs). The standard OLEDs consist
of a transparent electrode, organic layers and a metallic
reflective electrode, which experience a strong ambient light
reflection and a reduced contrast of displays operating under
sunlight, mandating a circular polarizer. Other approaches, such as
black cathodes, have been proposed. However, all these designs
absorb and waste the incident ambient light and a significant
amount of light emitted by the OLEDs. In addition, AMOLEDs today
are typically integrated with a touch panel in front of the AMOLED
in many applications such as cellular phones, personal digital
assistants (PDAs), computer displays and touch tablets. The light
output from the OLEDs is further reduced by the touch panel.
Altogether, the AMOLED display system is complex and costly, and
exhibits relatively low efficiency and wastes a large amount of
energy.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0004] In accordance with one embodiment, a multi-functional active
matrix display comprises a transparent front sheet, a
semi-transparent layer of light emissive devices adjacent the rear
side of the front sheet and forming a matrix of display pixels, and
a solar cell layer located behind the light emissive devices for
converting both ambient light and internal light from the light
emissive devices into electrical energy, the solar cell layer
including an array of electrodes on the front surface of the solar
cell layer for use in detecting the location of a change in the
amount of light impinging on a portion of the front surface of the
solar cell layer.
[0005] In one implementation, the semi-transparent layer of light
emissive devices includes a substantially transparent anode
adjacent the transparent front sheet, a semi-transparent
semiconductor stack forming organic light emitting diodes adjacent
the rear side of the anode, and a semi-transparent cathode adjacent
the rear side of the semiconductor stack. A cover glass is spaced
rearwardly of the cathode, covering the solar cell layer, and a
peripheral sealant bonds the cover glass to the front sheet. The
peripheral sealant holds the cover sheet spaced away from the rear
side of said cathode to form an air gap between the cathode and
said the sheet.
[0006] This integration of the semi-transparent OLED panel and the
solar panel offers ease of fabrication and low cost while providing
advantages of multi-functionality such as low ambient light
reflection, low power consumption, high yield and optical touch
screen functionality. Specifically, the integrated device permits
the touching of portions of the front surface of an active matrix
OLED display to be sensed by using the solar panel to produce an
electrical output signal corresponding to light that passes through
said OLED display, including light reflected from an object
touching the front surface of said OLED display. Then the location
of the touching object can be determined by monitoring and
analyzing the electrical output signals produced by said solar
panel, using conventional touch-screen circuitry.
[0007] With this design, the incident ambient light and the portion
of light emitted through the transparent electrode is absorbed by
the back solar cell instead of being reflected, resulting in
improved contrast in the displayed image. Moreover, in contrast
with the polarizer and black cathode approaches, the absorbed light
is recycled as useful electrical power or touch feedback instead of
being converted to heat. At the same time, the display system can
be manufactured with high yields by using independent panel and
solar cell processes. Since the polarizer used in AMOLED displays
typically has only about 43% transmittance, displays lose 57% of
their electroluminance by using the polarizer.
[0008] Using the display system itself as an optical-based touch
screen, without extra IR-LEDs and sensors, reduces the device
complexity and fabrication cost of the display system by
eliminating the need for extra IR-LEDs and sensors. The solar cell
can also be used for initial uniformity calibration of the display,
e.g., for correcting non-uniformities of an active matrix OLED
display by (a) integrating the OLED display with a solar panel that
produces an electrical output signal corresponding to light
emissions from the OLED display, (b) detecting non-uniformities in
the OLED display from said output signal, and (c) correcting the
detected non-uniformities in the OLED display.
[0009] This display system has a simple structure that exhibits
superior contrast without sacrificing electroluminance, a high
power efficiency by recycling OLED internal emissions as well as
incident ambient light, and touch screen functionality.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0010] The foregoing and other advantages of the present disclosure
will become apparent upon reading the following detailed
description and upon reference to the drawings.
[0011] FIG. 1 is diagrammatic side elevation of an active matrix
display that includes integrated solar cell and semi-transparent
OLED layers.
[0012] FIG. 2 is a plot of current efficiency vs. current density
for the integrated device of FIG. 1 and a reference device.
[0013] FIG. 3 is a plot of current efficiency vs. voltage for the
integrated device of FIG. 1 with the solar cell in a dark
environment, under illumination of the OLED layer, and under
illumination of both the OLED layer and ambient light.
[0014] FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic illustration of the integrated
device of FIG. 1 operating as an optical-based touch screen.
[0015] FIG. 5 is a plot of current efficiency vs. voltage for the
integrated device of FIG. 1 with the solar cell in a dark
environment, under illumination of the OLED layer with and without
touch.
[0016] FIG. 6A is an image of an AMOLED panel without
compensation.
[0017] FIG. 6B is an image of an AMOLED panel with in-pixel
compensation.
[0018] FIG. 6C is an image of an AMOLED panel with extra external
calibration.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE ILLUSTRATED EMBODIMENTS
[0019] Although the invention will be described in connection with
certain aspects and/or embodiments, it will be understood that the
invention is not limited to those particular aspects and/or
embodiments. On the contrary, the invention is intended to cover
all alternatives, modifications, and equivalent arrangements as may
be included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined
by the appended claims.
[0020] FIG. 1 illustrates a display system that includes a
semi-transparent OLED layer 10 integrated with a solar panel 11
separated from the OLED layer 10 by an air gap 12. The OLED layer
10 includes multiple pixels arranged in an X-Y matrix that is
combined with programming, driving and control lines connected to
the different rows and columns of the pixels. A peripheral sealant
13 (e.g., epoxy) holds the two layers 10 and 11 in the desired
positions relative to each other. The OLED layer 10 has a glass
substrate 14, the solar panel 11 has a glass cover 15, and the
sealant 13 is bonded to the opposed surfaces of the substrate 14
and the cover 15 to form an integrated structure.
[0021] The OLED layer 10 includes a substantially transparent anode
20, e.g., indium-tin-oxide (ITO), adjacent the glass substrate 14,
an organic semiconductor stack 21 engaging the rear surface of the
anode 20, and a cathode 22 engaging the rear surface of the stack
21. The cathode 22 is made of a transparent or semi-transparent
material, e.g., thin silver (Ag), to allow light to pass through
the OLED layer 10 to the solar panel 11. (The anode 20 and the
semiconductor stack 21 in OLEDs are typically at least
semi-transparent, but the cathode in previous OLEDs has often been
opaque and sometimes even light-absorbing to minimize the
reflection of ambient light from the OLED.)
[0022] Light that passes rearwardly through the OLED layer 10, as
illustrated by the right-hand arrow in FIG. 1, continues on through
the air gap 12 and the cover glass cover 15 of the solar cell 11 to
the junction between n-type and p-type semiconductor layers 30 and
31 in the solar cell. Optical energy passing through the glass
cover 15 is converted to electrical energy by the semiconductor
layers 30 and 31, producing an output voltage across a pair of
output terminals 32 and 33. The various materials that can be used
in the layers 30 and 31 to convert light to electrical energy, as
well as the material dimensions, are well known in the solar cell
industry. The positive output terminal 32 is connected to the
n-type semiconductor layer 30 (e.g., copper phthalocyanine) by
front electrodes 34 attached to the front surface of the layer 30.
The negative output terminal 33 is connected to the p-type
semiconductor layer 31 (e.g., 3, 4, 9, 10-perylenetetracarboxylic
bis-benzimidazole) by rear electrodes 35 attached to the rear
surface of the layer 31.
[0023] One or more switches may be connected to the terminals 32
and 33 to permit the solar panel 11 to be controllably connected to
either (1) an electrical energy storage device such as a
rechargeable battery or one or more capacitors, or (2) to a system
that uses the solar panel 11 as a touch screen, to detect when and
where the front of the display is "touched" by a user.
[0024] In the illustrative embodiment of FIG. 1, the solar panel 11
is used to form part of the encapsulation of the OLED layer 10 by
forming the rear wall of the encapsulation for the entire display.
Specifically, the cover glass 15 of the solar cell array forms the
rear wall of the encapsulation for the OLED layer 10, the single
glass substrate 14 forms the front wall, and the perimeter sealant
13 forms the side walls.
[0025] One example of a suitable semitransparent OLED layer 10
includes the following materials:
[0026] Anode 20 [0027] ITO (100 nm)
[0028] Semiconductor Stack 21 [0029] hole transport
layer--N,N'-bis(naphthalen-1-yl)-N,N'-bis (phenyl)benzidine (NBP)
(70 nm) [0030] emitter layer--tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum
(Alq.sub.3): 10-(2-benzothiazolyl)-1, 1, 7, 7-tetramethyl-2, 3, 6,
7-tetrahydro-1H, 5H, 11H, [1] benzo-pyrano [6,7,8-ij]
quinolizin-11-one (C545T) (99%:1%) (30 nm) [0031] electron
transport layer--Alq3 (40 nm) [0032] electron injection
layer--4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Bphen): (Cs2CO3) (9:1) (10
nm)
[0033] Semitransparent Cathode 22-- [0034] MoO3:NPB(1:1) (20 nm)
[0035] Ag (14 nm) [0036] MoO3:NPB(1:1) (20 nm)
[0037] The performance of the above OLED layer in an integrated
device using a commercial solar panel was compared with a reference
device, which was an OLED with exactly the same semiconductor stack
and a metallic cathode (Mg/Ag). The reflectance of the reference
device was very high, due to the reflection of the metallic
electrode; in contrast, the reflectance of the integrated device is
very low. The reflectance of the integrated device with the
transparent electrode was much lower than the reflectances of both
the reference device (with the metallic electrode) and the
reference device equipped with a circular polarizer.
[0038] The current efficiency-current density characteristics of
the integrated device with the transparent electrode and the
reference device are shown in FIG. 2. At a current density of 200
A/m.sup.2, the integrated device with the transparent electrode had
a current efficiency of 5.88 cd/A, which was 82.8% of the current
efficiency (7.1 cd/A) of the reference device. The current
efficiency of the reference device with a circular polarizer was
only 60% of the current efficiency of the reference device. The
integrated device converts both the incident ambient light and a
portion of the OLED internal luminance into useful electrical
energy instead of being wasted.
[0039] For both the integrated device and the reference device
described above, all materials were deposited sequentially at a
rate of 1-3 A/s using vacuum thermal evaporation at a pressure
below 5.times.10.sup.-6 Torr on ITO-coated glass substrates. The
substrates were cleaned with acetone and isopropyl alcohol, dried
in an oven, and finally cleaned by UV ozone treatment before use.
In the integrated device, the solar panel was a commercial Sanyo
Energy AM-1456CA amorphous silicon solar cell with a short circuit
current of 6 .mu.A and a voltage output of 2.4V. The integrated
device was fabricated using the custom cut solar cell as
encapsulation glass for the OLED layer.
[0040] The optical reflectance of the device was measured by using
a Shimadzu UV-2501PC UV-Visible spectrophotometer. The current
density (J)-luminance (L)-voltage (V) characteristics of the device
was measured with an Agilent 4155C semiconductor parameter analyzer
and a silicon photodiode pre-calibrated by a Minolta Chromameter.
The ambient light was room light, and the tests were carried out at
room temperature. The performances of the fabricated devices were
compared with each other and with the reference device equipped
with a circular polarizer.
[0041] FIG. 3 shows current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of the
solar panel (1) in dark, (20 under the illumination of OLED, and
(3) under illumination of both ambient light and the OLED at 20
mA/cm.sup.2. The dark current of the solar cell shows a nice diode
characteristic. When the solar cell is under the illumination of
the OLED under 20 mA/cm.sup.2 current density, the solar cell shows
a short circuit current (I.sub.sc) of -0.16 .mu.A, an open circuit
voltage (V.sub.oc) of 1.6V, and a filling factor (FF) of 0.31. The
maximum converted electrical power is 0.08 .mu.W, which
demonstrates that the integrated device is capable of recycling a
portion of the internal OLED luminance energy. When the solar cell
is under the illumination of both ambient light and the overlying
OLED, the solar cell shows a short circuit current (I.sub.sc) of
-7.63 .mu.A, an open circuit voltage (V.sub.oc) of 2.79V, and a
filling factor (FF) of 0.65. The maximum converted electrical power
is 13.8 .mu.W in this case. The increased electrical power comes
from the incident ambient light.
[0042] Overall, the integrated device shows a higher current
efficiency than the reference device with a circular polarizer, and
further recycles the energy of the incident ambient light and the
internal luminance of the top OLED, which demonstrates a
significant low power consumption display system.
[0043] Conventional touch displays stack a touch panel on top of an
LCD or AMOLED display. The touch panel reduces the luminance output
of the display beneath the touch panel and adds extra cost to the
fabrication. The integrated device described above is capable of
functioning as an optical-based touch screen without any extra
panels or cost. Unlike previous optical-based touch screens which
require extra IR-LEDs and sensors, the integrated device described
here utilizes the internal illumination from the top OLED as an
optical signal, and the solar cell is utilized as an optical
sensor. Since the OLED has very good luminance uniformity, the
emitted light is evenly spread across the device surface as well as
the surface of the solar panel. When the front surface of the
display is touched by a finger or other object, a portion of the
emitted light is reflected off the object back into the device and
onto the solar panel, which changes the electrical output of the
solar panel. The system is able to detect this change in the
electrical output, thereby detecting the touch. The benefit of this
optical-based touch system is that it works for any object (dry
finger, wet finger, gloved finger, stylus, pen, etc.), because
detection of the touch is based on the optical reflection rather
than a change in the refractive index, capacitance or resistance of
the touch panel.
[0044] FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic illustration of the integrated
device of FIG. 1 being used as a touch screen. To allow the solar
cell to convert a significant amount of light that impinges on the
front of the cell, the front electrodes 34 are spaced apart to
leave a large amount of open area through which impinging light can
pass to the front semiconductor layer 30. The illustrative
electrode pattern in FIG. 4 has all the front electrodes 34
extending in the X direction, and all the back contacts 35
extending in the Y direction. Alternatively, one electrode can be
patterned in both directions. An additional option is the addition
of tall wall traces covered with metal so that they can be
connected to the OLED transparent electrode to further reduce the
resistance. Another option is to fill the gap 12 between the OLED
layer 10 and the cover glass 15 with a transparent material that
acts as an optical glue, for better light transmittance.
[0045] When the front of the display is touched or obstructed by a
finger 40 (FIG. 4) or other object that reflects or otherwise
changes the amount of light impinging on the solar panel at a
particular location, the resulting change in the electrical output
of the solar panel can be detected. The electrodes 34 and 35 are
all individually connected to a touch screen controller circuit
that monitors the current levels in the individual electrodes,
and/or the voltage levels across different pairs of electrodes, and
analyzes the location responsible for each change in those current
and/or voltage levels. Touch screen controller circuits are well
known in the touch-screen industry, and are capable of quickly and
accurately reading the exact position of a "touch" that causes a
change in the electrode currents and/or voltages being monitored.
The touch screen circuits may be active whenever the display is
active, or a proximity switch can be sued to activate the touch
screen circuits only when the front surface of the display is
touched.
[0046] The solar panel may also be used for imaging, as well as a
touch screen. An algorithm may be used to capture multiple images,
using different pixels of the display to provide different levels
of brightness for compressive sensing.
[0047] FIG. 5 is a plot of normalized current I.sub.sc vs. voltage
V.sub.oc characteristics of the solar panel under the illumination
of the overlying OLED layer, with and without touch. When the front
of the integrated device is touched, I.sub.sc and V.sub.oc of the
solar cell change from -0.16 .mu.A to -0.87 .mu.A and 1.6 V to 2.46
V, respectively, which allows the system to detect the touch. Since
this technology is based on the contrast between the illuminating
background and the light reflected by a fingertip, for example, the
ambient light has an influence on the touch sensitivity of the
system. The changes in I.sub.sc or V.sub.oc in FIG. 5 are
relatively small, but by improving the solar cell efficiency and
controlling the amount of background luminance by changing the
thickness of the semitransparent cathode of the OLED, the contrast
can be further improved. In general, a thinner semitransparent OLED
cathode will benefit the luminance efficiency and lower the ambient
light reflectance; however, it has a negative influence on the
contrast of the touch screen.
[0048] In a modified embodiment, the solar panel is calibrated with
different OLED and/or ambient brightness levels, and the values are
stored in a lookup table (LUT). Touching the surface of the display
changes the optical behavior of the stacked structure, and an
expected value for each cell can be fetched from the LUT based on
the OLED luminance and the ambient light. The output voltage or
current from the solar cells can then be read, and a profile
created based on differences between expected values and measured
values. A predefined library or dictionary can be used to translate
the created profile to different gestures or touch functions.
[0049] In another modified embodiment, each solar cell unit
represents a pixel or sub-pixel, and the solar cells are calibrated
as smaller units (pixel resolution) with light sources at different
colors. Each solar cell unit may represent a cluster of pixels or
sub-pixels. The solar cells are calibrated as smaller units (pixel
resolution) with reference light sources at different color and
brightness levels, and the values stored in LUTs or used to make
functions. The calibration measurements can be repeated during the
display lifetime by the user or at defined intervals based on the
usage of the display. Calibrating the input video signals with the
values stored in the LUTs can compensate for non-uniformity and
aging. Different gray scales may be applied while measuring the
values of each solar cell unit, and storing the values in a
LUT.
[0050] Each solar cell unit can represent a pixel or sub-pixel. The
solar cell can be calibrated as smaller units (pixel resolution)
with reference light sources at different colors and brightness
levels and the values stored in LUTs or used to make functions.
Different gray scales may be applied while measuring the values of
each solar cell unit, and then calibrating the input video signals
with the values stored in the LUTs to compensate for non-uniformity
and aging. The calibration measurements can be repeated during the
display lifetime by the user or at defined intervals based on the
usage of the display.
[0051] Alternatively, each solar cell unit can represent a pixel or
sub-pixel, calibrated as smaller units (pixel resolution) with
reference light sources at different colors and brightness levels
with the values being stored in LUTs or used to make functions, and
then applying different patterns (e.g., created as described in
U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2011/0227964, which is
incorporated by reference in its entirety herein) to each cluster
and measuring the values of each solar cell unit. The functions and
methods described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No.
2011/0227964 may be used to extract the non-uniformities/aging for
each pixel in the clusters, with the resulting values being stored
in a LUT. The input video signals may then be calibrated with the
values stored in LUTs to compensate for non-uniformity and aging.
The measurements can be repeated during the display lifetime either
by the user or at defined intervals based on display usage.
[0052] The solar panel can also be used for initial uniformity
calibration of the display. One of the major problems with OLED
panels is non-uniformity. Common sources of non-uniformity are the
manufacturing process and differential aging during use. While
in-pixel compensation can improve the uniformity of a display, the
limited compensation level attainable with this technique is not
sufficient for some displays, thereby reducing the yield. With the
integrated OLED/solar panel, the output current of the solar panel
can be used to detect and correct non-uniformities in the display.
Specifically, calibrated imaging can be used to determine the
luminance of each pixel at various levels. The theory has also been
tested on an AMOLED display, and FIG. 6 shows uniformity images of
an AMOLED panel (a) without compensation, (b) with in-pixel
compensation and (c) with extra external compensation. FIG. 6(c)
highlights the effect of external compensation which increases the
yield to a significantly higher level (some ripples are due to the
interference between camera and display spatial resolution). Here
the solar panel was calibrated with an external source first and
then the panel was calibrated with the results extracted from the
panel.
[0053] As can be seen from the foregoing description, the
integrated display can be used to provide AMOLED displays with a
low ambient light reflectance without employing any extra layers
(polarizer), low power consumption with recycled electrical energy,
and functionality as an optical based touch screen without an extra
touch panel, LED sources or sensors. Moreover, the output of the
solar panel can be used to detect and correct the non-uniformity of
the OLED panel. By carefully choosing the solar cell and adjusting
the semitransparent cathode of the OLED, the performance of this
display system can be greatly improved.
[0054] While particular implementations and applications of the
present disclosure have been illustrated and described, it is to be
understood that the present disclosure is not limited to the
precise construction and compositions disclosed herein and that
various modifications, changes, and variations can be apparent from
the foregoing descriptions without departing from the spirit and
scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims.
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