U.S. patent application number 15/788518 was filed with the patent office on 2018-02-08 for sealant compositions for use in subterranean formation operations.
The applicant listed for this patent is Halliburton Energy Services, Inc.. Invention is credited to Jonnathan Ricardo Tellez ABAUNZA, Omar Davila ESCAMILLA, Jose del Carmen Jimenez OSORIO, Carmen Josefina RAMIREZ.
Application Number | 20180037799 15/788518 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 52994110 |
Filed Date | 2018-02-08 |
United States Patent
Application |
20180037799 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
OSORIO; Jose del Carmen Jimenez ;
et al. |
February 8, 2018 |
SEALANT COMPOSITIONS FOR USE IN SUBTERRANEAN FORMATION
OPERATIONS
Abstract
Methods comprising providing a sealant composition comprising an
aqueous base fluid and a crosslinkable polymer composition, wherein
the crosslinkable polymer composition comprises a crosslinkable
organic polymer and a crosslinker; introducing an elastic gellable
composition into the sealant composition, wherein the elastic
gellable composition is an aqueous emulsion comprising an aqueous
continuous phase and a dispersed phase comprising elastomeric
polymers; introducing the sealant composition into a subterranean
formation; and crosslinking the sealant composition into a gel to
form a seal in the subterranean formation, thereby forming an
elastic gelled sealant composition, wherein the elastic gellable
composition reduces the brittleness of the elastic gelled sealant
composition as compared to the sealant composition without the
elastic gellable composition.
Inventors: |
OSORIO; Jose del Carmen
Jimenez; (Carmen City, MX) ; ESCAMILLA; Omar
Davila; (Carmen City, MX) ; ABAUNZA; Jonnathan
Ricardo Tellez; (Carmen City, MX) ; RAMIREZ; Carmen
Josefina; (Carmen City, MX) |
|
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. |
Houston |
TX |
US |
|
|
Family ID: |
52994110 |
Appl. No.: |
15/788518 |
Filed: |
October 19, 2017 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
14526957 |
Oct 29, 2014 |
9796902 |
|
|
15788518 |
|
|
|
|
61897605 |
Oct 30, 2013 |
|
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C09K 8/512 20130101;
C09K 8/44 20130101 |
International
Class: |
C09K 8/44 20060101
C09K008/44; C09K 8/512 20060101 C09K008/512 |
Claims
1. A composition comprising: a sealant composition comprising an
aqueous base fluid, a crosslinkable polymer composition, and an
elastic gellable composition, wherein the aqueous base fluid is
present in a range of about 65% to about 99.5% by volume of the
sealant composition, wherein the crosslinkable polymer composition
is present in a range of about 0.1% to about 20% by volume of the
sealant composition and comprises a crosslinkable organic polymer
and a crosslinker, wherein the elastic gellable composition is
present in a range of about 3.5% to about 5.5% by volume of the
sealant composition and is an aqueous emulsion comprising an
aqueous continuous phase and a dispersed phase comprising an
elastomeric polymer, and wherein the sealant composition is
crosslinked to form an elastic gelled sealant composition.
2. The composition of claim 1, wherein the sealant composition
further comprises a gelation retarder.
3. The composition of claim 2, wherein the gelation retarder
comprises a carbonate salt of an alkali metal.
4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the crosslinkable organic
polymer is selected from the group consisting of an
acrylamide-based polymer; any copolymer thereof; and any
combination thereof.
5. The composition of claim 1, wherein the crosslinkable organic
polymer is selected from the group consisting of a polyacrylamide;
an acrylamide copolymer; an acrylamide-co-t-butylacrylate
copolymer; a 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid/acrylamide
copolymer; a sulfonated styrene/maleic anhydride copolymer; a
vinylpyrrolidone/2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic
acid/acrylamide terpolymer; a 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic
acid/N--N-dimethylacrylamide/acrylamide terpolymer; a polyketone;
an acrylamide/t-butyl acrylate copolymer; any derivative thereof;
and any combination thereof.
6. The composition of claim 1, wherein the crosslinker is selected
from the group consisting of an amine-containing polymer; any
copolymer thereof; and any combination thereof.
7. The composition of claim 1, wherein the crosslinker is selected
from the group consisting of a polyalkyleneimine; a
polyalkylenepolyamine; a polyfunctional aliphatic amine; an
arylalkylamine; a heteroarylalkylamine; a chitosan; a polylysine; a
vinyl alcohol/vinylamine copolymer; a partially hydrolyzed
polyvinyl formamide; any derivative thereof; and any combination
thereof.
8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the crosslinkable organic
polymer and the crosslinker are water-soluble.
9. The composition of claim 1, wherein the elastomeric polymer is
selected from the group consisting of a natural rubber; a modified
natural rubber; a synthetic rubber; and any combination
thereof.
10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the elastomeric polymer is
selected from the group consisting of a cis-1,4-polyisoprene
rubber; a trans-1,4-polyisoprene rubber; a synthetic polyisoprene
rubber; a polybutadiene rubber; a chloroprene rubber; a
polychloroprene rubber; an isobutylene/isoprene copolymer rubber; a
styrene/butadiene copolymer rubber; a halogenated butyl rubber
selected from the group consisting of chloro butyl rubber, bromo
butyl rubber; a butadiene/acrylonitrile copolymer rubber; an
ethylene/propylene copolymer rubber; an ethylene/vinyl acetate
copolymer rubber; a nitrile/butadiene copolymer rubber; an
acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene terpolymer rubber; an
acrylate/acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene tetrapolymer rubber; a
butadiene/isoprene copolymer rubber; a poly(isobutylene-co-styrene)
polymer; a poly(isobutylene-co-alkyl styrene) rubber; a
styrene/butadiene/acrylate terpolymer rubber; a
styrene/butadiene/sulfonic acid copolymer; a
styrene/butadiene/2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid
copolymer; any derivatives thereof; and any combination
thereof.
11. The composition of claim 1, further comprising an emulsion
surfactant.
12. The composition of claim 11, wherein the emulsion surfactant is
selected from the group consisting of a nonionic surfactant; a
cationic surfactant; and any combination thereof.
13. The composition of claim 1, wherein a gelation time to form the
elastic gelled sealant composition is reduced with the elastic
gellable composition compared to a sealant composition without the
elastic gellable composition at 100.degree. C.
14. The composition of claim 1, wherein a base density of the
sealant composition is reduced with the elastic gellable
composition compared to a sealant composition without the elastic
gellable composition.
15. The composition of claim 1, wherein a foam density of the
sealant composition is reduced with the elastic gellable
composition compared to a sealant composition without the elastic
gellable composition.
16. The composition of claim 1, wherein a viscosity of the sealant
composition is reduced with the elastic gellable composition
compared to a sealant composition without the elastic gellable
composition.
Description
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application
Ser. No. 14/526,957, filed on Oct. 29, 2014, which claims priority
from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/897,605, filed Oct.
30, 2013, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by
reference in their entireties.
BACKGROUND
[0002] The embodiments herein relate to sealant compositions for
use in subterranean formation operations, and, more particularly to
elastic gelled sealant compositions.
[0003] A natural resource, such as oil, residing in a subterranean
formation may be recovered by drilling a well into the subterranean
formation. The well may be isolated from the surrounding
subterranean formation using an operation known as cementing. In a
cementing operation, a cement sheath around a casing (or liner
string) may be placed within the well. The cement sheath is formed
by pumping a cement slurry through the bottom of the casing and out
through the annulus between the outer casing wall and the formation
face of the wellbore. The cement slurry then cures in the annular
space, thereby forming a sheath of hardened cement that, inter
alia, supports and positions the casing in the wellbore and bonds
the exterior surface of the casing to the subterranean
formation.
[0004] The subterranean formation may thereafter be stimulated for
the production of oil through the cemented wellbore. In some
operations, the subterranean formation may be stimulated by a
hydraulic fracturing treatment. In hydraulic fracturing treatments,
a treatment fluid is pumped past the cement sheath and into a
portion of the subterranean formation at a rate and pressure such
that the subterranean formation breaks down, and one or more
fractures are formed. Typically, particulate solids, such as graded
sand, are suspended in a portion of the treatment fluid and then
deposited into the fractures. These particulate solids, or
"proppant particulates," serve to prop open the fracture (e.g.,
keep the fracture from fully closing) after the hydraulic pressure
is removed. By keeping the fracture from fully closing, the
proppant particulates aid in forming conductive paths through which
produced fluids, such as oil, may flow.
[0005] During oil production from a subterranean formation, water
or undesirable gas may seep from the formation and accompany the
produced oil. The production of water or unwanted gas with the
produced oil may present major problems, including a significant
reduction of oil production, the need for costly remedial actions,
downtime in production, and the like. The water may seep into the
well with produced oil from any subterranean zone in communication
with the oil producing formation, such as, for example, through a
fracture, a high-permeability streak, a high-permeability zone, and
the like, or may be the result of water coning, water cresting,
lateral channeling, and the like. Additionally, the source of the
water may be from waterflood techniques. Likewise, although in some
instances gas may be desirably produced from a subterranean
formation, certain gases may be undesirable and production at high
gas/oil ratios may decrease the productive life of the subterranean
formation. Unwanted gas may seep into the well with produced oil
due to a variety of causes, including fractures in the formation,
gas coning, gas channeling, and the like as a result of the high
mobility of gas in the formation.
[0006] Conformance control treatments may be used to reduce the
influx of water ("water shutoff") or gas ("gas shutoff") with
produced oil. As used herein, the term "conformance control" and
any variants thereof (e.g., "conformance treatments" or
"conformance control treatments") refers to sealant treatments
involving the placement of a material, or a "conformance material"
or "conformance composition," into a wellbore and into a
water-bearing or gas-bearing portion of a subterranean formation
that is capable of at least partially preventing, reducing, or
otherwise controlling the influx of the water or gas into the
wellbore. Such conformance materials may include, but are not
limited to, particulates, gels, sealants, blocking polymers, and
the like. Conformance control treatments may enhance recovery
efficiency and reduce costly downtime or separation techniques
required for separating the oil from unwanted produced fluids.
[0007] Subterranean formations often require conformance treatments
at depleted or low pressure zones, where the hydrostatic pressure
coupled with pumping pressure in the wellbore may exceed the
fracture gradient of the formation, thus promoting the formation of
unplanned, induced fractures and significant loss of drilling or
other treatment fluids, particularly those having high densities.
Conformance materials may additionally be lost into these fractures
or other areas of high permeability if they are themselves
high-density fluids or are delivered in high-density fluids. Foamed
conformance materials have thus been used due to their low-density
properties. Conformance materials must also often remain stable at
extreme temperatures and pH values. In some cases, conformance
materials ideally are able to withstand shrinkage, cracking, or the
formation of other formation material losses as a result of, for
example, shifting or other movement in the wellbore. Such losses
may cause a breach in the conformance material, thereby partially
or wholly breaching the barrier between the wellbore and the
water-bearing or gas-bearing portion of the subterranean
formation.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0008] The following figures are included to illustrate certain
aspects of the embodiments, and should not be viewed as exclusive
embodiments. The subject matter disclosed is capable of
considerable modifications, alterations, combinations, and
equivalents in form and function, as will occur to those skilled in
the art and having the benefit of this disclosure.
[0009] FIG. 1 depicts an embodiment of a system configured for
delivering the elastic gelled sealant compositions of the
embodiments described herein to a downhole location.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0010] The embodiments herein relate to sealant compositions for
use in subterranean formation operations and, more particularly to
elastic gelled sealant compositions. The elastic gelled sealant
compositions may exhibit increased elongation at break profiles and
a tacky characteristic, due to the presence of an elastic gellable
composition. The elastic gelled compositions may be employed to
prevent or reduce the flow of water and/or gas through a
subterranean formation with produced oil.
[0011] Although some embodiments described herein are illustrated
by reference to conformance treatments, the sealant compositions
comprising the elastic gellable compositions disclosed herein may
be used in any subterranean formation operation that may benefit
from an elastic gelled sealant composition. Such treatment
operations may include, but are not limited to, an enhanced
recovery operation; a steam assisted gravity drainage operation; a
leakoff control operation; a drilling operation; a stimulation
operation; an acidizing operation; an acid-fracturing operation; a
sand control operation; a completion operation; a scale inhibiting
operation; a water-blocking operation; a clay stabilizer operation;
a fracturing operation; a frac-packing operation; a gravel packing
operation; a wellbore strengthening operation; a sag control
operation; a well control operation; and any combination
thereof.
[0012] Moreover, the sealant compositions comprising the elastic
gellable compositions described herein may be used in any
non-subterranean operation that may benefit from their elastic
sealing properties. Such operations may be performed in any
industry including, but not limited to, oil and gas, mining,
chemical, pulp and paper, aerospace, medical, automotive, and the
like.
[0013] One or more illustrative embodiments disclosed herein are
presented below. Not all features of an actual implementation are
described or shown in this application for the sake of clarity. It
is understood that in the development of an actual embodiment
incorporating the embodiments disclosed herein, numerous
implementation-specific decisions must be made to achieve the
developer's goals, such as compliance with system-related,
lithology-related, business-related, government-related, and other
constraints, which vary by implementation and from time to time.
While a developer's efforts might be complex and time-consuming,
such efforts would be, nevertheless, a routine undertaking for
those of ordinary skill in the art having benefit of this
disclosure.
[0014] It should be noted that when "about" is provided herein at
the beginning of a numerical list, the term modifies each number of
the numerical list. In some numerical listings of ranges, some
lower limits listed may be greater than some upper limits listed.
One skilled in the art will recognize that the selected subset will
require the selection of an upper limit in excess of the selected
lower limit. Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing
quantities of ingredients, properties such as molecular weight,
reaction conditions, and so forth used in the present specification
and associated claims are to be understood as being modified in all
instances by the term "about." Accordingly, unless indicated to the
contrary, the numerical parameters set forth in the following
specification and attached claims are approximations that may vary
depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by the
exemplary embodiments described herein. At the very least, and not
as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of
equivalents to the scope of the claim, each numerical parameter
should at least be construed in light of the number of reported
significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding
techniques.
[0015] While compositions and methods are described herein in terms
of "comprising" various components or steps, the compositions and
methods can also "consist essentially of" or "consist of" the
various components and steps. When "comprising" is used in a claim,
it is open-ended.
[0016] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a
sealant composition comprising an aqueous base fluid, a
crosslinkable polymer composition, and an elastic gellable
composition. The crosslinkable polymer composition may comprise a
crosslinkable organic polymer and a crosslinker. The elastic
gellable composition may be an aqueous emulsion comprising an
aqueous continuous phase and a dispersed phase comprising
elastomeric polymers. The sealant composition is gelled by reacting
at least the crosslinkable organic polymer with the crosslinker,
such as by covalent or ionic bonding, thereby forming an elastic
gelled sealant composition. As used herein, the term "elastic
gelled sealant composition" refers to a crosslinked gelled
composition having at least some ability to deform elastically when
stress is applied and return to its original shape when the applied
stress is removed. After crosslinking into the gel, the presence of
the elastic gellable composition in the gelled sealant composition
increases the elongation at break of the sealant composition as
compared to the sealant composition without the elastic gellable
composition, thus allowing the formation of the elastic gellable
sealant composition. That is, the presence of the elastic gellable
composition at least partially provides the elastic deformation
characteristic to the elastic gelled sealant composition. As used
herein, the term "elongation at break," and grammatical variants
thereof, refers to the total elongation or amount of uni-axial
strain at rupture or fracture, including both elastic and plastic
deformation. Elongation may be in any direction in space (e.g.,
area, volume, height, width, length, depth, and the like).
[0017] In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a
method of sealing a portion of a subterranean formation using the
elastic gelled sealant composition. As used herein, the term
"seal," and grammatical variants thereof (e.g., "sealing" and
"sealed"), refers to at least a partial blockage of a fluid zone to
prevent or reduce fluid loss into and/or from that zone. The
sealant composition comprising the aqueous base fluid,
crosslinkable polymer composition, and elastic gellable composition
may be introduced into a subterranean formation and allowed to
crosslink into a gel therein, thereby forming an elastic gelled
sealant composition. The elastic gelled sealant composition may
form a seal in at least a portion of the subterranean formation to
prevent or reduce the flow of fluids into or from the formation at
one or more particular locations. In some embodiments, an emulsion
surfactant may be added into the sealant composition to aid in
preventing or reducing the tendency of the elastic gellable
composition to come out of the aqueous emulsion.
[0018] The order in which the crosslinkable polymer composition,
the elastic gellable composition, and/or the emulsion surfactant is
included in the sealant composition is not material to the
embodiments described herein. In some embodiments, the
crosslinkable polymer composition may be included before or after,
or at the same time as, the elastic gellable composition. In some
embodiments, the crosslinkable polymer composition and the emulsion
surfactant may be included before or after, or at the same time as,
the elastic gellable composition. In yet other embodiments, the
elastic gellable composition and the emulsion surfactant may be
included before or after, or at the same time as, the crosslinkable
polymer composition. Moreover, the individual components of the
crosslinkable polymer composition may be included in any order,
together or separately. For example, in some embodiments, the
elastic gellable composition and the crosslinkable organic polymer
of the crosslinkable polymer composition may be included with the
aqueous base fluid prior to including the crosslinker of the
crosslinkable polymer composition, such as to delay crosslinking
into a gel. Other ordering may also be suitable, without departing
from the scope of the present disclosure.
[0019] Generally, the elastic gellable composition is included in
the sealant composition prior to allowing any or a substantial
amount of crosslinking to occur, such as by controlling
temperature. As used herein, the term "substantial," and
grammatical variants thereof (e.g., "substantially"), mean largely
but not necessarily wholly. In some embodiments, the crosslinker
may be designed such that it does not crosslink the sealant
composition until reaching a particular temperature in a
subterranean formation. In other embodiments, the crosslinker may
crosslink the sealant composition immediately or close to
immediately after each of the aqueous base fluid, crosslinkable
polymer composition, and elastic gellable composition is present in
their entirety.
[0020] In some embodiments, the elastic gellable composition may
increase the elongation at break of the sealant composition as
compared to the sealant composition without the elastic gellable
composition, thereby forming an elastic gelled sealant composition.
In some embodiments, the elastic gellable composition may increase
the percent elongation at break of the sealant composition to form
an elastic gelled sealant composition as compared to the sealant
composition without the elastic gellable composition in the range
of a lower limit of about 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%,
60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, and 85% to an upper limit of about 150%,
145%, 140%, 135%, 130%, 125%, 120%, 115%, 110%, 100%, 95%, 90%, and
85%, encompassing any value and subset therebetween.
[0021] In addition to increasing the elongation at break of the
sealant compositions by including the elastic gellable composition
and/or the elastic gellable composition and the emulsion
surfactant, the elastic gellable composition may also beneficially
exhibit a tacky and thixotropic quality. As used herein, the term
"tacky" in all of its forms, refers to a substance having a nature
such that it is somewhat sticky to the touch. The tacky nature of
the elastic gellable composition may aid in adhering the sealant
composition to the subterranean formation to form a seal before
being crosslinked into the elastic gelled sealant composition, or
aid in adhering the elastic gelled sealant composition (i.e., after
crosslinking) to the subterranean formation to form a gel.
[0022] Moreover, the tacky nature may allow the elastic gelled
sealant composition forming the seal to better react to the
stresses or movements within the subterranean formation. That is,
the tacky nature of the elastic gelled sealant composition may
synergistically operate with the elastic nature (i.e., the
increased elongation at break) of the composition, such that it
does not generally become detached from the subterranean formation,
for example, when experiencing movement, thereby permitting the
elastic gelled sealant composition to better move with the
formation itself. In addition, the tacky nature may reduce the
possibility of gas fingering while the sealant composition is
crosslinking to form the elastic gelled sealant composition.
[0023] For the purposes of describing the components of the sealant
compositions forming the elastic gellable compositions upon
crosslinking into a gel, the term "sealant composition" may be used
to encompass both. That is, when a component is described as
forming a portion of the "sealant composition," the term
encompasses both the sealant composition before crosslinking and
after crosslinking into the elastic gelled sealant composition.
[0024] The aqueous base fluid for use in the sealant compositions
and the aqueous continuous phase of the aqueous emulsion forming
the elastic gellable compositions, as described herein, may be any
aqueous base fluid suitable for use in a subterranean formation,
provided that it does not adversely interfere with the sealant
compositions or the formation of the elastic gelled sealant
compositions. Suitable aqueous based fluids may include, but are
not limited to, fresh water; saltwater (e.g., water containing one
or more salts dissolved therein); brine (e.g., saturated salt
water); seawater; formation water; produced water; and any
combination thereof. Generally, the aqueous base fluid may be from
any source, provided that it does not contain components that may
adversely interfere with the sealant compositions or the elastic
gelled sealant compositions described herein. Brines for use as the
aqueous base fluid may be formulated or manufactured by dissolving
one or more soluble salts in fresh water, a natural brine, or
seawater. Representative soluble salts may include, but are not
limited to, chloride; bromide; acetate; a formate salt of
potassium; a formate salt of sodium; a formate salt of calcium; a
formate salt of magnesium; a formate salt of zinc; and any
combination thereof. In some embodiments, the aqueous base fluid
may be present in the sealant compositions described herein in an
amount in the range of from a lower limit of about 65%, 67.3%,
69.6%, 71.9%, 74.2%, 76.5%, 78.8%, and 81.1% to an upper limit of
about 99.5%, 97.2%, 94.9%, 92.6%, 90.3%, 88%, 85.7%, 83.4%, and
81.1% by volume of the sealant composition, encompassing any value
and subset therebetween.
[0025] The crosslinkable polymer composition for use in the sealant
compositions described herein may comprise a crosslinkable organic
polymer and a crosslinker. In some embodiments, the crosslinkable
organic polymer and the crosslinker are water-soluble. The
crosslinkable organic polymer may be any organic polymer capable of
being crosslinked with a crosslinker to gel the sealant
compositions described herein. In some embodiments, the
crosslinkable organic polymers may include, but are not limited to,
an acrylamide-based polymer; an acrylamide-based copolymer; and any
combination thereof. As used herein, the term "copolymer" refers to
a polymer containing two or more types of monomer units (e.g.,
including terpolymers, tetrapolymers, pentapolymers, and the like).
Copolymers may include random copolymers, block copolymers, graft
copolymers, and the like.
[0026] Suitable examples of crosslinkable organic polymers for use
in the sealant compositions described herein many include, but are
not limited to, a polyacrylamide; an acrylamide copolymer; an
acrylamide-co-t-butylacrylate copolymer; a
2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid/acrylamide copolymer; a
sulfonated styrene/maleic anhydride copolymer; a
vinylpyrrolidone/2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic
acid/acrylamide terpolymer; a 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic
acid/N--N-dimethylacrylamide/acrylamide terpolymer; a polyketone;
an acrylamide/t-butyl acrylate copolymer; any derivative thereof;
and any combination thereof.
[0027] In general, the greater number of monomers in the
crosslinkable organic polymer that are minimally reactive, the
greater the temperature at which gelation may occur and the greater
the time lapse before gelation begins. Thus, a crosslinkable
organic polymer having a large number of minimally reactive
monomers may be used in high temperature formations and may enable
increased pumping time such as, for example, in treating
particularly deep or long subterranean formation wells.
[0028] In some embodiments, the crosslinkable organic polymer may
be present in the sealant compositions described herein in an
amount in the range of from a lower limit of about 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%,
1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, 4%, 4.5%, 5%, 5.5%, 6%, 6.5%, 7%, 7.5%,
8%, 9%, 9.5%, and 10% to an upper limit of about 20%, 19.5%, 19%,
18.5%, 18%, 17.5%, 17%, 16.5%, 16%, 15.5%, 15%, 14.5%, 14%, 13.5%,
13%, 12.5%, 12%, 11.5%, 11%, 10.5%, and 10% by volume of the
sealant composition, encompassing any value and subset
therebetween. In other embodiments, the crosslinkable organic
polymer may be present in the sealant composition described herein
in an amount in the range of from about 0.5% to about 12% by volume
of the sealant composition.
[0029] The crosslinker for use in the crosslinkable polymer
compositions described herein may be any crosslinker capable of
undergoing a crosslinking reaction with the crosslinkable organic
polymer. Under certain conditions (e.g., temperature, time, and the
like), the crosslinker may react with one or more suitable
crosslinkable organic polymers included in the crosslinkable
polymer composition so as to form a gel. In some embodiments, the
crosslinkers may include, but are not limited to, an
amine-containing polymer; an amine-containing copolymer; and any
combination thereof. Suitable examples of crosslinkers for use in
the embodiments described herein may include, but are not limited
to, a polyalkyleneimine (e.g., polyethyleneimine); a
polyalkylenepolyamine; a polyfunctional aliphatic amine; an
arylalkylamine; a heteroarylalkylamine; a chitosan; a polylysine; a
vinyl alcohol/vinylamine copolymer; a partially hydrolyzed
polyvinyl formamide; any derivative thereof; and any combination
thereof. As used herein, the term "derivative" refers to any
compound that is made from one of the listed compounds by replacing
one atom in one of the listed compounds with another atom or group
of atoms, ionizing one of the listed compounds, or creating a salt
of one of the listed compounds.
[0030] In some embodiments, the crosslinker may be present in the
crosslinkable polymer compositions described herein in an amount in
the range of from a lower limit of about 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.5%, 1%,
1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, 4%, 4.5%, 5%, 5.5%, 6%, 6.5%, 7%, 7.5%,
to an upper limit of about 15%, 14.5%, 14%, 13.5%, 13%, 12.5%, 12%,
11.5%, 11%, 10.5%, 10%, 9.5%, 9%, 8.5%, 8%, and 7.5% by volume of
the crosslinkable polymer composition, encompassing any value and
subset therebetween. In other embodiments, the crosslinker may be
present in the crosslinkable polymer compositions described herein
in an amount in the range of from about 0.5% to about 5% by volume
of the crosslinkable polymer composition.
[0031] To modify the time lapse before the sealant composition is
crosslinked into a gel ("gelation") to form the elastic gelled
sealant composition, or other properties to control gelation (e.g.,
gelation temperature), the weight ratio of the crosslinkable
organic polymer to the crosslinker in the crosslinkable polymer
composition may be varied. Varying the weight ratio of the
crosslinkable organic polymer to the crosslinkable polymer
composition may also aid in controlling the final degree of
gelation. In some embodiments, the weight ratio of the
crosslinkable organic polymer to the crosslinker may be in the
range of from a lower limit of about 1.1:1, 2:1, 10:1, 20:1, 40:1,
60:1, 80:1, 100:1, 120:1, 140:1, 160:1, 180:1, and 200:1 to an
upper limit of about 400:1, 380:1, 360:1, 340:1, 320:1, 300:1,
280:1, 260:1, 240:1, 220:1, and 200:1, encompassing any value and
subset therebetween. In other embodiments, the weight ratio of the
crosslinkable organic polymer to the crosslinker may be in the
range of from about 50:1 to about 1.1:1.
[0032] In some embodiments, the sealant compositions (e.g., the
crosslinkable polymer compositions) described herein may further
comprise a gelation retarder. The gelation retarder may act, among
other things, to retard the crosslinking reaction between the
crosslinkable organic polymer and the crosslinker. That is, the
gelation retarder may be included in the sealant compositions to
reduce the time lapse before gelation begins between the
crosslinkable organic polymer and the crosslinker of the
crosslinkable polymer composition. Retarding the crosslinking
reaction may be desirable in some applications to, for example,
permit increased pumping time to place the sealant compositions at
a desired location in a subterranean formation. In some
embodiments, the crosslinking reaction may occur to form a gel and
form the elastic gelled sealant composition to seal the
subterranean formation in a time period ranging from a lower limit
of about 2 hours, 6.7 hours, 11.4 hours, 16.1 hours, 20.8 hours,
25.5 hours, 30.2 hours, 34.9 hours, 39.6 hours, 44.3 hours, and 49
hours to an upper limit of about 96 hours, 91.3 hours, 86.6 hours,
81.9 hours, 77.2 hours, 72.5 hours, 67.8 hours, 63.1 hours, 58.4
hours, 53.7 hours, and 49 hours, encompassing any value and subset
therebetween.
[0033] Additionally, the gelation retarder may permit the
crosslinkable polymer compositions to be used at higher
temperatures than without the inclusion of the gelation retarder.
Such may be desirable when working with a particularly high
temperature subterranean formation, for example. In some
embodiments, the crosslinkable polymer compositions may undergo the
crosslinking reaction at temperatures in the range of from a lower
limit of about 121.degree. C. (250.degree. F.), 124.degree. C.
(255.degree. F.), 127.degree. C. (260.degree. F.), 129.degree. C.
(265.degree. F.), 132.degree. C. (270.degree. F.), 135.degree. C.
(275.degree. F.), 138.degree. C. (280.degree. F.), 141.degree. C.
(285.degree. F.), 143.degree. C. (290.degree. F.), 146.degree. C.
(295.degree. F.), and 149.degree. C. (300.degree. F.) to an upper
limit of about 177.degree. C. (350.degree. F.), 174.degree. C.
(345.degree. F.), 171.degree. C. (340.degree. F.), 168.degree. C.
(335.degree. F.), 166.degree. C. (330.degree. F.), 163.degree. C.
(325.degree. F.), 160.degree. C. (320.degree. F.), 157.degree. C.
(315.degree. F.), 154.degree. C. (310.degree. F.), 152.degree. C.
(305.degree. F.), and 149.degree. C. (300.degree. F.), encompassing
any value and subset therebetween.
[0034] In some embodiments, the gelation retarder may be a
carbonate salt of an alkali metal. Suitable gelation retarders for
use in the sealant compositions (e.g., the crosslinkable polymer
compositions) described herein may include, but are not limited to,
sodium carbonate; sodium bicarbonate; lithium carbonate; lithium
bicarbonate; potassium carbonate; potassium bicarbonate; ammonium
carbonate; ammonium bicarbonate; and any combination thereof. The
gelation retarder may be present in the sealant compositions in any
amount sufficient to retard the crosslinking reaction between the
crosslinkable organic polymer and the crosslinker to a desired
degree. In some embodiments, the gelation retarder may be present
in the sealant compositions in an amount in the range of a lower
limit of about 0.1%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75%, 1%, 1.25%, 1.5%, 1.75%,
2%, 2.25%, 2.5%, 2.75%, 3%, 3.25%, 3.5%, 3.75%, 4%, 4.25%, 4.5%,
4.75%, and 5% to an upper limit of about 10%, 9.75%, 9.5%, 9.25%,
9%, 8.75%, 8.5%, 8.25%, 8%, 7.75%, 7.5%, 7.25%, 7%, 6.75%, 6.5%,
6.25%, 6%, 5.75%, 5.5%, 5.25%, and 5% by volume of the
crosslinkable polymer composition, encompassing any value and
subset therebetween. In other embodiments, the gelation retarder
may be present in the sealant compositions in an amount in the
range of from about 0.5% to about 5% by volume of the crosslinkable
polymer composition.
[0035] The sealant compositions described herein may comprise an
elastic gellable composition. The elastic gellable compositions
described herein are aqueous emulsions. As used herein, the term
"aqueous emulsion" in all of its forms, refers to an emulsion
having particles or microparticles of elastomeric polymers
dispersed in a continuous aqueous phase (e.g., a latex emulsion).
In some embodiments, the elastic gellable composition may be
present in the sealant compositions of the present disclosure in an
amount in the range of from a lower limit of about 35 Gal/Mgal
("Gal/Mgal" refers to gallons per 1,000 gallons) (equivalent to
about 3.5%), 36 Gal/Mgal, 37 Gal/Mgal, 38 Gal/Mgal, 39 Gal/Mgal, 40
Gal/Mgal, 41 Gal/Mgal, 42 Gal/Mgal, 43 Gal/Mgal, 44 Gal/Mgal, and
45 Gal/Mgal to an upper limit of about 55 Gal/Mgal (equivalent to
about 5.5%), 54 Gal/Mgal, 53 Gal/Mgal, 52 Gal/Mgal, 51 Gal/Mgal, 50
Gal/Mgal, 49 Gal/Mgal, 48 Gal/Mgal, 47 Gal/Mgal, 46 Gal/Mgal, and
45 Gal/Mgal by volume of the sealant composition, encompassing any
value and subset therebetween.
[0036] The elastic gellable composition aqueous emulsions may have
a foam quality in the range of from a lower limit of about 5%, 10%,
15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, and 40% to an upper limit of about 70%,
65%, 60%, 55%, 50%, 45%, and 40%, encompassing any value and subset
therebetween. In some embodiments, the foam quality of the elastic
gelled sealant composition is in the range of about 50% to about
95%. In some embodiments, the elastic gellable compositions may
impart a foam quality to the sealant compositions in the same
range. As used herein, the term "foam" refers to a two-phase
composition having a continuous liquid or solid phase and a
discontinuous gas phase. The foam quality must be such that the
aqueous emulsion and the sealant composition in which it is
included (or introduced) is a closed foam; that is, it does not
have interconnected pores or holes that permit fluids to pass
through. The foam quality may be determined by any method known by
those of skill in the art, such as, in some embodiments, by
determining the change in volume of the sealant composition upon
addition of the elastic gellable composition, or by determining the
specific gravity of the sealant composition before and after
addition of the elastic gellable composition.
[0037] In some embodiments, an emulsion surfactant may be included
in the elastic gellable composition to stabilize the aqueous
emulsion by, for example, preventing or reducing the tendency of
the elastomeric polymers from settling out of the aqueous emulsions
and causing a breakdown of the integrity of the emulsion. Suitable
emulsion surfactants may include, but are not limited to, a
nonionic surfactant; a cationic surfactant; and any combination
thereof. Non-limiting examples of suitable emulsion surfactants may
include, but are not limited to an alkyl quaternary amine; an
alkoxylated linear alcohol; an ether of alkylated phenol; an
ethoxylated phenol; a substituted ethoxylated phenol; a sodium
dodecylsulfate; a trimethyl hexadecyl ammonium bromide; any
derivative thereof; or any combination thereof. Suitable examples
of commercially available emulsion surfactants may include, but are
not limited to, STABILIZER 434D.TM. and STABILIZATION 434B.TM.,
nonionic surfactants of a substituted ethoxylated phenol, available
from Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. in Houston, Tex. In some
embodiments, the emulsion surfactants may be included in the
elastic gellable compositions in a range from a lower limit of
about 10%, 12.5%, 15%%, 17.5%, 20%, 22.5%, 25%, 27.5%, and 30% to
an upper limit of about 50%, 47.5%, 45%, 42.5%, 40%, 37.5%, 35%,
32.5%, and 30% by weight of the elastic gellable composition,
encompassing any value and subset therebetween.
[0038] In some embodiments, the sealant composition may further
comprise a gas so as to form dispersed bubbles within the sealant
composition. The gas may aid in forming the aqueous emulsion and
may aid in achieving a foam quality in the range of from a lower
limit of about 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, and 50%
to an upper limit of about 95%, 90%, 85%, 80%, 75%, 70%, 65%, 60%,
55%, and 50%, encompassing any value and subset therebetween. In
other embodiments, the foam quality of the aqueous emulsion may be
between about 50% and about 70%. Suitable gases that may be used in
the sealant compositions may include, but are not limited to
nitrogen; carbon dioxide; air; methane; helium; argon; and any
combination thereof. Such gases may be included in the sealant
compositions to form the elastic gelled sealant compositions
described herein by any method known to one of skill in the art,
including agitation (e.g., blending) of the sealant composition so
as to incorporate air; direct pumping of a gas into the sealant
composition; inclusion of a material or substance that produces the
gas; or any combination thereof. The foam quality (or dispersed gas
bubbles) must be such that the aqueous emulsion and the sealant
composition maintains a closed foam, as described above.
[0039] In those embodiments comprising a gas to further foam the
sealant compositions, the sealant compositions may further comprise
a gas surfactant. Suitable gas surfactants may include, but are not
limited to, an amphoteric surfactant; a zwitterionic surfactant; an
anionic surfactant; an amine oxide surfactant; and any combination
thereof. Nonlimiting examples of suitable gas surfactants may
include, but are not limited to, a betaine; a cocoamine betaine; a
cocamidopropyl betaine; a sulfobetaine; an alkyl amidopropyl
betaine; an alkene amidopropyl betaine; a sulfated alkoxylate; a
sulfonated alkoxylate; an alkyl sulfonate; an alkyl aryl sulfonate;
a C.sub.10-C.sub.20 alkyldiphenyl ether sulfonate; an alpha olefin
sulfonate (e.g., sodium dodecane sulfonate); an ethoxylated
iso-dodecyl alcohol ether sulfate; an ethoxylated alcohol ether
sulfate; any derivative thereof; or any combination thereof.
Suitable examples of commercially available gas surfactants may
include, but are not limited to HC-2.TM., a cocylamidopropyl
betaine, and ZONESEAL 2000.TM., a blend of an anionic surfactant, a
betaine, and an amine oxide, both available from Halliburton Energy
Services, Inc. in Houston, Tex. In some embodiments, the gas
surfactants may be included in sealant compositions in a range from
a lower limit of about 10%, 12.5%, 15%%, 17.5%, 20%, 22.5%, 25%,
27.5%, and 30% to an upper limit of about 50%, 47.5%, 45%, 42.5%,
40%, 37.5%, 35%, 32.5%, and 30% by weight of the sealant
composition, encompassing any value and subset therebetween.
[0040] In some embodiments, the sealant composition may further
comprise a density segregation prevention agent. As used herein,
the term "density segregation prevention agent," and grammatical
variants thereof, refers to any substance capable of preventing or
reducing settling or segregation of the individual constituents or
phases within the sealant compositions described herein. In some
embodiments, the density segregation prevention agent for use in
the sealant compositions described herein may be capable of
viscosifying the aqueous base fluid, stabilizing the foamed quality
of the sealant composition (alone or with additional additives),
and/or synergistically working with the elastic gellable
composition to enhance gelation. In some embodiments, the density
segregation prevention agent for use in the sealant compositions
may be a biopolymer selected from the group consisting of a gum; a
polysaccharide; and any combination thereof. Suitable biopolymers
may include, but are not limited to, an alginic acid; a
beta-glucan; a carrageenan; a welan gum; a chicle gum; a dammar
gum; a gellan gum; a welan gum; a guar gum; a gum arabic; a gum
ghatti; a gum tragachanth; a karava gum; a locust bean gum; a
mastic gum; a psyllium seed husk; a sodium alginate; a spruce gum;
a tara gum; a xanthan gum; a hydroxypropyl guar; a carboxymethyl
hydroxypropyl guar; a diutan; a scleroglutan; a cellulose; a
derivatized cellulose; a hydroxyethyl cellulose; a hydroxypropyl
cellulose; a carboxymethyl cellulose; a carboxymethylhydroxyethyl
cellulose; and any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the
density segregation prevention agent for use in the sealant
compositions described herein may be a natural or synthetic clay.
Suitable examples of clays may include, but are not limited to, a
smectite clay (e.g., montmorillonite, or bentonite); fuller's
earth; saponite; natural hectorite; synthetic hectorite (e.g.,
laponite); and any combination thereof.
[0041] In some embodiments, the density segregation prevention
agent may be present in the sealant compositions in an amount in
the range of a lower limit of about 0.3, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%,
0.8%, 0.9%, 1%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%,
1.9%, 2%, 2.1%, 2.2%, 2.3%, 2.4%, and 2.5% to an upper limit of
about 5%, 4.9%, 4.8%, 4.7%, 4.6%, 4.5%, 4.4%, 4.3%, 4.2%, 4.1%, 4%,
3.9%, 3.8%, 3.7%, 3.6%, 3.5%, 3.4%, 3.3%, 3.2%, 3.1%, 3%, 2.9%,
2.8%, 2.7%, 2.6%, and 2.5% by weight of the sealant composition,
encompassing any value and subset therebetween.
[0042] The elastic gellable compositions of the embodiments
described herein may be an aqueous emulsion comprising a continuous
aqueous phase and a dispersed phase comprising elastomeric
polymers. The elastomeric polymers for use in the elastic gellable
compositions may be any material or substance capable of deforming
elastically under stress and returning to their original shape when
the stress is removed and capable of forming an emulsion with the
aqueous base fluid. In some embodiments, the elastomeric polymers
may be water insoluble. Suitable examples of elastomeric polymers
for use in the elastic gellable compositions described herein may
include, but are not limited to, a natural rubber; a modified
natural rubber; a synthetic rubber; and any combination thereof. As
used herein, the term "rubber" refers to an elastic polymeric
material. Specific suitable elastomeric polymers for use in the
elastic gellable compositions described herein may include, but are
not limited to, a cis-1,4-polyisoprene rubber; a
trans-1,4-polyisoprene rubber; a synthetic polyisoprene rubber; a
polybutadiene rubber; a chloroprene rubber; a polychloroprene
rubber; an isobutylene/isoprene copolymer rubber; a
styrene/butadiene copolymer rubber; a halogenated butyl rubber
(e.g., chloro butyl rubber, bromo butyl rubber, and the like); a
butadiene/acrylonitrile copolymer rubber; an ethylene/propylene
copolymer rubber; an ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer rubber; a
nitrile/butadiene copolymer rubber; an
acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene terpolymer rubber; an
acrylate/acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene tetrapolymer rubber; a
butadiene/isoprene copolymer rubber; a poly(isobutylene-co-styrene)
polymer; a poly(isobutylene-co-alkyl styrene) rubber; a
styrene/butadiene/acrylate terpolymer rubber; a
styrene/butadiene/sulfonic acid copolymer; a
styrene/butadiene/2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid
copolymer; any derivatives thereof; and any combination thereof.
Any copolymers of these may also be suitable elastomeric polymers
for use in the embodiments herein. Suitable commercially available
elastic gellable compositions comprising elastomeric polymers may
include, but are not limited to, LATEX 2000.TM., a
styrene-butadiene rubber aqueous emulsion, and LATEX 3000.TM., a
styrene/butadiene/sulfonic acid copolymer rubber aqueous emulsion,
available from Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. in Houston,
Tex.
[0043] In some embodiments, the elastomeric polymers may be present
in the elastic gellable compositions described herein in an amount
in the range of a lower limit of about 0.1%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 1.25%,
1.5%, 1.75%, 2%, 2.25%, 2.5%, 2.75%, 3%, 3.25%, 3.5%, 3.75%, 4%,
4.25%, 4.5%, 4.75%, and 5% to an upper limit of about 10%, 9.75%,
9.5%, 9.25%, 9%, 8.75%, 8.5%, 8.25%, 8%, 7.75%, 7.5%, 7.25%, 7%,
6.75%, 6.5%, 6.25%, 6%, 5.75%, 5.5%, 5.25%, and 5% by volume of the
elastic gellable composition, encompassing any value and subset
therebetween.
[0044] In some embodiments, the sealant compositions described
herein may further comprise a buffering agent. The buffering agent
may act as a retarder to delay crosslinking of the sealant
composition into a gel or to stabilize the pH of the sealant
composition, which may be particularly beneficial at elevated
temperatures. Suitable buffering agents may include, but are not
limited to, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium
bicarbonate, and the like, and combinations thereof. Carbonate and
bicarbonates may be suitable buffering agents; sodium carbonate is
preferred. The buffering agent may be used in the range of a lower
limit of about 200 pounds per 1,000 gallons ("lb/Mgal"), 225
lb/Mgal, 250 lb/Mgal, 275 lb/Mgal, 300 lb/Mgal, 325 lb/Mgal, and
350 lb/Mgal to an upper limit of about 600 lb/Mgal, 575 lb/Mgal,
550 lb/Mgal, 525 lb/Mgal, 500 lb/Mgal, 475 lb/Mgal, 450 lb/Mgal,
425 lb/Mgal, 400 lb/Mgal, 375 lb/Mgal, 350 lb/Mgal, encompassing
any value and subset therebetween.
[0045] In various embodiments, systems configured for preparing,
transporting, and delivering the elastic gelled sealant
compositions described herein to a downhole location are described.
In various embodiments, the systems can comprise a pump fluidly
coupled to a tubular (e.g., a casing, drill pipe, production
tubing, coiled tubing, etc.) extending into a wellbore penetrating
a subterranean formation, the tubular may be configured to
circulate or otherwise convey an elastic gelled sealant
composition. The pump may be, for example, a high pressure pump or
a low pressure pump, which may depend on, inter alia, the viscosity
and density of the elastic gelled sealant composition, the type of
the cementing operation, and the like.
[0046] In some embodiments, the systems described herein may
further comprise a mixing tank arranged upstream of the pump and in
which the elastic gelled sealant composition is formulated. In
various embodiments, the pump (e.g., a low pressure pump, a high
pressure pump, or a combination thereof) may convey the elastic
gelled sealant composition from the mixing tank or other source of
the elastic gelled sealant composition to the tubular. In other
embodiments, however, the elastic gelled sealant composition can be
formulated offsite and transported to a worksite, in which case the
elastic gelled sealant composition may be introduced to the tubular
via the pump directly from a transport vehicle or a shipping
container (e.g., a truck, a railcar, a barge, or the like) or from
a transport pipeline. In yet other embodiments, the elastic gelled
sealant composition may be formulated on the fly at the well site
where components of the elastic gelled sealant composition are
pumped from a transport (e.g., a vehicle or pipeline) and mixed
during introduction into the tubular. In any case, the elastic
gelled sealant composition may be drawn into the pump, elevated to
an appropriate pressure, and then introduced into the tubular for
delivery downhole.
[0047] FIG. 1 shows an illustrative schematic of a system that can
deliver elastic gelled sealant compositions of the present
disclosure to a downhole location, according to one or more
embodiments. It should be noted that while FIG. 1 generally depicts
a land-based system, it is to be recognized that like systems may
be operated in subsea locations as well. As depicted in FIG. 1,
system 1 may include mixing tank 10, in which an elastic gelled
sealant composition of the present disclosure may be formulated.
Again, in some embodiments, the mixing tank 10 may represent or
otherwise be replaced with a transport vehicle or shipping
container configured to deliver or otherwise convey the elastic
gelled sealant composition to the well site. The elastic gelled
sealant composition may be conveyed via line 12 to wellhead 14,
where the elastic gelled sealant composition enters tubular 16
(e.g., a casing, drill pipe, production tubing, coiled tubing,
etc.), tubular 16 extending from wellhead 14 into wellbore 22
penetrating subterranean formation 18. Upon being ejected from
tubular 16, the elastic gelled sealant composition may subsequently
return up the wellbore 22 in the annulus between the tubular 16 and
the wellbore 22 as indicated by flow lines 24. In other
embodiments, the elastic gelled sealant composition may be reverse
pumped down through the annulus and up tubular 16 back to the
surface, without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Pump
20 may be configured to raise the pressure of the elastic gelled
sealant composition to a desired degree before its introduction
into tubular 16 (or annulus). It is to be recognized that system 1
is merely exemplary in nature and various additional components may
be present that have not necessarily been depicted in FIG. 1 in the
interest of clarity. Non-limiting additional components that may be
present include, but are not limited to, supply hoppers, valves,
condensers, adapters, joints, gauges, sensors, compressors,
pressure controllers, pressure sensors, flow rate controllers, flow
rate sensors, temperature sensors, and the like.
[0048] One skilled in the art, with the benefit of this disclosure,
should recognize the changes to the system described in FIG. 1 to
provide for other subterranean formation operations.
[0049] It is also to be recognized that the disclosed elastic
gelled sealant compositions may also directly or indirectly affect
the various downhole equipment and tools that may come into contact
with the treatment fluids during operation. Such equipment and
tools may include, but are not limited to, wellbore casing,
wellbore liner, completion string, insert strings, drill string,
coiled tubing, slickline, wireline, drill pipe, drill collars, mud
motors, downhole motors and/or pumps, surface-mounted motors and/or
pumps, centralizers, turbolizers, scratchers, floats (e.g., shoes,
collars, valves, etc.), wellbore projectiles (e.g., wipers, plugs,
darts, balls, etc.), logging tools and related telemetry equipment,
actuators (e.g., electromechanical devices, hydromechanical
devices, etc.), sliding sleeves, production sleeves, plugs,
screens, filters, flow control devices (e.g., inflow control
devices, autonomous inflow control devices, outflow control
devices, etc.), couplings (e.g., electro-hydraulic wet connect, dry
connect, inductive coupler, etc.), control lines (e.g., electrical,
fiber optic, hydraulic, etc.), surveillance lines, drill bits and
reamers, sensors or distributed sensors, downhole heat exchangers,
valves and corresponding actuation devices, tool seals, packers,
cement plugs, bridge plugs, and other wellbore isolation devices,
or components, and the like. Any of these components may be
included in the systems generally described above and depicted in
FIG. 1.
[0050] Embodiments herein include:
Embodiment A
[0051] A method comprising: providing a sealant composition
comprising an aqueous base fluid, a crosslinkable polymer
composition, and an elastic gellable composition, wherein the
crosslinkable polymer composition comprises a crosslinkable organic
polymer and a crosslinker, and wherein the elastic gellable
composition is an aqueous emulsion comprising an aqueous continuous
phase and a dispersed phase comprising an elastomeric polymer;
introducing the sealant composition into a subterranean formation;
crosslinking the sealant composition into a gel to form an elastic
gelled sealant composition; and forming a seal in at least a
portion of the subterranean formation with the elastic gelled
sealant composition.
Embodiment B
[0052] A method comprising: providing a sealant composition
comprising an aqueous base fluid, a crosslinkable polymer
composition, an elastic gellable composition, and an emulsion
surfactant, wherein the crosslinkable polymer composition comprises
a crosslinkable organic polymer and a crosslinker, and wherein the
elastic gellable composition is an aqueous emulsion comprising an
aqueous continuous phase and a dispersed phase comprising an
elastomeric polymer; introducing the sealant composition into a
subterranean formation; crosslinking the sealant composition into a
gel to form an elastic gelled sealant composition; and forming a
seal in at least a portion of the subterranean formation with the
elastic gelled sealant composition.
Embodiment C
[0053] A composition comprising: a sealant composition comprising
an aqueous base fluid, a crosslinkable polymer composition, and an
elastic gellable composition, wherein the aqueous base fluid is
present in a range of about 65% to about 99.5% by volume of the
sealant composition, wherein the crosslinkable polymer composition
is present in a range of about 0.1% to about 20% by volume of the
sealant composition and comprises a crosslinkable organic polymer
and a crosslinker, wherein the elastic gellable composition is
present in a range of about 3.5% to about 5.5% by volume of the
sealant composition and is an aqueous emulsion comprising an
aqueous continuous phase and a dispersed phase comprising
elastomeric polymers, and wherein the sealant composition is
crosslinked to form an elastic gelled sealant composition.
[0054] Each of Embodiments A, B, and C may have one or more of the
following elements in any combination:
[0055] Element 1: Wherein the sealant composition further comprises
a gelation retarder.
[0056] Element 2: Wherein the sealant composition further comprises
a gelation retarder comprising a carbonate salt of an alkali
metal.
[0057] Element 3: Wherein the crosslinkable organic polymer is
selected from the group consisting of an acrylamide-based polymer;
any copolymer thereof; and any combination thereof.
[0058] Element 4: Wherein the crosslinkable organic polymer is
selected from the group consisting of a polyacrylamide; an
acrylamide copolymer; an acrylamide-co-t-butylacrylate copolymer; a
2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid/acrylamide copolymer; a
sulfonated styrene/maleic anhydride copolymer; a
vinylpyrrolidone/2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic
acid/acrylamide terpolymer; a 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic
acid/N--N-dimethylacrylamide/acrylamide terpolymer; a polyketone;
an acrylamide/t-butyl acrylate copolymer; any derivative thereof;
and any combination thereof.
[0059] Element 5: Wherein the crosslinker is selected from the
group consisting of an amine-containing polymer; any copolymer
thereof; and any combination thereof.
[0060] Element 6: Wherein the crosslinker is selected from the
group consisting of a polyalkyleneimine; a polyalkylenepolyamine; a
polyfunctional aliphatic amine; an arylalkylamine; a
heteroarylalkylamine; a chitosan; a polylysine; a vinyl
alcohol/vinylamine copolymer; a partially hydrolyzed polyvinyl
formamide; any derivative thereof; and any combination thereof.
[0061] Element 7: Wherein the crosslinkable organic polymer and the
crosslinker are water-soluble.
[0062] Element 8: Wherein the elastomeric polymer is selected from
the group consisting of a natural rubber; a modified natural
rubber; a synthetic rubber; and any combination thereof.
[0063] Element 9: Wherein the elastomeric polymer is selected from
the group consisting of a cis-1,4-polyisoprene rubber; a
trans-1,4-polyisoprene rubber; a synthetic polyisoprene rubber; a
polybutadiene rubber; a chloroprene rubber; a polychloroprene
rubber; an isobutylene/isoprene copolymer rubber; a
styrene/butadiene copolymer rubber; a halogenated butyl rubber
(e.g., chloro butyl rubber, bromo butyl rubber, and the like); a
butadiene/acrylonitrile copolymer rubber; an ethylene/propylene
copolymer rubber; an ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer rubber; a
nitrile/butadiene copolymer rubber; an
acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene terpolymer rubber; an
acrylate/acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene tetrapolymer rubber; a
butadiene/isoprene copolymer rubber; a poly(isobutylene-co-styrene)
polymer; a poly(isobutylene-co-alkyl styrene) rubber; a
styrene/butadiene/acrylate terpolymer rubber; a
styrene/butadiene/sulfonic acid copolymer; a
styrene/butadiene/2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid
copolymer; any derivatives thereof; and any combination
thereof.
[0064] Element 10: Wherein the sealant composition comprises an
emulsion surfactant, the emulsion surfactant selected from the
group consisting of a nonionic surfactant; a cationic surfactant;
and any combination thereof.
[0065] By way of non-limiting example, exemplary combinations
applicable to Embodiments A, B, and C include: 1 with 2; 1 with 3;
1 with 4; 1 with 5; 1 with 6; 1 with 7; 1 with 8; 1 with 9; 1 with
10; 2 with 3; 2 with 4; 2 with 5; 2 with 6; 2 with 7; 2 with 8; 2
with 9; 2 with 10; 3 with 4; 3 with 5; 3 with 6; 3 with 7; 3 with
8; 3 with 9; 3 with 10; 4 with 5; 4 with 6; 4 with 7; 4 with 8; 4
with 9; 4 with 10; 5 with 6; 5 with 7; 5 with 8; 5 with 9; 5 with
10; 6 with 7; 6 with 8; 6 with 9; 6 with 10; 7 with 8; 7 with 9; 7
with 10; 8 with 9; 8 with 10; 9 with 10; 1, 2, and 4; 3, 5, 8, and
10; 2, 4, and 9, 4, 6, and 8, 1, 5, and 10; 8, 9, and 10, 5, 7, and
8.
[0066] To facilitate a better understanding of the embodiments
herein, the following examples are given. In no way should the
following examples be read to limit, or to define, the scope of the
disclosure, and they are illustrative only.
Example 1
[0067] In this example, four sealant compositions according to one
or more embodiments herein were prepared and evaluated for various
parameters. Each of the four sealant compositions (SC1, SC2, SC3,
and SC4) were prepared in accordance with Table 1 below. First, the
aqueous base fluid (i.e., freshwater+2% KCl or seawater) was placed
into a beaker having a mixer extended therein. To the aqueous base
fluid, the elastic gellable composition comprising an emulsion
surfactant (styrene/butadiene/sulfonic acid copolymer rubber
aqueous emulsion, and a nonionic surfactant of a substituted
ethoxylated phenol) was added and mixed at 700 rpm for 2 minutes
("min"). Thereafter, the polysaccharide density segregation
prevention agent, welan gum, was added and mixed until the
composition appeared homogeneous. The crosslinkable polymer
composition was next included in a stepwise fashion, by first
including the crosslinkable organic polymer
(acrylamide-co-t-butylacrylate copolymer) and mixing for 2 min,
followed by adding the crosslinker (polyethyleneimine) and mixing
for an additional 2 min. In Table 1, the units are provided for
each component of the sealant composition; the term "Gal/Mgal"
refers to gallons per 1,000 gallons, and the term "Lb/Mgal" refers
to pounds per 1,000 gallons.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Component SC1 SC2 SC3 SC4 Aqueous Freshwater
+ 2% KCl -- 540 -- 546 Base Fluid (Gal/Mgal) Seawater (Gal/Mgal)
540 -- 546 -- Elastic Elastic Gellable 50 50 30 30 Gellable
Composition (Gal/Mgal) Composition Emulsion Surfactant 10 10 7 7
(Gal/Mgal) Crosslinkable Crosslinkable Organic 350 350 350 350
Polymer Polymer (Gal/Mgal) Composition Crosslinker (Gal/Mgal) 90 90
90 90 Density Segregation Prevention Agent 55 55 50 50
(Lb/Mgal)
[0068] Each of SC1-SC4 were measured for viscosity using a
FANN.RTM. 35A Viscometer at 25.degree. C. and atmospheric pressure.
The results are shown in Table 2 and demonstrate that the reduced
amount of elastic gellable composition and emulsion surfactant
resulted in a reduced viscosity overall of the sealant
composition.
TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 2 SC1 SC2 SC3 SC4 Viscosity (cP) 286 255 240
228
Example 2
[0069] Each of SC1-SC4 were prepared according to Example 1,
foamed, and tested for foam quality. From each of SC1, SC2, SC3,
and SC4, 250 milliliters ("mL") was removed and 40 Gal/Mgal of a
gas surfactant (cocamidopropyl betaine) was added to each. A volume
measurement was taken. Then gas in the form of air was supplied to
each of the sealant compositions by vigorous mixing at 12,000 rpm
for 1 min. The foam quality was then determined by evaluating the
volume of each of SC1-SC4 after foaming at room temperature
(26.degree. C.). Each of SC1-SC3 had a foam quality of 55% and SC4
has a foam quality of 56%, indicating good foam quality of each of
the sealant compositions at room temperature. Moreover, the
variable elastic gellable composition and emulsion surfactant had
no appreciable effect on foam quality in the amounts listed in
Table 1. After the elapse of 24 hours at room temperature, the
sealant compositions were visually observed to maintain
stability.
Example 3
[0070] Each of SC1-SC4 were prepared according to Example 1. Each
of the samples was measured for density ("Base Density") and
thereafter 40 Gal/Mgal of a gas surfactant (cocamidopropyl betaine)
was added and foamed by adding air by vigorous mixing for 1 min and
the density measured ("Foam Density"). The density results are
shown in Table 3 and demonstrate that the foamed sealant
compositions exhibit reduced densities and, again, that the
variable amounts of elastic gellable composition and emulsion
surfactant listed in Table 1 had no appreciable effect on density.
Density is represented as grams per cubic centimeter
("g/cm.sup.3").
TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 SC1 SC2 SC3 SC4 Base Density (g/cm.sup.3)
0.96 0.95 0.95 0.95 Foam Density (g/cm.sup.3) 0.45 0.46 0.45
0.44
Example 4
[0071] Each of SC1-SC4 were prepared according to Example 1 and
measured for viscosity, without foaming A 250 mL sample of each of
SC1-SC4 was tested for apparent viscosity using a FANN.RTM. 35A
Viscometer (non-foamed) at a shear rate of 300 RMP for 1 min at
25.degree. C. and atmospheric pressure. The results are shown in
Table 4 and demonstrate that the reduced amount of elastic gellable
composition and emulsion surfactant resulted in a reduced viscosity
overall of the sealant composition.
TABLE-US-00004 TABLE 4 SC1 SC2 SC3 SC4 Viscosity (cP) 286 255 240
228
Example 5
[0072] Each of SC1-SC4 were prepared according to Example 1,
foamed, and measured for gelation time. A 250 mL sample of each
SC1-SC4 was foamed using 40 Gal/Mgal of a gas surfactant
(cocamidopropyl betaine) and vigorous mixing for 1 min to add air.
Then, the gelation time was determined under one of two
conditions--either in a 90.degree. C. water bath or in a FANN.RTM.
50SL Rheometer at 100.degree. C. and 400 psi of nitrogen. The
foamed samples were considered "gelled" when the sample is greater
than 2500 cP (this is true for the remaining examples, as well), at
which point it is no longer flowing. The results (in Hours:Minutes)
are shown in Table 5 and demonstrate that gelation at the elevated
100.degree. C. temperature, as compared to 90.degree. C., was
considerably accelerated.
TABLE-US-00005 TABLE 5 Gelation Time (Hrs:Min) SC1 SC2 SC3 SC4
100.degree. C. 2:20 2:00 2:07 2:03 90.degree. C. 3:20 3:15 3:12
3:18
Example 6
[0073] Two test samples (SC5 and SC6) were prepared according to
the method of Example 1, with the components (i.e., the same
chemical compositions for each component) as Table 1, but in the
proportions provided in Table 6. The symbol "--" means that the
particular component was not included.
TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 6 Component SC5 SC6 Aqueous SeaWater
(Gal/Mgal) 546 546 Base Fluid Elastic Elastic Gellable Composition
50 50 Gellable (Gal/Mgal) Composition Emulsion Surfactant
(Gal/Mgal) 10 10 Crosslinkable Crosslinkable Organic Polymer -- 350
Polymer (Gal/Mgal) Composition Crosslinker (Gal/Mgal) -- 90 Density
Segregation Prevention Agent (Lb/Mgal) 55 55 Gas Surfactant
(cocamidopropyl betaine) (Gal/Mgal) 40 40
[0074] The viscosity, plastic viscosity, and yield point of each of
SC5 and SC6 was tested without foaming (i.e., no gas (air) was
added) using the FANN.RTM. 35A Viscometer at 25.degree. C. and
atmospheric pressure. Rheology testing was performed using standard
Bob1 (1.7245 centimeter ("cm") radius.times.7.62 cm length) and
standard Bob2 (1.2276 cm radius.times.7.620 cm length). The
viscosity (cP) was tested at various RPM readings, e.g., L.sub.300
refers to a viscosity reading at 300 RPM. The plastic viscosity
(PV) (cP) and Yield Point (YP) (lb/100 ft.sup.2) are also provided.
The results are show in Table 7 and demonstrate that at high RPM
and both Bobs, SC6 comprising the crosslinkable gel composition
exhibited increased viscosity and plastic viscosity. The yield
point increased for Bob1 and decreased slightly for Bob2. The
results indicate that the crosslinkable polymer composition
increases viscosity. It is not believed, since the samples were not
foamed, that the gas surfactant significantly affected, if at all,
the viscosity, plastic viscosity, and yield point.
TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 7 SC5 SC6 Parameter Bob1 Results Bob2 Results
Bob1 Results Bob2 Results L.sub.3 (cP) 45 21 23 12.5 L.sub.6 (cP)
52 26 40 17 L.sub.100 (cP) 119.5 49 174 60.5 L.sub.200 (cP) 152
59.5 233 87.5 L.sub.300 (cP) 180 70 285 110 PV (cP) 90.75 31.5
166.5 74.5 YP (lb/100 ft.sup.2) 89.25 38.5 118.5 35.25
Example 7
[0075] Two test samples (SC7 and SC8) were prepared according to
the method of Example 1, with the same components (i.e., the same
chemical compositions for each component) in Table 1, but in the
proportions provided in Table 8. The symbol "--" means that the
particular component was not included.
TABLE-US-00008 TABLE 8 Component SC7 SC8 Aqueous FreshWater + 2%
KCl 543 543 Base Fluid (Gal/Mgal) Elastic Elastic Gellable
Composition 50 50 Gellable (Gal/Mgal) Composition Emulsion
Surfactant (Gal/Mgal) 10 10 Crosslinkable Crosslinkable Organic
Polymer -- 350 Polymer (Gal/Mgal) Composition Crosslinker
(Gal/Mgal) -- 90 Density Segregation Prevention Agent (Lb/Mgal) 55
55 Gas Surfactant (Cocamidopropyl betaine) (Gal/Mgal) 40 40
[0076] The rheology of each of SC7 and SC8 was tested without
foaming (i.e., no gas (air) was added) according to Example 6. The
results are shown in Table 9 and demonstrate relatively similar
viscosity readings as compared to Example 6 (without the 2% KCl).
However, the plastic viscosity of SC7 (compared to SC5 of Example
6) dropped significantly for Bob1 and Bob2, and the plastic
viscosity of SC8 (compared to SC6 of Example 6) also dropped
significantly. These results indicate that viscosity is increased
when the samples use seawater (as used in Table 6) compared to
freshwater+2% KCl (as in Table 9).
TABLE-US-00009 TABLE 9 SC7 SC8 Parameter Bob1 Results Bob2 Results
Bob1 Results Bob2 Results L.sub.3 (cP) 38.5 21.5 20 11 L.sub.6 (cP)
47 24 37 14 L.sub.100 (cP) 92.5 42.5 150 39.5 L.sub.200 (cP) 111.15
49 220 55.5 L.sub.300 (cP) 126 54 256 69 PV (cP) 50.25 17.25 159
44.25 YP (lb/100 ft.sup.2) 75.75 36.75 97 24.75
Example 8
[0077] Two test samples (SC9 and SC10) were prepared according to
the method of Example 1, with the same components (i.e., the same
chemical compositions for each component) as in Table 1, but in the
proportions provided in Table 10. The symbol "--" means that the
particular component was not included.
TABLE-US-00010 TABLE 10 Component SC9 SC10 Aqueous SeaWater
(Gal/Mgal) 546 546 Base Fluid Elastic Elastic Gellable Composition
30 30 Gellable (Gal/Mgal) Composition Emulsion Surfactant
(Gal/Mgal) 7 7 Crosslinkable Crosslinkable Organic Polymer -- 350
Polymer (Gal/Mgal) Composition Crosslinker (Gal/Mgal) -- 90 Density
Segregation Prevention Agent (Lb/Mgal) 50 50 Gas Surfactant
(cocamidopropyl betaine) (Gal/Mgal) 40 40
[0078] The rheology of each of SC9 and SC10 was tested without
foaming (i.e., no gas (air) was added) according to Example 6. The
results are shown in Table 11 and demonstrate that the viscosity of
SC10 is generally higher than the viscosity of SC9 due to the
presence of the crosslinkable polymer composition. As compared to
Example 6, SC6 shows higher viscosities than SC10, due to the
increased amount of elastic gellable composition in SC6. Generally,
with the exception of the plastic viscosity ready for Bob1 of SC10,
the plastic viscosity and yield point of SC10 is higher than that
of comparable SC6 from Example 6, the only difference in the two
being the amount of elastic gellable composition. On the other
hand, the plastic viscosity and yield point of SC9 is generally
less than that of SC5, again with the only difference being the
presence of the amount of elastic gellable composition. These
results indicate that decreasing the amount of the elastic gellable
composition decreases the viscosity.
TABLE-US-00011 TABLE 11 SC9 SC10 Parameter Bob1 Results Bob2
Results Bob1 Results Bob2 Results L.sub.3 (cP) 37 18 22 7 L.sub.6
(cP) 42 22 31.5 11 L.sub.100 (cP) 77 35.5 125 41 L.sub.200 (cP)
91.5 41.5 201 61 L.sub.300 (cP) 105 45 240 78 PV (cP) 45 14.25
175.5 55.5 YP (lb/100 ft.sup.2) 60 30.75 64.5 22.5
Example 9
[0079] Two test samples (SC11 and SC12) were prepared according to
the method of Example 1, with the same components (i.e., the same
chemical compositions for each component) as in Table 1, but in the
proportions provided in Table 12. The symbol "--" means that the
particular component was not included.
TABLE-US-00012 TABLE 12 Component SC11 SC12 Aqueous FreshWater + 2%
KCl (Gal/Mgal) 546 546 Base Fluid Elastic Elastic Gellable
Composition 30 30 Gellable (Gal/Mgal) Composition Emulsion
Surfactant (Gal/Mgal) 7 7 Crosslinkable Crosslinkable Organic
Polymer -- 350 Polymer (Gal/Mgal) Composition Crosslinker
(Gal/Mgal) -- 90 Density Segregation Prevention Agent (Lb/Mgal) 55
55 Gas Surfactant (cocamidopropyl betaine) (Gal/Mgal) 40 40
[0080] The rheology of each of SC11 and SC12 was tested without
foaming (i.e., no gas (air) was added) according to Example 6. The
results are show in Table 13 and demonstrate relatively similar
apparent readings as compared to Example 8 (without the 2% KCl).
The results are also generally similar to Example 7 (increased
elastic gellable composition), with some increase in viscosity.
However, the plastic viscosity of SC12, as compared to SC8, dropped
fairly dramatically, the only difference being the amount of
elastic gellable composition. These results again indicate that
viscosity is generally greater when seawater is used as compared to
freshwater+2% KCl.
TABLE-US-00013 TABLE 13 SC10 SC11 Parameter Bob1 Results Bob2
Results Bob1 Results Bob2 Results L.sub.3 (cP) 37 20 22 8.5 L.sub.6
(cP) 42 22 27 10 L.sub.100 (cP) 79.5 40.5 117 32.5 L.sub.200 (cP)
98 45.5 183 47.5 L.sub.300 (cP) 111 51 230 60 PV (cP) 47.25 15.75
169 41.25 YP (lb/100 ft.sup.2) 63.75 35.25 60.5 18.75
Example 10
[0081] In this example, a sealant composition (SC12) according to
one or more embodiments herein was prepared and evaluated for
various parameters. SC12 was prepared in accordance with Table 14
below. First, the aqueous base fluid was placed into a beaker
having a mixer extended therein. To the aqueous base fluid, the
elastic gellable composition comprising an emulsion surfactant (a
styrene-butadiene rubber aqueous emulsion, and a nonionic
surfactant of a substituted ethoxylated phenol) was added and mixed
at 700 rpm for 2 minutes ("min"). Thereafter, the polysaccharide
density segregation prevention agent, welan gum, was added and
mixed until the composition appeared homogeneous. The crosslinkable
polymer composition was next included in a stepwise fashion, by
first including the crosslinkable organic polymer
(acrylamide-co-t-butylacrylate copolymer) and mixing for 2 min,
followed by adding the crosslinker (polyethyleneimine) and mixing
for an additional 2 min.
TABLE-US-00014 TABLE 14 Component SC12 Aqueous Fresh Water + 2% KCl
(Gal/Mgal) 554 Base Fluid Elastic Elastic Gellable Composition 30
Gellable (Gal/Mgal) Composition Emulsion Surfactant (Gal/Mgal) 9
Crosslinkable Crosslinkable Organic Polymer 300 Polymer (Gal/Mgal)
Composition Crosslinker (Gal/Mgal) 80 Density Segregation
Prevention Agent (Lb/Mgal) 50
[0082] From SC12, 250 mL was removed and 40 Gal/Mgal of a gas
surfactant (cocamidopropyl betaine) added. A volume measurement was
taken and a density measurement ("Base Density"). Then gas in the
form of air was supplied to the sealant composition by vigorous
mixing at 12,000 rpm for at least 1 min, until a foam quality
between 50% to 70% at room temperature was achieved. The density of
the foamed SC12 was also measured ("Foam Density"). The Base
Density and Foam Density are presented in Table 15 and show that
the foamed sealant composition has a reduced density compared to
the base density.
TABLE-US-00015 TABLE 15 SC12 Base Density (g/cm.sup.3) 0.96 Foam
Density (g/cm.sup.3) 0.40
Example 11
[0083] SC12 was prepared according to Example 10 and measured for
viscosity, without foaming A 250 mL sample of SC12 was tested for
apparent viscosity using a FANN.RTM. 35A Viscometer (non-foamed) at
a shear rate of 300 RMP for 1 min at 25.degree. C. and atmospheric
pressure. The results are shown in Table 16. The compositions shown
in Table 1 each have greater amounts of the crosslinkable polymer
composition and each exhibit greater viscosity than SC12, as
expected.
TABLE-US-00016 TABLE 16 SC12 Viscosity (cP) 155
Example 12
[0084] SC12 was prepared according to Example 10, foamed, and
tested for foam quality. From SC12, 250 milliliters ("mL") was
removed and 40 Gal/Mgal of a gas surfactant (cocamidopropyl
betaine) was added. A volume measurement was taken. Then gas in the
form of air was supplied to each of the sealant compositions by
vigorous mixing at 12,000 rpm for 1 min. The foam quality was then
determined by evaluating the volume of SC12 after foaming at room
temperature (26.degree. C.). SC12 had a foam quality of 60%,
indicating good foam quality of the sealant compositions at room
temperature. After the elapse of 24 hours at room temperature, the
sealant composition was visually observed to maintain
stability.
Example 19
[0085] SC12 was prepared according to Example 10, foamed, and
measured for gelation time. A 250 mL sample of SC12 was foamed
using 40 Gal/Mgal of a gas surfactant (cocamidopropyl betaine) and
vigorous mixing for 1 min to add air. Then, the gelation time was
determined under one of two conditions--either in a 90.degree. C.
water bath or in a FANN.RTM. 50SL Rheometer at 100.degree. C. and
400 psi of nitrogen. The results (in Hours:Minutes) are shown in
Table 17 and demonstrate that gelation at the elevated 100.degree.
C. temperature, as compared to 90.degree. C., was considerably
accelerated. Additionally, the gelation time results are very
similar to those shown in Table 5, indicating that the slight
variability in the amount of crosslinkable polymer composition
and/or elastic gellable composition did not have a large effect on
gelation time.
TABLE-US-00017 TABLE 17 Gelation Time (Hrs:Min) SC12 100.degree. C.
2:19 90.degree. C. 3:35
Example 20
[0086] A test sample (SC13) was prepared according to the method of
Example 10, with the same components (i.e., the same chemical
compositions for each component) as in Table 10, but in the
proportions provided in Table 18. The symbol "--" means that the
particular component was not included.
TABLE-US-00018 TABLE 18 Component SC13 Aqueous FreshWater + 2% KCl
(Gal/Mgal) 554 Base Fluid Elastic Elastic Gellable Composition 30
Gellable (Gal/Mgal) Composition Emulsion Surfactant (Gal/Mgal) 9
Crosslinkable Crosslinkable Organic Polymer 300 Polymer (Gal/Mgal)
Composition Crosslinker (Gal/Mgal) 80 Density Segregation
Prevention Agent (Lb/Mgal) 55 Gas Surfactant (cocamidopropyl
betaine) (Gal/Mgal) 40
[0087] The rheology of SC13 was tested without foaming (i.e., no
gas (air) was added) using the FANN.RTM. 35A Viscometer at
25.degree. C. and atmospheric pressure. Rheology testing was
performed using standard Bob1 (1.7245 centimeter ("cm")
radius.times.7.62 cm length) and standard Bob2 (1.2276 cm
radius.times.7.620 cm length). The viscosity (cP) was tested at
various RPM readings, e.g., L.sub.300 refers to an reading at 300
RPM. The plastic viscosity (PV) (cP) and Yield Point (YP) (1b/100
ft.sup.2) are also provided. The results are shown in Table 19 and
demonstrate that at high RPM and both Bobs, SC13 exhibited
increased viscosity and plastic viscosity, although the results
between both Bobs are generally comparable. The apparent viscosity
(AV) was also determined at 300 RPR for 1 min and is provided in
Table 19.
TABLE-US-00019 TABLE 19 SC13 Parameter Bob1 Results Bob2 Results
L.sub.3 (cP) 22 24 L.sub.6 (cP) 29 31 L.sub.100 (CP) 90 93
L.sub.200 (cP) 125 127 L.sub.300 (cP) 154 160 PV (cP) 96 100.5 YP
(lb/100 ft.sup.2) 58 59.5 AV (cP) 155 162
Example 21
[0088] In this example, a sealant composition (SC14) according to
one or more embodiments herein was prepared and evaluated for foam
stability, system pressure, and permeability reduction after
passing through porous media. SC14 was prepared in accordance with
Table 20 below. First, the aqueous base fluid was placed into a
blender. To the aqueous base fluid, an elastic gellable composition
was added in a stepwise fashion, but first including an emulsion
surfactant (nonionic surfactant of a substituted ethoxylated
phenol) into the blender at 700 rpm for 2 min, followed by the
elastic gellable composition (a styrene-butadiene rubber aqueous
emulsion) into the blender at 700 rpm for 2 min. Thereafter, the
polysaccharide density segregation prevention agent, welan gum, was
added and mixed until the composition appeared homogeneous (about 1
hour), while avoiding air entrainment into the composition. The
crosslinkable polymer composition was next included in a stepwise
fashion, the crosslinkable polymer composition comprising a
crosslinkable organic polymer (acrylamide-co-t-butylacrylate
copolymer) and a crosslinker (polyethyleneimine), and mixing
continued until the composition appeared homogeneous. Next, the
composition was foamed using a gas surfactant (cocamidopropyl
betaine) and mixing at 8,500 rpm to add air until a desired foam
quality of about 55% (i.e., volume of composition after foaming)
was reached.
TABLE-US-00020 TABLE 20 Component SC14 Aqueous FreshWater + 2% KCl
(Gal/Mgal) 554 Base Fluid Elastic Elastic Gellable Composition 30
Gellable (Gal/Mgal) Composition Emulsion Surfactant (Gal/Mgal) 9
Crosslinkable Crosslinkable Organic Polymer 300 Polymer (Gal/Mgal)
Composition Crosslinker (Gal/Mgal) 80 Density Segregation
Prevention Agent (Lb/Mgal) 50 Gas Surfactant (cocamidopropyl
betaine) (Gal/Mgal) 40
[0089] Core flow testing for percent permeability reduction was
performed using the foamed SC14 composition. A core was prepared
with a 6 inch ("in") sandpack tube comprising BARACARB.RTM. 1200, a
ground marble with a median particle size (d50) of about 1200,
available from Halliburton Energy Services, Inc. in Houston, Tex.
Brine (2% KCl) was first pumped through the core to check for
leaks. Thereafter, the core was heated to a test temperature of
105.degree. C. (221.degree. F.) to simulate reservoir temperature.
Brine was again run through the core at 10 mL/min and the
permeability determined. Thereafter, SC14 was run through the core
at 10 mL/min until there is no evident dilution of SC14 from the
brine. Thereafter, the foam quality was determined based on
specific gravity at 1 pore volume and 10 pore volumes. Thereafter,
the core was shut in for about 24 hours at the test temperature.
After the shut in period, brine was again pumped into the core and
the permeability measured and compared to the original brine
permeability for calculating percent permeability reduction. The
results are shown in Table 21.
TABLE-US-00021 TABLE 21 Foam Foam Specific Specific Initial Final
Pore Gravity Gravity Test Perm Perm % Perm Volumes Before After No.
(mD) (mD) Reduction Treated Injection Injection SC14 76424 13.3367
99.9 10 0.45 0.63
[0090] The results indicate an increase in specific gravity after
having gone through the core, from 0.45 to 0.63, representing a
decrease in foam quality from about 55% to about 37%. The decrease
in permeability was 99.9%, indicating that the sealant composition
provided excellent conformance control. This permeability reduction
was achieved after only about 2 hours.
[0091] The foamed samples of SC14 were also collected after passing
through the core and placed into an oven at 107.degree. C.
(224.6.degree. F.) at 1 pore volume and 10 pore volumes. The
samples were visually inspected and confirmed that at 10 pore
volumes, crosslinking had occurred as no separation in the foam was
visible.
Example 22
[0092] In this example, four sealant compositions were prepared
according to one or more embodiments herein without the elastic
gellable composition and evaluated for various parameters. Each of
the four sealant compositions (SC15, SC16, SC17, and SC18) were
prepared in accordance with Table 22 below. First, the aqueous base
fluid was placed into a beaker having a mixer extended therein. To
the aqueous base fluid, the polysaccharide density segregation
prevention agent, welan gum, was added and mixed until the
composition appeared homogeneous. The crosslinkable polymer
composition was next included where shown in Table 22 in a stepwise
fashion, by first including the crosslinkable organic polymer
(acrylamide-co-t-butylacrylate copolymer) and mixing for 2 min,
followed by adding the crosslinker (polyethyleneimine) and mixing
for an additional 2 min. A gas surfactant (either a cocamidopropyl
betaine, or a blend of an anionic surfactant, a betaine, and an
amine oxide) was added, where included as shown in Table 22),
followed by vigorous mixing for 1 minute to entrain air and form
foamed sealant compositions.
TABLE-US-00022 TABLE 22 Component SC15 SC16 SC17 SC18 Aqueous
SeaWater + 2% KCl 554 554 559 554 Base Fluid (Gal/Mgal)
Crosslinkable Crosslinkable Organic 350 350 350 350 Polymer Polymer
(Gal/Mgal) Composition Crosslinker (Gal/Mgal) 80 80 75 80 Density
Segregation Prevention Agent 55 45 40 45 (Lb/Mgal) Gas
Cocamidopropyl betaine 30 40 40 -- Surfactant (Gal/Mgal) Blend of
Anionic -- -- -- 30 Surfactant, Betaine, and Amine Oxide
(Gal/Mgal)
[0093] The foam quality was determined for each of SC15-SC18 by
evaluating the volume of each before and after foaming at room
temperature (26.degree. C.). The foam quality is provided in Table
23 and demonstrates that the variability in the amount and/or type
of the various components of SC15-SC18 did not appreciably
influence foam quality. After the elapse of 24 hours at room
temperature, the sealant compositions were visually observed to
maintain stability.
TABLE-US-00023 TABLE 23 SC15 SC16 SC17 SC18 Foam Quality 55 62 58
60
Example 23
[0094] Each of SC15-SC18 were prepared according to Example 22 and
measured for density. Each of the samples was measured for density
before addition of the gas surfactant and foaming ("Base Density")
and after addition of the gas surfactant and foaming ("Foam
Density"). The density results are shown in Table 24 and
demonstrate that the foamed sealant compositions exhibit reduced
densities and, again, that the variable amounts of the various
components of each of SC15-SC18 in Table 22 had no appreciable
effect on density. However, the base density, as compared to the
compositions in Table 3 above for example, that comprise the
elastic gelled composition, were slightly elevated. The results
indicate that the differences in the compositions SC15-SC18 did not
result in significant changes in base density and foam density.
TABLE-US-00024 TABLE 24 SC15 SC16 SC17 SC18 Base Density
(g/cm.sup.3) 1.013 1.015 1.013 1.017 Foam Density (g/cm.sup.3) 0.45
0.38 0.42 0.40
Example 24
[0095] Each of SC15-SC18 were prepared according to Example 1,
foamed, and measured for gelation time. The gelation time was
determined under one of two conditions--either in a 90.degree. C.
water bath or in a FANN.RTM. 50SL Rheometer at 100.degree. C. and
400 psi of nitrogen. The results (in Hours:Minutes) are shown in
Table 25 and demonstrate that gelation at the elevated 100.degree.
C. temperature, as compared to 90.degree. C., was considerably
accelerated.
TABLE-US-00025 TABLE 25 Gelation Time (Hrs:Min) SC15 SC16 SC17 SC18
100.degree. C. 2:17 2:05 1:56 1:58 90.degree. C. 3:18 3:01 2:57
3:06
Example 25
[0096] SC15-SC18 were prepared according to the method of Example
22. The rheology of each of SC15-SC18 was tested without foaming
(i.e., no gas (air) was added) using the FANN.RTM. 35A Viscometer
25.degree. C. and atmospheric pressure. Rheology testing was
performed using standard Bob1 (1.7245 centimeter ("cm")
radius.times.7.62 cm length). The viscosity (cP) was tested at
various RPM readings, e.g., L.sub.300 refers to an viscosity
reading at 300 RPM. The plastic viscosity (PV) (cP), Yield Point
(YP) (lb/100 ft.sup.2), and apparent viscosity (AV) (cP) (at 300
RPM for 1 min) are also provided. The decreased amount of
crosslinker (and perhaps the decreased amount of density
segregation agent) in SC17 resulted in decreased viscosity, plastic
viscosity, yield point, and apparent viscosity compared to SC15,
SC16, and SC18.
TABLE-US-00026 TABLE 26 Parameter SC15 SC16 SC17 SC18 L.sub.3 (cP)
18 14 8.5 15 L.sub.6 (cP) 23 19 12 17.5 L.sub.100 (cP) 93 83 67.5
82 L.sub.200 (cP) 143 129 107.5 130 L.sub.300 (cP) 187 169 143 171
PV (cP) 141 129 113.25 133.5 YP (lb/100 ft.sup.2) 46 40 29.75 37.5
AV (cP) 188 167 142 170
Example 26
[0097] In this example, fourteen sealant compositions (SC19-SC32)
were prepared with inclusion of an elastic gelled composition
(LATEX 2000.TM.) in accordance with Table 27 below and tested for
density and foam quality. The aqueous base fluid ("ABF") is either
freshwater+2% KCL ("FW+2%") or seawater ("SW"), the emulsion
surfactant is STABILIZER 434D.TM., the density segregation
prevention agent ("DSPA") is a welan gum, the crosslinkable polymer
composition ("CPC") comprises an acrylamide-co-t-butylacrylate
copolymer crosslinkable organic polymer ("COP") and a
polyethyleneimine crosslinker ("X-linker"), and the gas surfactant
("GS") is a cocamidopropyl betaine.
TABLE-US-00027 TABLE 27 STABILIZER LATEX FW + 2% SW 434D .TM. 2000
.TM. DSPA COP X-linker GS (Gal/Mgal) (Gal/Mgal) (Gal/Mgal)
(Gal/Mgal) (Lb/Mgal) (Gal/Mgal) (Gal/Mgal) (Gal/Mgal) SC19 484 -- 9
30 50 300 200 20 SC20 644 -- 9 30 50 300 40 20 SC21 -- 543 10 50 55
350 90 40 SC22 543 -- 10 50 55 350 90 40 SC23 -- 546 7 30 50 350 90
40 SC24 546 -- 7 30 50 350 90 40 SC25 594 -- 9 30 50 300 90 40 SC26
584 -- 9 30 50 300 100 40 SC27 564 -- 9 30 50 300 120 40 SC28 544
-- 9 30 50 300 140 40 SC29 634 -- 9 30 50 300 50 40 SC30 614 -- 9
30 50 300 70 40 SC31 594 -- 9 30 50 300 90 40 SC32 584 -- 9 30 50
300 100 40
[0098] Each of SC19-SC32 was measured for density before ("Base
Density") and after foaming ("Foam Density") by adding air by
vigorous mixing for 1 min before adding the gas surfactant. The
density results are shown in Table 28 and demonstrate once again
that the foamed sealant compositions exhibit reduced densities.
TABLE-US-00028 TABLE 28 Base Density (g/cm.sup.3) Foam Density
(g/cm.sup.3) SC19 0.96 0.40 SC20 0.96 0.40 SC21 0.96 0.45 SC22 0.97
0.45 SC23 0.97 0.45 SC24 0.95 0.44 SC25 0.96 0.40 SC26 0.97 0.42
SC27 0.97 0.42 SC28 0.95 0.41 SC29 0.95 0.43 SC30 0.97 0.40 SC31
0.96 0.40 SC32 0.97 0.42
[0099] The foam quality after foaming was also determined by
comparing the volume of each composition before and after foaming.
The results are shown in Table 29 and each composition has a foam
quality between 55% and 60%.
TABLE-US-00029 TABLE 29 Foam Quality SC19 60% SC20 60% SC21 55%
SC22 55% SC23 55% SC24 56% SC25 60% SC26 58% SC27 58% SC28 59% SC29
57% SC30 60% SC31 60% SC32 58%
Example 27
[0100] In this example, SC19-SC32 were prepared as provided in
Example 26 and thereafter, to each was added 3% of an elastic
gellable composition of either a styrene-butadiene rubber aqueous
emulsion ("S-B Emulsion") or a styrene/butadiene/sulfonic acid
copolymer rubber aqueous emulsion ("5-B-SA Emulsion"). Thereafter,
each was tested at a specific temperature for time to reach a
representative bottomhole static temperature ("BHST") shown in
Table 30, gelation time (as defined previously as the time to reach
2500 cP) was determined using a water bath for SC19 at the stated
temperature and a FANN.RTM. 50SL Rheometer at the stated
temperature and 400 psi of nitrogen, and apparent viscosity was
determined using a FANN.RTM. 35A Viscometer at 25.degree. C., a
shear stress of 300, and at atmospheric pressure. The results are
shown in Table 30 below. The results show that at increased
temperatures, the time to gelation is generally reduced, regardless
of the type of elastic gellable composition, as is evidence from
the reduced crosslinker used in SC29 and the increased gelation
time.
TABLE-US-00030 TABLE 30 S-B S-B-SA Emulsion Emulsion Time to Time
to Apparent (Gal/ (Gal/ Temp BHST Gelation Viscosity No. Mgal)
Mgal) (.degree. C.) (min) (Hrs:min) (cP) SC19 40 -- 60 15 06:30 138
SC20 40 -- 98.9 30 04:55 205 SC21 -- 40 100 40 01:40 166 SC22 -- 40
100 40 01:20 160 SC23 -- 40 100 40 01:27 175 SC24 -- 40 100 40
01:23 170 SC25 30 -- 107.2 30 01:00 144 SC26 30 -- 107.2 30 00:50
147 SC27 30 -- 107.2 30 00:40 150 SC28 30 -- 107.2 30 00:30 152
SC29 30 -- 121.1 30 01:15 140 SC30 30 -- 121.1 30 00:40 142 SC31 30
-- 121.1 30 00:30 144 SC32 30 -- 121.1 30 00:25 147
[0101] Therefore, the embodiments herein are well adapted to attain
the ends and advantages mentioned as well as those that are
inherent therein. The particular embodiments disclosed above are
illustrative only and may be modified and practiced in different
but equivalent manners apparent to those skilled in the art having
the benefit of the teachings herein. Furthermore, no limitations
are intended to the details of construction or design herein shown,
other than as described in the claims below. It is therefore
evident that the particular illustrative embodiments disclosed
above may be altered, combined, or modified and all such variations
are considered within the scope and spirit of the disclosure. The
embodiments illustratively disclosed herein suitably may be
practiced in the absence of any element that is not specifically
disclosed herein and/or any optional element disclosed herein.
While compositions and methods are described in terms of
"comprising," "containing," or "including" various components or
steps, the compositions and methods can also "consist essentially
of" or "consist of" the various components and steps. All numbers
and ranges disclosed above may vary by some amount. Whenever a
numerical range with a lower limit and an upper limit is disclosed,
any number and any included range falling within the range is
specifically disclosed. In particular, every range of values (of
the form, "from about a to about b," or, equivalently, "from
approximately a to b," or, equivalently, "from approximately a-b")
disclosed herein is to be understood to set forth every number and
range encompassed within the broader range of values. Also, the
terms in the claims have their plain, ordinary meaning unless
otherwise explicitly and clearly defined by the patentee. Moreover,
the indefinite articles "a" or "an," as used in the claims, are
defined herein to mean one or more than one of the element that it
introduces. If there is any conflict in the usages of a word or
term in this specification and one or more patent or other
documents that may be incorporated herein by reference, the
definitions that are consistent with this specification should be
adopted.
* * * * *