U.S. patent application number 13/244567 was filed with the patent office on 2012-12-06 for channel condition prediction employing transmit queuing model.
This patent application is currently assigned to BROADCOM CORPORATION. Invention is credited to Peyush Agarwal, Peter G. Allinson, Yasantha N. Rajakarunanayake.
Application Number | 20120307885 13/244567 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 47261635 |
Filed Date | 2012-12-06 |
United States Patent
Application |
20120307885 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Agarwal; Peyush ; et
al. |
December 6, 2012 |
Channel Condition Prediction Employing Transmit Queuing Model
Abstract
Channel condition prediction employing a transmit queuing model.
An average transmission queue delay monitor generates an indication
of average transmit queue latency during the transmission of a
video stream to a remote wireless device. The average transmit
queue latency is compared to a predetermined threshold for purposes
of adjusting encoding bit rate (or other encoding parameter) of the
video stream. In one mode, the predetermined threshold reflects a
maximum tolerable average queue depth beyond which video data is
likely to be lost or unacceptably delayed under certain channel
conditions. If the average transmit queue latency exceeds the
predetermined threshold, the encoding bit rate (or related encoding
parameter) is lowered or raised as necessary to decrease or
increase the transmit queue depth to a desired level. In another
mode, the transmit queuing model is used in conjunction with
channel throughput estimation information to adaptively adjust one
or more encoding parameters.
Inventors: |
Agarwal; Peyush; (Milpitas,
CA) ; Rajakarunanayake; Yasantha N.; (San Ramon,
CA) ; Allinson; Peter G.; (Kenilworth, GB) |
Assignee: |
BROADCOM CORPORATION
IRVINE
CA
|
Family ID: |
47261635 |
Appl. No.: |
13/244567 |
Filed: |
September 25, 2011 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
61491838 |
May 31, 2011 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
375/240.02 ;
375/E7.126 |
Current CPC
Class: |
Y02D 70/1242 20180101;
H04W 72/1252 20130101; H04W 72/1268 20130101; Y02D 30/70 20200801;
Y02D 70/146 20180101; H04W 72/1278 20130101; Y02D 70/1246 20180101;
H04W 72/12 20130101; H04W 72/0486 20130101; H04W 72/1242 20130101;
Y02D 70/162 20180101; H04W 72/0446 20130101; Y02D 70/144 20180101;
Y02D 70/164 20180101; Y02D 70/142 20180101; Y02D 70/1224 20180101;
Y02D 70/1244 20180101 |
Class at
Publication: |
375/240.02 ;
375/E07.126 |
International
Class: |
H04N 7/26 20060101
H04N007/26 |
Claims
1. A method for adaptively encoding a video stream for transmission
to a remote wireless device, comprising: monitoring the MAC
transmit queue of a transmitting device to generate an indication
of average transmit queue latency for a portion of the video
stream; comparing the indication of average transmit queue latency
to a predetermined threshold; and adjusting the encoding bit rate
for the video stream if the indication of average transmit queue
latency exceeds the predetermined threshold.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein the predetermined threshold is a
maximum tolerated delay threshold, and the step of adjusting the
encoding bit rate comprises reducing the encoding bit rate.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the predetermined threshold is a
minimum tolerated delay threshold, and the step of adjusting the
encoding bit rate comprises increasing the encoding bit rate.
4. The method of claim 1, further comprising monitoring the MAC
transmit queue to generate a new indication of average transmit
queue latency for transmissions associated with an adjusted
encoding bit rate.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of monitoring the MAC
transmit queue comprises: marking video packets of the video stream
with an indication of the time the respective video packet is
submitted for transmission by the transmitting device; receiving
associated transmission acknowledgment information for the video
packets; calculating transmission delays for the video packets by
comparing the indication of the time a video packet is submitted
for transmission with the associated transmission acknowledgment
information; and generating average transmit queue latency
information based on the calculated transmission delays.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the predetermined threshold is
based at least in part on prior measurement(s) of transmit queue
latency.
7. The method of claim 5, wherein the average transmit queue
latency information is maintained for video packets based on at
least one of access category or traffic ID information associated
with the video packets.
8. A method for adaptively encoding a video stream for transmission
to a remote wireless device over a wireless channel, comprising:
receiving at least one transmitter side indication of the available
throughput of the wireless channel at a first PHY data rate;
utilizing the received indication to generate an estimate of the
throughput of the wireless channel at a second PHY data rate;
identifying a transition or pending transition to wireless channel
operation at the second PHY data rate; altering the encoding bit
rate of the video stream based on the estimate; monitoring a MAC
transmit queue of the transmitting device to generate an indication
of average transmit queue latency for a portion of the video
stream; comparing the indication of average transmit queue latency
to a predetermined threshold; and further adjusting the encoding
bit rate for the video stream if the indication of average transmit
queue latency exceeds the predetermined threshold.
9. The method of claim 8, wherein the indicia of the available
throughput of the wireless channel comprises at least one of
channel bandwidth information, acknowledgement policy parameters,
packetizer parameters, channel load information and a channel gain
estimate.
10. The method of claim 8, wherein the predetermined threshold is a
maximum tolerated delay threshold, and the step of further
adjusting the encoding bit rate comprises reducing the encoding bit
rate.
11. The method of claim 8, wherein the predetermined threshold is a
minimum tolerated delay threshold, and the step of further
adjusting the encoding bit rate comprises increasing the encoding
bit rate.
12. The method of claim 8, wherein the step of monitoring a MAC
transmit queue comprises: marking video packets of the video stream
with an indication of the time the respective video packet is
submitted for transmission by the transmitting device; receiving
associated transmission acknowledgment information for the video
packets; calculating transmission delays for the video packets by
comparing the indication of the time a video packet is submitted
for transmission with the associated transmission acknowledgment
information; and generating an indication of average transmit queue
latency based on the calculated transmission delays.
13. The method of claim 12, wherein the indication of average
transmit queue latency information is maintained for video packets
based on at least one of access category or traffic ID information
associated with the video packets.
14. An apparatus, comprising: a network interface for supporting
video stream transmission over a wireless channel; an encoder for
encoding the video stream for provision to the network interface;
and encoder bit rate adaptation circuitry operable to adaptively
adjust an encoding bit rate of the encoder by: monitoring the MAC
transmit queue of a transmitting device to generate an indication
of average transmit queue latency for a portion of the video
stream; comparing the indication of average transmit queue latency
to a predetermined threshold; and adjusting the encoding bit rate
for the video stream if the indication of average transmit queue
latency exceeds the predetermined threshold.
15. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the predetermined threshold
is a maximum tolerated delay threshold, and adjusting the encoding
bit rate comprises reducing the encoding bit rate.
16. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the predetermined threshold
is a minimum tolerated delay threshold, and adjusting the encoding
bit rate comprises increasing the encoding bit rate.
17. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein monitoring the MAC transmit
queue comprises: marking video packets of the video stream with an
indication of the time the respective video packet is submitted for
transmission by the transmitting device; receiving associated
transmission acknowledgment information for the video packets;
calculating transmission delays for the video packets by comparing
the indication of the time a video packet is submitted for
transmission with the associated transmission acknowledgment
information; and generating an indication of average transmit queue
latency based on the calculated transmission delays.
18. The method of claim 17, wherein the indication of average
transmit queue latency is maintained for video packets based on at
least one of access category or traffic ID information associated
with the video packets.
19. The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the apparatus comprises a
wireless dongle, the apparatus further comprising a standardized
audio/video interface for providing video stream data to the
encoder for encoding.
20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the standardized audio/video
interface is compliant with an HDMI standard.
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED PATENTS/PATENT APPLICATIONS
Provisional Priority Claim
[0001] The present U.S. Utility patent application claims priority
pursuant to 35 U.S.C. .sctn.119(e) to the following U.S.
Provisional patent application which is hereby incorporated herein
by reference in its entirety and made part of the present U.S.
Utility patent application for all purposes:
[0002] 1. U.S. Provisional patent application Ser. No. 61/491,838,
entitled "Media communications and signaling within wireless
communication systems," (Attorney Docket No. BP22744), filed May
31, 2011, pending.
INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE
[0003] The following U.S. Utility Patent Applications are hereby
incorporated herein by reference in their entirety and made part of
the present U.S. Utility Patent Application for all purposes:
[0004] 1. U.S. Utility patent application Ser. No. ______, entitled
"Adaptive Video Encoding Based on Predicted Wireless Channel
Conditions," (Attorney Docket No. BP22759), filed on the same date
herewith, pending, which claims priority pursuant to 35 U.S.C.
.sctn.119(e) to the following U.S. Provisional Patent Application
which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety
and made part of the present U.S. Utility patent application for
all purposes: [0005] 1.1. U.S. Provisional patent application Ser.
No. 61/491,838, entitled "Media communications and signaling within
wireless communication systems," (Attorney Docket No. BP22744),
filed May 31, 2011, pending.
[0006] 2. U.S. Utility patent application Ser. No. 13/240,906,
entitled "Selective Intra and/or Inter Prediction Video Encoding,"
(Attorney Docket No. BP22759.1), filed on Sep. 22, 2011, pending,
which claims priority pursuant to 35 U.S.C. .sctn.119(e) to the
following U.S. Provisional patent application which is hereby
incorporated herein by reference in its entirety and made part of
the present U.S. Utility patent application for all purposes:
[0007] 2.1. U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No.
61/491,838, entitled "Media communications and signaling within
wireless communication systems," (Attorney Docket No. BP22744),
filed May 31, 2011, pending.
[0008] 3. U.S. Utility patent application Ser. No. 13/223,250,
entitled "Dynamic Wireless Channel Selection and Protocol Control
for Streaming Media," (Attorney Docket No. BP22783), filed on Aug.
31, 2011, pending, which claims priority pursuant to 35 U.S.C.
.sctn.119(e) to the following U.S. Provisional patent application
which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety
and made part of the present U.S. Utility patent application for
all purposes: [0009] 3.1. U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser.
No. 61/491,838, entitled "Media communications and signaling within
wireless communication systems," (Attorney Docket No. BP22744),
filed May 31, 2011, pending.
[0010] 4. U.S. Utility patent application Ser. No. 12/197,781,
entitled "Source Frame Adaptation and Matching optimally to Suit a
Recipient Video Device", filed on Aug. 25, 2008, pending.
INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE
[0011] The following standards/draft standards are hereby
incorporated herein by reference in their entirety and are made
part of the present U.S. Utility Patent Application for all
purposes:
[0012] 1. "WD3: Working Draft 3 of High-Efficiency Video Coding,
Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC)," of ITU-T SG16
WP3 and ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11, Thomas Wiegand, et al., 5.sup.th
Meeting: Geneva, CH, 16-23 March, 2011, Document: JCTVC-E603, 215
pages.
[0013] 2. International Telecommunication Union, ITU-T,
TELECOMMUNICATION STANDARDIZATION SECTOR OF ITU, H.264 (03/2010),
SERIES H: AUDIOVISUAL AND MULTIMEDIA SYSTEMS, Infrastructure of
audiovisual services--Coding of moving video, Advanced video coding
for generic audiovisual services, Recommendation ITU-T H.264, also
alternatively referred to as International Telecomm ISO/IEC
14496-10--MPEG-4 Part 10, AVC (Advanced Video Coding), H.264/MPEG-4
Part 10 or AVC (Advanced Video Coding), ITU H.264/MPEG4-AVC, or
equivalent.
INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE
[0014] The following IEEE standards/draft IEEE standards are hereby
incorporated herein by reference in their entirety and are made
part of the present U.S. Utility Patent Application for all
purposes:
[0015] 1. IEEE Std 802.11.TM.--2007, "IEEE Standard for Information
technology--Telecommunications and information exchange between
systems--Local and metropolitan area networks--Specific
requirements; Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and
Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications," IEEE Computer Society, IEEE
Std 802.11.TM.--2007, (Revision of IEEE Std 802.11-1999), 1233
pages.
[0016] 2. IEEE Std 802.11.TM.--2009, "IEEE Standard for Information
technology--Telecommunications and information exchange between
systems--Local and metropolitan area networks--Specific
requirements; Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and
Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications; Amendment 5: Enhancements for
Higher Throughput," IEEE Computer Society, IEEE Std
802.11n.TM.--2009, (Amendment to IEEE Std 802.11.TM.--2007 as
amended by IEEE Std 802.11k.TM.--2008, IEEE Std 802.11r.TM.--2008,
IEEE Std 802.11y.TM.--2008, and IEEE Std 802.11r.TM.--2009), 536
pages.
[0017] 3. IEEE P802.11ac.TM./D1.1, August 2011, "Draft STANDARD for
Information Technology--Telecommunications and information exchange
between systems--Local and metropolitan area networks--Specific
requirements, Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and
Physical Layer (PHY) specifications, Amendment 5: Enhancements for
Very High Throughput for Operation in Bands below 6 GHz," Prepared
by the 802.11 Working Group of the 802 Committee, 297 total pages
(pp. i-xxiii, 1-274).
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0018] 1. Technical Field of the Invention
[0019] The invention relates generally to wireless communication
systems; and, more particularly, it relates to adaptive video
encoding to accommodate video transmission over a packet-based,
lossy communication channel.
[0020] 2. Description of Related Art
[0021] Many approaches for improving video error
robustness/concealment have been proposed, and these approaches can
generally be divided into two groups. The first group is related to
network layer solutions that attempt to recover the error/packet
loss at packet layer, by providing an error free A/V stream to the
video decoder. Such solutions usually require redundant codes and
retransmissions. The second group is related to video layer
solutions, especially post-processing, that will accept a corrupted
video stream and try to mitigate gaps and mismatches in the decoded
video frames.
[0022] As may be understood, both of these groups (network layer
solutions and video layer solutions) have their strengths and
weaknesses. In particular, a heavily protected network layer might
be very robust and resilient to errors, but usually this is
accompanied by a reduction in the constant throughput of the
channel and/or an increase in the effective latency of the channel.
For the video layer, one of the primary considerations is the
overall user experience (e.g., the perceptual experience of a
user). Video should appear smooth and natural, even under variable
network conditions. Under variable channel conditions, providing an
acceptable user experience can be particularly challenging for
real-time (or near real-time) video streams, as both packet loss
and channel delay can have deleterious effects on perceived video
quality (e.g., blocking or blurring effects, video freezing or
jerkiness, and audio/video synchronization issues).
[0023] More particularly, during real-time video encoding and
transmission, a packet transmission incremental delay greater than
a frame interval might have the same effect as a dropped or lost
packet. The video decoder typically needs to decode and present
each video frame within a relatively short time period.
Consequently, if a packet is delayed too much over the network it
might be impossible to complete frame decoding in time for display.
If a delayed or dropped frame is also a reference frame for other
frames, decoding errors for multiple frames may occur. Particularly
in the context of wireless communications, the present art does not
provide an adequate means by which communication of media related
content may be effectuated in a robust, reliable, and perceptually
acceptable manner.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS
[0024] FIG. 1 is a block diagram representation of a video network
100 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
[0025] FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram illustrating encoding
and communication of a video stream by a wireless access device in
accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
[0026] FIG. 3 is a functional block diagram illustrating channel
throughput estimation and encoder bit rate adjustment in accordance
with an embodiment of the present invention.
[0027] FIG. 4 is an operational flow diagram illustrating a method
for adaptively encoding video in accordance with an embodiment of
the present invention.
[0028] FIG. 5 is a flow diagram illustrating a method for
adaptively adjusting an encoder bit rate in accordance with an
embodiment of the present invention.
[0029] FIG. 6 is a flow diagram illustrating a method for
adaptively adjusting an encoder bit rate based on average transmit
queue latency in accordance with an embodiment of the present
invention.
[0030] FIG. 7 is a flow diagram illustrating a method for
adaptively reducing an encoder bit rate in accordance with an
embodiment of the present invention.
[0031] FIG. 8 is a flow diagram illustrating a method for
adaptively increasing an encoder bit rate in accordance with an
embodiment of the present invention.
[0032] FIG. 9 is a flow diagram illustrating a method for channel
condition prediction employing a transmit queuing model in
accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
[0033] FIG. 10 is an illustration of various methods for scheduling
transition of a video stream in accordance with embodiments of the
present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0034] A novel approach is presented herein for optimizing video
transmission over a packet-based, lossy communication
medium/channel in order to improve the end user experience. The
novel approach utilizes average transmit queue latency information
to adaptively adjust video encoding parameters so that better error
concealment, error resilience and bandwidth usage is achievable
during, for example, real-time video encoding for packet network
transmission.
[0035] The present invention is generally related to digital video
compression, and generally applicable to video compression
standards, protocols, and/or recommended practices (e.g., MPEG-4
Part 2, H.264 (AVC), WMV, AVS, RealVideo and Quicktime, among
others). While the novel approach presented herein oftentimes
employs wireless packet-based transmissions in exemplary
embodiments (e.g., UDP/IP), the various aspects and principles, and
their equivalents, can also be extended generally to any network
transmission (regardless of the particular type of communication
medium being employed such as wired, wireless, optical, etc.) over
a communication channel that is lossy or variable.
[0036] Referring more specifically to the figures, FIG. 1 is a
block diagram representation of a video network 100 in accordance
with an embodiment of the present invention. The network 104
distributes information such as video content 108 from a video
source 102 to a wireless access device 106 for wireless
transmission to wireless video devices, such as video device 110
and mobile video device 112, over one or more wireless channels.
The video content 108 can include movies, television shows,
commercials or other advertisements, educational content, video
gaming content, infomercials, or other program content and
optionally additional data associated with such program content
including but not limited to digital rights management data,
control data, programming information, additional graphics data and
other data that can be transferred in association with program
content. Video content 108 can include video with or without
associated audio content. The video content 108 can be sent as
broadcast video, streaming video, video on demand and near video on
demand programming and/or other formats.
[0037] The network 104 can be a dedicated video distribution
network such as a direct broadcast satellite network or cable
television network that distributes video content 108 from a
plurality of video sources, including video source 102, to a
plurality of wireless access devices and, optionally, wired devices
over a wide geographic area. Alternatively, network 104 can be a
heterogeneous network that includes one or more segments of a
general purpose network such as the Internet, a metropolitan area
network, wide area network, local area network or other network and
optionally other networks such as an Internet protocol (IP)
television network. Over various portions of a given network, the
video content 108 can be carried as analog and/or digital signals
according to various recognized protocols.
[0038] Wireless access device 106 can include a base station or
access point that provides video content 108 to one or a plurality
of video subscribers over a wireless local area network (WLAN) such
as an 802.11a,b,g,n, WIMAX or other WLAN network, or a cellular
network such as a UMTS, EDGE, 3G, 4G or other cellular data
network. In addition, the wireless access device 106 can comprise a
home gateway, video distribution point in a dedicated video
distribution network or other wireless gateway for wirelessly
transmitting video content 108, either alone or in association with
other data, signals or services, to video device 110 and/or mobile
video device 112.
[0039] Mobile video device 112 can include a video enabled wireless
smartphone or other handheld communication device that is capable
of displaying video content. Video device 110 includes other video
display devices that may or may not be mobile including a
television coupled to a wireless receiver, a computer with wireless
connectivity via a wireless data card, wireless tuner, WLAN modem
or other wireless link or device that alone or in combination with
other devices is capable of receiving video content 108 from
wireless access device 106 and displaying and/or storing the video
content 108 for a user.
[0040] The network 104, wireless access device 106, video device
110 and/or mobile video device 112 include one or more features of
the present invention that will be described in greater detail in
conjunction with FIGS. 2-9 that follow.
[0041] FIG. 2 is a functional block diagram illustrating encoding
and communication of a video stream by a wireless access device in
accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. An encoder
rate adaptation function or layer 200 is shown that, in combination
with or as part of an encoder 204, is used by wireless access
device 106 to provide an encoded video stream 202 to a video device
110/mobile video device 112 over a wireless channel 226. Generally
speaking, when considering a communication system in which video
data is communicated wirelessly from one location, or subsystem, to
another, video data encoding may be viewed as being performed at a
transmitting side of the wireless channel 226, and video data
decoding may generally be viewed as being performed at a receiving
side of the wireless channel 226.
[0042] In the illustrated embodiment, video content is provided by
a video source 102 to the wireless access device 106 for encoding
(or further encoding or transcoding) and transmission. The video
content 108 may be communicated to the wireless access device 106
by various means/networks such as those described above. In one
embodiment, the video source 102 comprises a gaming console, cable
or satellite set top box, media server or the like that is coupled
to the wireless access device 106 by a standardized
interconnect/interface 212. The standardized interconnect/interface
212 may comprise, for example, an audio/video cable such as an HDMI
cable (in which case the wireless access device 106 may take the
form of a wireless dongle), a high bandwidth wireless link (e.g., a
WiGig or WirelessHD compliant link) capable of transmitting
uncompressed, standard or high definition video content, or various
combinations of such technologies.
[0043] Wireless access device 106 includes a video encoder(s) 204
that receives and encodes video content for transmission (in the
form of encoded video stream 202) by network interface 206 over
wireless channel 226. As described more fully below with reference
to FIG. 3, an encoder rate adaptation layer 200 communicates with
the video encoder(s) 204, including signals for adaptively altering
the encoding bit rate and/or other operative parameters of the
video encoder(s) 204. The encoder rate adaptation layer 200 is also
capable of receiving information from the network interface 206.
Such information can be used by the encoder rate adaptation layer
200 to generate estimates of the throughput of the wireless channel
226 under varying conditions in accordance with present
invention.
[0044] Encoded video content from the encoder 204 is provided to
network interface 206 for transmission to video device 110/mobile
video device 112 (hereinafter referred to collectively or in the
alternative as video device 110). In the disclosed embodiment, the
network interface 206 includes medium access control (MAC) 208 and
physical layer (PHY) 210 circuitry or functionality. A main purpose
of the MAC 208 is to allocate the bandwidth of the wireless channel
226 and coordinate access when multiple video devices 110/112 or
similar are sharing the channel. Among other functions, the PHY 210
establishes and terminates connections to the wireless channel 226.
In the disclosed embodiment, PHY 210 generates and transmits
modulated RF signals containing the encoded video stream 202 over
the wireless channel 226. As noted, the MAC 208 and PHY 210 may
operate in accordance with a wide variety of packet based
communication protocols, such as an IEEE 802.11 compliant
network.
[0045] In the illustrated video device 110, a network interface 214
receives RF signals (over the wireless channel 202) containing the
encoded video stream 202. The PHY 218, in cooperation with the MAC
216, then demodulates and down converts these RF signals to extract
the encoded video stream 202. In turn, the decoder 220 operates on
video data from the extracted video stream 202 to generate a
decoded video stream for display on a video display 222.
[0046] An optional interconnect/interface 224 (including, for
example, the various embodiments disclosed above in conjunction
with interconnect/interface 212) may be utilized to provide decoded
video content to, for example, a high definition television or
projection system. In such embodiments, as well as other
embodiments, the video display 222 may be part of or a separate
component from the video device 110. Further, the video device 110
may function as relay to other (mobile) video devices.
[0047] The network interface 214 of the disclosed embodiment also
provides various transmissions to the wireless access device 106
including, for example, signaling in accordance with an
acknowledgement (ACK/NACK) protocol 232, status information
relating to the operation of the PHY 218 (for example, bit error
rate before error correction or a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR)), and
decoder queuing information 234. Such receiver information/feedback
230, in conjunction with transmitter side channel throughput
indicia 302, may be utilized to generate estimates of current
and/or expected channel throughputs under a variety of operating
conditions.
[0048] Hereinafter, the terms "ACK", "acknowledgement", and "BA"
are all meant to be inclusive of either ACK or BA (block
acknowledgement) and equivalents. For example, even if only one of
ACK or BA is specifically referenced, such embodiments may be
equally adapted to any of ACK or BA and equivalents. One of the
benefits of video encoding in accordance with the present invention
may be a significant reduction in number of NACKs received by the
wireless access device 106. It is noted, however, that ACKs may not
provide an immediate indication of channel conditions when, for
example, an ACK is the result of successful error correction on the
receiving side of the wireless channel 226.
[0049] Video encoder 204 and encoder rate adaptation layer 200 can
be implemented in hardware, software or firmware. In particular
embodiments, the video encoder 204 and encoder rate adaptation
layer 200 can be implemented using one or more microprocessors,
microcomputers, central processing units, field programmable logic
devices, state machines, logic circuits, analog circuits, digital
circuits, and/or any devices that manipulate signals (analog and/or
digital) based on operational instructions that are stored in a
memory module. The function, steps and processes performed by video
encoder 204 or encoder rate adaptation layer 200 can be split
between different devices to provide greater computational speed
and/or efficiency. The associated memory module may be a single
memory device or a plurality of memory devices. Such a memory
device may be a read-only memory, random access memory, volatile
memory, non-volatile memory, static random access memory (SRAM),
dynamic random access memory (DRAM), flash memory, cache memory,
and/or any device that stores digital information. Note that when
the video encoder 204 and/or encoder rate adaptation layer 200
implement one or more of its functions via a state machine, analog
circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or logic circuitry, the memory
module storing the corresponding operational instructions may be
embedded within, or external to, the circuitry comprising the state
machine, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or logic
circuitry.
[0050] Further, within each of the wireless access device 106 and
video device 110/mobile video device 112, any desired integration
or combination may be implemented for the various components,
blocks, functional blocks, circuitries, etc. therein, and other
boundaries and groupings may alternatively be performed without
departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. For example,
all components within the network interface 206 may be included
within a first processing module or integrated circuit, and all
components within the network interface 214 may be included within
a second processing module or integrated circuit. Likewise, while
shown as separate from video source 102, encoder(s) 204 and encoder
rate adaptation layer 200 could be incorporated into video source
102 or other network element of network 100. Further, all or
portions of the encoder rate adaptation layer 200 may be
incorporated into the encoder 204.
[0051] FIG. 3 is a functional block diagram illustrating channel
throughput estimation and encoder bit rate adjustment in accordance
with an embodiment of the present invention. In the disclosed
embodiment, the encoder rate adaptation layer 200 operates to
adaptively effect alterations in the encoding parameters of the
encoder 204 in response to average transmit queue latency
information and (optionally) estimates of wireless channel
throughput based on at least one throughput indicia 302. The
combination of average transmit queue latency monitoring and
adaptive video encoding result in improved error concealment, error
resilience, ability to meet wireless latency requirements, and
bandwidth usage during, for example, real-time video encoding for
packet network transmission.
[0052] As noted, packet-based networks can provide high throughput,
but often cannot guarantee a combination of low transmission
delays, constant throughput and a low level of net data losses
under "noisy" channel conditions. Channel conditions can be
influenced by a variety of factors, including signal strength,
pattern noise (e.g., microwave bursts), interference from other
carriers, and network congestion on specific nodes. Transient
impulse noise can also have a short term detrimental effect on the
available bandwidth of a wireless channel. To the extent practical,
it may be advantageous to account for such impulse noise in order
to minimize unnecessary adjustments to encoding parameters.
[0053] The term channel throughput is used generally herein to
refer to an average useful bit rate (including link layer protocol
overhead) over the wireless channel 226. For real time streams such
as video, relevant throughput values may be subject to latency
constraints (effectively isochronous throughput) and have typical
values that are less than total throughput. Although throughput is
typically measured in bits per second (bps) or megabits per second
(Mbps), data packets per second or data packets per time interval
may also be used. Many factors (as generally represented by
throughput indicia 302 and receiver information 330) may impact
channel throughput and/or be utilized in accordance with the
present invention to generate an indication of channel throughput.
Such factors include PHY characteristics (e.g., operational
frequency/band), the selected modulation and coding scheme (MCS),
the size of the MAC protocol data units (MPDUs) and the use of
packet aggregation, supported PHY rates of the transmission
protocol, channel bandwidth (e.g., 20/40 MHz), guard intervals
(GIs), the relevant transmission acknowledgment policy (e.g.,
Normal ACK/NACK, B-ACK (Block Acknowledgment) or aggregated
acknowledgment, No-ACK), average size of the data (e.g., MPDUs) in
an encoded stream, channel load, the number of transmit streams,
etc. Such channel/transmission characteristics could further
include a raw bit error rate, packet error rate, power mode
information, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), packet retransmission
rate, and various reception parameters or other metrics that
describe the ability of the RF channel to effectively send the
encoded video stream 202 to the video device 110. Channel
throughput estimation in accordance with various embodiments of the
present invention may utilize one or more indicia of the above
channel characteristics. Use of a relatively large number of
indicia may increase the precision of the channel throughput
estimation model.
[0054] In the illustrated encoder rate adaptation layer 200,
various throughput indicia 302 are congregated and analyzed by a
channel throughput estimation 300 function. The channel throughput
estimation 300 utilizes the received throughput indicia 302 to
generate channel throughput estimations. Such estimations may
include, for example, expected supportable throughputs for a
plurality of supported PHY data rates (PHY rate), or a revised
throughput estimation for a given PHY rate based on changes in the
throughput indicia 302. Output from the channel throughput
estimation 300 process is provided to encoder bit rate adjustment
304 functionality for use in adaptively altering one or more
encoding parameters (e.g., bit rate) of the encoder 204.
[0055] Throughput indicia 302 may include status information
relating to one or more of channel bandwidth/GI 314, acknowledgment
policy parameters 316, packetizer parameters 318, channel load 320,
gain estimate 322 from, for example, a multi-variable common
filter, etc. Although useful estimation is possible by utilizing a
relatively small set of inputs such as those listed above, use of a
larger number of inputs may generally increase precision of the
model.
[0056] While the illustrated throughput indicia 302 are generally
available from network interface 206 itself, channel estimation
according to certain embodiments may also utilize various receiver
information/feedback 330. For example, raw bit error rate
information or other short term feedback from a receiving device(s)
(such as video device 110 or mobile video device 112) could be used
in the channel throughput estimation 300 process. Information from
the receiving device can be communicated, for example, in periodic
action frames or through other frame types/subtypes.
[0057] In the illustrated embodiment of FIG. 3, an average queuing
delay monitor 312 functions to provide transmit queue delay
information from a MAC data queue 310 to encoder bit rate
adjustment 304. As will be appreciated with reference to the
exemplary embodiments of FIGS. 5-9, the transmit queue delay
information can be used separately or in conjunction with the
throughput indicia 302, receiver information/feedback 330,
estimated throughput table 306 and/or PHY rate 308 to adaptively
adjust one or more encoding parameters (e.g., bit rate) of the
encoder 204.
[0058] Encoder bit rate adjustment 304 in accordance with the
illustrated embodiment may utilize one or more estimated throughput
table(s) 306 generated by the channel throughput estimation 300
process. An exemplary estimated throughput table 306 (Table 1) is
shown below. In this embodiment, estimated target throughput rates
(Tr) are calculated for a variety of modulation and coding schemes
(MCSs) supported by the wireless access device 106. Supported MCSs
may comprise all or a subset of MCSs specified by a given
communication standard (e.g., IEEE 802.11n). The value of an
estimated Tr corresponding to a particular MCS generally reflects
an estimated upper limit for the throughput rate of the wireless
channel 226, with a possible reduction(s) for desensitization
purposes, and is generally less than the relevant associated
maximum PHY rate. Tr values may be influenced by a number of
throughput indicia 302, including but not limited to channel
bandwidth, ACK policy, aggregation parameters, channel load
(possibly including channel load measured by an associated BSS),
etc.
TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 1 Estimated Throughput Table ESTIMATED TARGET
MCS THROUGHPUT RATE (Tr) 0 10 Mbps 1 20 Mbps 2 30 Mbps 3 40 Mbps 4
55 Mbps 5 65 Mbps 6 68 Mbps 7 70 Mbps 8 22 Mbps 9 40 Mbps 10 52
Mbps 11 62 Mbps 12 68 Mbps 13 100+ Mbps 14 100+ Mbps 15 100+
Mbps
[0059] In the embodiment of FIG. 3, the estimated throughput table
306 or equivalent may be a static table in which the throughput
indicia 302 and/or receiver feedback 330 relied upon to construct
the table are held to fixed values, or a dynamic table that is
refreshed following a change in one or more throughput indicia 302.
Events that trigger a refresh in the Tr values of the estimated
throughput table 306 could include, for example, one or more of the
following: enablement/disablement of MPDU aggregation; a change in
the maximum number of aggregates or aggregation density; a new or
revised acknowledgement policy (e.g., new block acknowledgement
window size); changes in operational frequency/band; a new channel
bandwidth (e.g., 20/40 MHz) and/or guard interval; variations in
the average size of the data (MPDU) of the encoded video stream
202; fluctuations in channel load or the number of transmit
streams; etc. The estimated throughput table 306 may be utilized by
encoder bit rate adjustment 304 to cause one or more adjustments,
including incremental or stepwise adjustments, to the encoding bit
rate of encoder 204 such that it more closely supports the
estimated target throughput rates (Tr) associated with a current or
anticipated PHY rate/MCS value. The PHY rate may be adaptively
selected by a PHY rate selection algorithm/process (not separately
illustrated). An exemplary embodiment of encoder bit rate
adjustment utilizing an estimated throughput table 306 is described
in conjunction with FIG. 5.
[0060] FIG. 4 is an operational flow diagram in accordance with an
embodiment of the present invention illustrating a method for
adaptively encoding a video stream for transmission over a wireless
channel. As shown in step 400, the method comprises receiving at
least one indicia of the throughput of a wireless channel that is
available for the pending or continuing transmission of video
stream. Next, in step 402, one or more estimates of the upcoming
throughput of the wireless channel are generated based, at least in
part, on the received throughput indicia. In turn, the estimate of
upcoming throughput is utilized in step 404 to adjust an encoding
parameter of the encoder for the video stream. The encoding
parameter may comprise, for example, an encoding bit rate or frame
rate that is altered in order to better match expected channel
throughput under a variety of operating conditions and PHY rates.
In the case of frame rate alterations, consideration of other
encoder parameters may improve results. Although various
embodiments according to the invention are disclosed herein,
variations thereof and other alternate embodiments and equivalents
may be performed without departing from the scope and spirit of the
invention.
[0061] Referring now to FIG. 5, a method is illustrated for
adaptively adjusting an encoder bit rate for a video stream in
accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in
step 500, transmitter side indicia of available throughput of a
wireless channel are used to generate one or more target encoder
rates (Tr), each Tr value corresponding to a supported PHY data
rate selection for the wireless channel. Multiple Tr values may be
tabulated, for example in an estimated throughput table 306, for
immediate access by encoder bit rate adjustment functionality.
[0062] Following detection of a new or pending PHY data rate
(Pr)/MCS selection for the wireless channel in step 502 (e.g., in
accordance with a standardized communication protocol or separate
PHY data rate selection process), the method continues in step 504
and an estimated target encoder rate Tr is identified for the
subject Pr value. Note that step 502 may be omitted following an
initial determination of Tr values. As shown in step 506, the
method next compares the identified Tr value to the current encoder
bit rate (Er) (calculated in Mbps in the illustrated
embodiment).
[0063] If the current encoder bit rate Er is greater than the Tr
value, the encoder bit rate is reduced in step 508, thereby
effectively increasing the compression ratio of the video stream in
order to improve utilization of the anticipated throughput of the
wireless channel. Reduction of encoder bit rate may occur in one or
more adjustments, including incremental or stepwise
adjustments.
[0064] If the current encoder bit rate Er is not greater than the
Tr value as determined in step 506, the encoder bit rate is left
unchanged or, alternatively, increased as shown in step 510. An
increase in encoder bit rate to better approximate the Tr value
will effectively decrease the compression ratio of the video
stream, ordinarily resulting in improved utilization of any excess
available throughput in the wireless channel.
[0065] Increases in encoder bit rate may occur in one or more
adjustments, including incremental or stepwise adjustments.
Anticipation of channel deterioration and/or prospective PHY rates
in accordance with the invention may be advantageously employed,
for example, to modify an encoder bit rate prior to an actual
change in PHY data rate, thereby potentially avoiding excessive
buffering of video data.
[0066] In one embodiment according to the present invention, the
estimated throughput table 306 or equivalent is computed
dynamically as shown generally by step 512. In step 512, which may
occur at other points in the illustrated method, estimated target
encoder rates are refreshed following a change in one or more
throughput indicia 302 as described above in conjunction with FIG.
3. In the disclosed embodiment, step 504 is repeated following an
update to Tr value(s) in step 512. In this embodiment, adjustments
to an encoder bit rate can thus occur following a new or pending
PHY data rate selection, or a change in indicia of available
throughput.
[0067] In addition to or in lieu of encoder bit rate parameters,
estimated channel throughput information may be used to adjust
other video encoding parameters, such frame rate or use of
different frame types. For example, the use of intra-frame
prediction in the video coding process might be restricted for
estimated channel throughputs or expected PHY data rates below a
certain threshold. For such estimated channel throughputs or PHY
data rates, the video encoder could be instructed to make greater
use of inter-frame prediction in order to improve channel
utilization. Additional such embodiments are described below in
conjunction with FIG. 10.
[0068] FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment of a method for adaptively
adjusting an encoder bit rate based on average transmit queue
latency in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
The disclosed method is utilized during the transmission of a video
stream having a relatively constant encoded bit rate (step 600).
During transmission of such video streams, the MAC transmit queue
depth/latency of the transmitting device will often increase in
response to deteriorating channel capacity. Although the
illustrated method operates on a single video stream, the method is
similarly applicable to the transmission of multiple video streams
to one or more receiving devices. In such embodiments, transmit
queue depth may be tracked on a per stream basis and/or per device
basis. Further, the method of FIG. 6 may be utilized separately
and/or in combination with other adaptive encoding methods and
systems, including the novel methods disclosed above.
[0069] Referring now to step 602, the MAC transmit data queue is
monitored for purposes of generating/maintaining an indication of
the average transmit queue latency for a portion of the video
stream. An exemplary embodiment of step 602 is illustrated in FIG.
9. Next, in step 604, the average transmit queue latency (or
indication thereof) is compared to a predetermined threshold. The
predetermined threshold may reflect, for example, a maximum
tolerable average queue depth beyond which video data is likely to
be lost or unacceptably delayed under certain channel conditions.
Similarly, the predetermined threshold may reflect a minimum
tolerable average queue depth (possibly indicating wireless channel
throughput underutilization) or average tolerable queue depth.
[0070] If the average transmit queue latency exceeds the
predetermined threshold as determined in step 604, the encoding bit
rate (or related encoding parameter) is adjusted in step 606. For
example, the encoding bit rate may be lowered or raised as
necessary to decrease or increase the transmit queue depth to a
desired level. If the average transmit queue latency does not
exceed the predetermined threshold as determined in step 604, or
following step 606, the method returns to step 602 for continued
monitoring of the transmit data queue in step 602.
[0071] In one embodiment of the method, prior indication(s) of
average transmit queue latency are optionally flushed in step 608
if the encoding bit rate of the video stream is adjusted, including
in step 606. It is contemplated that step 608 may also be
triggered, for example, by changes in transmitter side channel
throughput indicia and/or feedback from a device receiving the
video stream.
[0072] FIG. 7 is a flow diagram illustrating a method for
adaptively reducing an encoder bit rate in accordance with an
embodiment of the present invention. As shown in step 700, an
average transmit queue latency value is first determined. Next, in
step 702, this value is compared to a predetermined maximum
tolerated delay threshold.
[0073] If the average transmit queue latency value is less than the
predetermined maximum tolerated delay threshold, no resultant
adjustments are made to the encoder bit rate (Er) as shown in step
708. If the average transmit queue latency value is found to exceed
the predetermined maximum tolerated delay threshold, the method
continues by calculating (or retrieving, in the case of
predetermined Er data) a new encoder bit rate (Er') that is likely
to result in reduced transmit queue latency. Subsequently, in step
706, the encoder bit rate for the video stream is adjusted to match
the new encoder bit rate Er', effectively lowering the bit rate of
the video stream for purposes of reducing the average transmit
queue latency.
[0074] FIG. 8 is a flow diagram illustrating a method for
adaptively increasing an encoder bit rate in accordance with an
embodiment of the present invention. As shown in step 800, an
average transmit queue latency value is first determined. Next, in
step 802, this value is compared to a predetermined minimum
tolerated delay threshold.
[0075] If the average transmit queue latency value is greater than
the predetermined minimum tolerated delay threshold, no resultant
adjustments are made to the encoder bit rate (Er) as shown in step
808. If the average transmit queue latency value is found to be
less than the predetermined minimum tolerated delay threshold, the
method continues by calculating (or retrieving, in the case of
predetermined Er data) a new encoder bit rate (Er') that is likely
to result in increased transmit queue latency. Subsequently, in
step 806, the encoder bit rate for the video stream is adjusted to
match the new encoder bit rate Er', effectively increasing the bit
rate of the encoded video, improving the typical quality of the
video stream, and increasing the average transmit queue latency in
order to more fully utilize the bandwidth of the associated
wireless channel.
[0076] The value of Er' in the methods of FIGS. 7 and 8 may be
selected, for example, in an effort to match the transmit queue
latency with an "average tolerable delay" threshold that is between
the maximum and minimum tolerable queue delay thresholds. In
addition, statistics for average transmit queue latency may be
maintained on a per access category basis and/or by traffic ID or
equivalents. Further, in order to minimize the possibility or
frequency of application-rate-oscillations, the disclosed methods
may be implemented such that alterations to an encoding parameter
are only permitted on a periodic basis.
[0077] FIG. 9 is a flow diagram illustrating a method for channel
condition estimation employing a transmit queuing model in
accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. The
illustrated method may be utilized, for example, in an exemplary
embodiment of step 602 (monitoring a MAC transmit data queue to
generate an indication of the average transmit queue latency for a
portion of a video stream).
[0078] Referring first to step 900, individual or aggregated video
packets in an encoded video stream are marked with an indication of
the time at which the respective packets are generated or submitted
for transmission over a wireless channel. In one embodiment, for
example, MAC protocol data units (MPDUs) or the like are marked
with an additional field in the transmit descriptor portion of the
header in order track frame submission time. The frame submission
time is utilized to calculate the delay between the frame
submission and completion/acknowledgement of transmission
(including, for example, inter-frame-spacing, any retransmission
time, B/ACK duration, and protection duration).
[0079] Video packets, including marked video packets, are next
transmitted over a wireless channel for receipt by a video device
in step 902. Next, the method resumes in step 904, and transmission
delays for the marked video packets are calculated by comparing
frame submission times and associated transmission acknowledgement
indications. The calculated transmission delays are subsequently
used in step 906 to generate and/or maintain average transmit queue
latency information relating to one or more video streams. A delay
value may be automatically assigned for packets which are not
successfully delivered (e.g., no acknowledgement is received prior
to packet expiration or following a maximum number of
retransmission attempts). The delay value may correspond, for
example, to an associated media frame duration.
[0080] In addition to adaptive encoder rate adjustment and the
alternate embodiments of the invention described above (e.g.,
alteration of frame rate or the use/frequency of predictive
frames), it is contemplated that channel throughput estimation
according to the present invention may be used for additional or
alternate purposes. By way of example, channel throughput
estimation according to the invention may be utilized to govern or
modify wireless quality of service (QoS) parameters, employment of
CDMA or other coding overhead, schedule changes to decoder
configuration (e.g., following a change in encoder bit rate or use
of predictive frames), restrict the use of inter/intra-frame
prediction in the video coding process, adaptively alter display
mode configurations, etc.
[0081] Referring now to FIG. 10, various exemplary methods are
illustrated for scheduling transition of a video stream in response
to, for example, a pending change in encoder bit rate. Such
scheduling may be employed to minimize the visual impact of
modifications to encoding parameters, transmission parameters, etc.
In the illustrated embodiments, scheduling operations are employed
following identification (step 1000) of a new or pending PHY data
rate selection and/or alteration of encoder parameter(s). Step 1000
may alternatively comprise a separate examination of fixed and/or
variable thresholds such as those described herein.
[0082] If time permits, scheduling transition of a video stream may
involve an evaluation of various available delivery approaches and
configurations such as those described below. Alternatively,
transitions may be scheduled immediately, and may involve
identification of previously transmitted video packets that should
be discarded (assuming the relevant decoder is not capable of
making such determinations).
[0083] Referring more specifically to step 1002, the transmitting
device (possibly in conjunction with a recipient device) determines
a suitable time or position in the pertinent video stream for
scheduling a transition. As illustrated in blocks 1004 and 1006,
such scheduling may involve an examination of a recipient device
buffer and/or be based, at least in part, on the rate of channel
deterioration/improvement.
[0084] Scheduled transitioning of a video stream to address changes
in operating conditions may be accomplished by a variety of methods
or combination of methods, such as those illustrated by blocks
1008, 1010, 1012 and 1014. In the exemplary embodiment of block
1008, transitioning of a video stream involves selectively
transmitting or forcing intra-frames/streams to a recipient device
in an attempt to improve the decoding process when, for example, a
temporary disruption(s) in the video stream may result from
alteration in the encoding process, transmission parameters, etc.
It is noted that switching between intra-prediction and
inter-prediction may be performed generally in accordance with a
step function. In other embodiments, switching between these
respective operational modes may be performed incrementally through
a series of step-wise, gradual changes in order to achieve a
desired level of the smoothness in the transition. Various
exemplary approaches for switching between operational modes are
described in certain of the documents incorporated by reference
herein.
[0085] In other embodiments, decoding functionality of a recipient
device may be instructed to propagate the last received intra-frame
until the next intra-frame is received, or commence other available
error concealment actions. Alternatively, or in combination, the
transmitting device may retransmit a select portion(s) of the video
stream. In such an embodiment, decoding functionality of the
recipient device may further preferentially drop certain received
portions of the video stream (e.g., in order to mitigate possible
propagation of decoding errors that might otherwise occur during a
transition) or undertake other available error concealment
actions.
[0086] As shown in block 1010, scheduled transitioning of a video
stream may comprise alterations to the characteristics and/or
contents of a transmit queue of the transmitting device. For
example, transmission of queued video packets may be temporarily
suspended. Alternatively, certain video packets (such as those
corresponding to intra-frames) may be identified for
retransmission, possibly in lieu of other video packets in the
transmission queue.
[0087] In the embodiment of block 1012, transitioning of a video
stream may involve re-encoding or transcoding video packets for
transmission during the transition period. By way of example,
select motion compensation information in the encoded video stream
may be re-encoded or transcoded to compensate for packets that
might be lost, dropped or delayed.
[0088] In yet another embodiment, illustrated by block 1014, the
transition process may involve transmission of a separate video
stream that is related to the source video for the incumbent or
default video stream. This separate video stream may comprise, for
example, relevant portions of the source video that are encoded at
a higher or lower resolution than the incumbent video stream.
[0089] It is noted that the various modules and/or circuitries
(e.g., encoding modules and/or circuitries, decoding modules and/or
circuitries, encoder rate adaptation modules and/or circuitries,
etc.) described herein may be a single processing device or a
plurality of processing devices. Such a processing device may be a
microprocessor, micro-controller, digital signal processor,
microcomputer, central processing unit, field programmable gate
array, programmable logic device, state machine, logic circuitry,
analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or any device that
manipulates signals (analog and/or digital) based on operational
instructions. The operational instructions may be stored in a
memory. The memory may be a single memory device or a plurality of
memory devices. Such a memory device may be a read-only memory
(ROM), random access memory (RAM), volatile memory, non-volatile
memory, static memory, dynamic memory, flash memory, and/or any
device that stores digital information. It is also noted that when
the processing module implements one or more of its functions via a
state machine, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or logic
circuitry, the memory storing the corresponding operational
instructions may be embedded with the circuitry comprising the
state machine, analog circuitry, digital circuitry, and/or logic
circuitry. In such an embodiment, a memory stores, and a processing
module coupled thereto executes, operational instructions
corresponding to at least some of the steps and/or functions
illustrated and/or described herein.
[0090] It is also noted that any of the connections or couplings
between the various modules, circuits, functional blocks,
components, devices, etc. within any of the various diagrams or as
described herein may be differently implemented in different
embodiments. For example, in one embodiment, such connections or
couplings may be direct connections or direct couplings there
between. In another embodiment, such connections or couplings may
be indirect connections or indirect couplings there between (e.g.,
with one or more intervening components there between). Of course,
certain other embodiments may have some combinations of such
connections or couplings therein such that some of the connections
or couplings are direct, while others are indirect. Different
implementations may be employed for effectuating communicative
coupling between modules, circuits, functional blocks, components,
devices, etc. without departing from the scope and spirit of the
invention.
[0091] Various aspects of the present invention have also been
described above with the aid of method steps illustrating the
performance of specified functions and relationships thereof. The
boundaries and sequence of these functional building blocks and
method steps have been arbitrarily defined herein for convenience
of description. Alternate boundaries and sequences can be defined
so long as the specified functions and relationships are
appropriately performed. Any such alternate boundaries or sequences
are thus within the scope and spirit of the claimed invention.
[0092] Various aspects of the present invention have been described
above with the aid of functional building blocks illustrating the
performance of certain significant functions. The boundaries of
these functional building blocks have been arbitrarily defined for
convenience of description. Alternate boundaries could be defined
as long as the certain significant functions are appropriately
performed. Similarly, flow diagram blocks may also have been
arbitrarily defined herein to illustrate certain significant
functionality. To the extent used, the flow diagram block
boundaries and sequence could have been defined otherwise and still
perform the certain significant functionality. Such alternate
definitions of both functional building blocks and flow diagram
blocks and sequences are thus within the scope and spirit of the
claimed invention.
[0093] One of average skill in the art will also recognize that the
functional building blocks, and other illustrative blocks, modules
and components herein, can be implemented as illustrated or by
discrete components, application specific integrated circuits,
processors executing appropriate software and the like or any
combination thereof.
[0094] Moreover, although described in detail for purposes of
clarity and understanding by way of the aforementioned embodiments,
various aspects of the present invention are not limited to such
embodiments. It will be obvious to one of average skill in the art
that various changes and modifications may be practiced within the
spirit and scope of the invention, as limited only by the scope of
the appended claims.
* * * * *