U.S. patent application number 12/264164 was filed with the patent office on 2009-02-26 for flexible electrophoretic-type display.
This patent application is currently assigned to Palo Alto Research Center Incorporated. Invention is credited to Jurgen Daniel, Brent S. Krusor.
Application Number | 20090051646 12/264164 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 36595141 |
Filed Date | 2009-02-26 |
United States Patent
Application |
20090051646 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Daniel; Jurgen ; et
al. |
February 26, 2009 |
Flexible Electrophoretic-Type Display
Abstract
An electrophoretic-type display device including an array of
microcells, where each microcell is formed by a microwell
containing a quantity of ink and a polymer-based membrane connected
to upper edges of the microwell. The membrane is formed by curing
an aqueous or hydroalcoholic sealing solution that is overcoated on
the ink-filled microwells. The ink includes an isoparaffinic-based
or oil-based suspension fluid, and the peripheral side walls of the
microwell have a surface energy in the range of 20 to 30 mN/m. The
microwell material serves two purposes: to prevent displacement
(floating) of the relatively light ink solution above the
relatively heavy sealing solution, and to facilitate reliable
attachment between the polymer membrane and microwell walls during
subsequent curing.
Inventors: |
Daniel; Jurgen; (Mountain
View, CA) ; Krusor; Brent S.; (Fremont, CA) |
Correspondence
Address: |
BEVER, HOFFMAN & HARMS, LLP
2099 GATEWAY PLACE, SUTE 320
SAN JOSE
CA
95110
US
|
Assignee: |
Palo Alto Research Center
Incorporated
Palo Alto
CA
|
Family ID: |
36595141 |
Appl. No.: |
12/264164 |
Filed: |
November 3, 2008 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
11018185 |
Dec 20, 2004 |
7463409 |
|
|
12264164 |
|
|
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|
Current U.S.
Class: |
345/107 |
Current CPC
Class: |
G02F 1/1675 20190101;
G02F 1/167 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
345/107 |
International
Class: |
G09G 3/34 20060101
G09G003/34 |
Claims
1. A display device including a plurality of microcells, each
microcell comprising: a microwell including a lower wall and one or
more peripheral side walls extending upward from the lower wall; an
ink solution contained within the microwell, the ink solution
including a suspension fluid; and a membrane attached to upper
edges of the peripheral side walls such that the ink solution is
sealed inside of a chamber defined by the membrane and the lower
wall and peripheral side walls of the microwell, wherein the
membrane comprises at least one of an alkylester of PVM/MA
copolymer, a PVP/VA copolymer, and a silicone copolyol.
2. The display device according to claim 1, wherein the peripheral
side walls of the microwell comprise a surface energy in the range
of 20 to 30 mN/m.
3. The display device according to claim 1, wherein the microwell
has a width in the range of 10.sup.2 to 10.sup.3 microns, and a
height in the range of 5 to 1000 microns.
4. The display device according to claim 1, wherein the wall
material comprises one of a curable polymer and an epoxy-type,
near-UV photoresist.
5. The display device according to claim 1, wherein the suspension
fluid comprises one of a silicone-based oil and ISOPAR.
6. The display device according to claim 1, wherein the ink
solution comprises one of an electrophoretic ink and a
magnetophoretic ink.
7. A display device including a plurality of microcells, each
microcell comprising: a microwell including a lower wall and one or
more peripheral side walls extending upward from the lower wall; an
ink solution contained within the microwell, the ink solution
including a plurality of particles in a suspension fluid; and a
polymer-based membrane attached to upper edges of the peripheral
side walls such that the ink solution is sealed inside of a chamber
defined by the membrane and the lower wall and peripheral side
walls of the microwell, wherein the suspension fluid comprises one
of an isoparaffinic-based solvent and a silicone oil-based solvent,
and wherein the membrane comprises at least one of an alkylester of
PVM/MA copolymer, a PVP/VA copolymer, and a silicone copolyol.
8. The display device according to claim 7, wherein the peripheral
side walls of the microwell comprise a surface energy in the range
of 20 to 30 mN/m.
9. The display device according to claim 7, wherein the microwell
has a width in the range of 10.sup.2 to 10.sup.3 microns, and a
height in the range of 5 to 1000 microns.
10. The display device according to claim 7, wherein the wall
material comprises one of a curable polymer and an epoxy-type,
near-UV photoresist.
11. The display device according to claim 7, wherein the suspension
fluid comprises one of a silicone-based oil and ISOPAR.
12. The display device according to claim 7, wherein the ink
solution comprises one of an electrophoretic ink and a
magnetophoretic ink.
13. A display device including a plurality of microcells, each
microcell comprising: a microwell including a lower wall and one or
more peripheral side walls extending upward from the lower wall;
one of an electrophoretic ink and a magnetophoretic ink contained
within the microwell; and a membrane attached to upper edges of the
peripheral side walls such that said one of said electrophoretic
ink and a magnetophoretic ink is sealed inside of a chamber defined
by the membrane and the lower wall and peripheral side walls of the
microwell, wherein the membrane comprises at least one of an
alkylester of PVM/MA copolymer, a PVP/VA copolymer, and a silicone
copolyol.
14. The display device according to claim 13, wherein the
peripheral side walls of the microwell comprise a surface energy in
the range of 20 to 30 mN/m.
15. The display device according to claim 13, wherein the microwell
has a width in the range of 10.sup.2 to 10.sup.3 microns, and a
height in the range of 5 to 1000 microns.
16. The display device according to claim 13, wherein the wall
material comprises one of a curable polymer and an epoxy-type,
near-UV photoresist.
17. The display device according to claim 13, wherein said one of
said electrophoretic ink and a magnetophoretic ink comprises one of
a silicone-based oil and ISOPAR.
Description
RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application
Ser. No. 11/018,185, entitled "Flexible Electrophoretic-Type
Display" filed Dec. 20, 2004.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] 1. Field of the Invention
[0003] The present invention is directed to non-emissive display
devices, and more particularly to flexible particle-based display
devices.
[0004] 2. Related Art
[0005] An electrophoretic display represents one type of
particle-based, non-emissive display device that includes an array
of several thousand independently addressable microcells, each
microcell containing a small quantity of electrophoretic ink that
is held between a pair of opposed, spaced-apart plate-like
electrodes. Each microcell is typically several 10s to 100s of
microns in size. The electrophoretic ink includes charged pigment
particles suspended in a dyed suspension fluid that is maintained
in an enclosed cell region between the electrodes. At least one of
the two electrodes is transparent so that the state of the ink can
be viewed through the transparent electrode. When a voltage
difference is imposed between the two electrodes, the pigment
particles migrate to the electrode having a polarity opposite that
stored by the pigment particles, thereby facilitating changes in
the color displayed through the transparent electrode by
selectively changing the electrode polarity. For example, applying
a first (e.g., high) voltage potential to the transparent electrode
and an opposite (e.g., low) voltage potential to the second
electrode causes the pigment particles of a 1-particle ink to
migrate to the transparent electrode, thus producing a displayed
color that is determined by the pigment particles. Reversal of
plate polarity causes the pigment particles to migrate to the
second electrode, thereby changing the color appearing on the
transparent electrode to that of the dyed suspension fluid.
Intermediate color density (or shades of grey) may be obtained by
varying the electrode polarity (voltage pulse length and
amplitude), thus causing different numbers of pigment particles to
migrate toward the transparent electrode. When a 2-particle ink is
used, oppositely charged ink particles of different colors migrate
to the opposite electrodes depending upon the applied polarity. The
display may also contain electrophoretic inks with more than two
particles as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,017,584.
[0006] Magnetophoretic displays are another type of particle-based
display that utilize a magnetophoretic ink including, for example,
dark magnetizable particles suspended in a solution of white
non-magnetic particles. The magnetizable particles can be, for
example, iron or magnetite particles, and the white particles can
be titania based particles or other light-scattering particles. The
suspension fluid may be clear, and an added surfactant may be added
to help maintain a good dispersion. Upon application of a magnetic
field gradient (e.g. by a magnetic needle) the magnetic particles
move in the direction of a higher magnetic field strength. This is
the principle of a MagnaDoodle display
(http://www.howstuffworks.com/magna-doodle6.htm)).
[0007] Other particle-based (emissive) displays may consist of
suspended fluorescent or phosphorescent particles in which the
fluorescence or phosphorescence may be activated by, for example,
ultraviolet (UV) light.
[0008] With the increase in the demand for flexible (e.g.,
computer) displays or electric paper, there has arisen a need for
particle-based (e.g., electrophoretic or magnetophoretic) displays
in which the particle-based ink (e.g., electrophoretic or
magnetophoretic ink) is reliably sealed between two flexible
substrates. Adjacent microcells of flexible electrophoretic
displays are typically separated by vertical side walls to prevent
settling and agglomeration of the particles, and serve as spacers
between the two opposing electrodes. The height of the microcells
is typically in the range of about 5 microns to about 200 microns
(particularly in the case of magnetophoretic displays the height
may be bigger, e.g., in the range of 500 microns-to one
millimeter). It is particularly important for flexible
electrophoretic displays to provide segmented microcells so that
the ink cannot move between the cells. Otherwise the moving liquid
would destroy the written image upon bending the display.
Furthermore, paths between the cells tend to cause particle
concentration gradients.
[0009] Conventional methods for producing flexible electrophoretic
displays typically include forming five-sided (open-topped)
microwells on a flexible base sheet, inserting a small quantity of
electrophoretic ink into each microwell, and then forming an upper
flexible membrane that attaches to the upper walls of the microwell
to seal the electrophoretic ink. The key to successfully producing
flexible electrophoretic displays by this method is to form the
upper flexible membrane, which is usually liquid (viscous) or at
least tacky in the uncured form, without displacing the ink in the
open microwells, or causing the adhesive to interact with the ink
in an undesirable manner (e.g., contaminating the ink such that
agglomeration occurs).
[0010] One conventional approach that addresses the problem of
forming membranes without displacing the ink is to utilize a thin
layer of a relatively low specific gravity adhesive (or, generally
speaking, an "uncured polymer") that floats on a relatively high
specific gravity ink. In one version of this method, the ink is
inserted in the microwells, the adhesive is dispensed over the
filled microcells, and then the adhesive is cured to form a
membrane. In a second version, the ink and adhesive are mixed, the
mixture is inserted into the microwells and allowed to
phase-separate (i.e., the adhesive floats to the top of the ink),
and then the adhesive is cured to form a membrane.
[0011] A problem with the conventional methods for forming flexible
electrophoretic displays is that, by requiring the ink to be
relatively heavy (i.e., to have a relatively high specific
gravity), the conventional methods require the use of relatively
costly or hazardous ink types, such as fluorocarbon or
solvent-based inks. That is, the success of these conventional
methods depends strongly on the chemical and physical properties of
the ink and the sealing layer compound, and as such require the use
of high specific gravity ink solvents that are relatively
hazardous, thus increasing the risk of injury during both
production and after-sale use.
[0012] What is needed is a method for reliably producing flexible
particle-based display devices that facilitates the beneficial use
of low-cost, relatively non-hazardous, low specific gravity inks.
What is also needed is a low-cost particle-based display produced
by such a method.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0013] The present invention is directed to a particle-based (e.g.,
electrophoretic or magnetophoretic) display device including an
array of microcells containing a particle-based ink having a low
specific gravity (e.g., isoparaffinic-based or oil-based)
suspension fluid, and sealed with a polymer-based membrane. To
overcome the problems of conventional electrophoretic display
production methods, the microwell is formed such that a surface of
the microwell wall (i.e., either the material forming the wall
structure or a surface coating or surface treatment) has a surface
energy preferably in the range of 20 to 30 mN/m, and the polymer
membrane is formed by overcoating ink-filled microwells with a
sealing solution including a polymer suspended in an aqueous or
hydroalcoholic solvent. By providing the microwell walls with the
desired surface energy, the microwell walls are sufficiently
attractive to the isoparaffinic/oil-based suspension fluid that
they prevent "floating" of the ink above the aqueous/hydroalcoholic
sealing solution. In addition, microwell walls having this surface
energy are sufficiently attractive to the aqueous/hydroalcoholic
sealing solution such that a reliable connection is established
between the polymer and the microwell walls, thereby facilitating
the reliable production of high quality particle-based display
devices.
[0014] According to another embodiment of the present invention, a
method for producing particle-based display devices includes
forming an array of microwells, substantially filling the
microwells with an ink solution including pigment particles
suspended in an isoparaffinic/oil-based suspension fluid, and then
overcoating the filled microwells with a sealing solution including
a polymer suspended in an aqueous or hydroalcoholic solvent. The
use of relatively light ink and relatively heavy sealing solvent is
facilitated by forming or coating/treating the microwell walls such
that the walls are sufficiently compatible with both the ink and
the sealing solution as to both prevent "floating" of the ink, and
to promote secure attachment of the polymer membrane formed as the
aqueous/hydroalcoholic solvent evaporates from the sealing solution
during subsequent curing.
[0015] In one specific embodiment, flexible electrophoretic
displays are produced by patterning SU-8 or molding a suitable UV
curable polymer to form microwells on a Mylar foil, inserting
(e.g., doctorblading or injecting) an ISOPAR-based electrophoretic
ink into the microwells, and then overcoating the filled microwells
with a polymer-based sealing solution including an ethylester of
PVM/MA copolymer in a hydroalcoholic solvent (e.g., as found in the
commercial hair spray V05.TM.).
[0016] The invention will be more fully understood in view of the
following description of the exemplary embodiments and the drawings
thereof.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0017] FIG. 1 is a simplified cross-sectional side view showing a
portion of an electrophoretic display formed in accordance with an
embodiment of the present invention;
[0018] FIGS. 2(A) and 2(B) are cross-sectional side views showing
the electrophoretic display of FIG. 1 during operation;
[0019] FIGS. 3(A), 3(B), 3(C) and 3(D) are simplified
cross-sectional views illustrating a production method for
producing the electrophoretic display of FIG. 1 according to
another embodiment of the present invention;
[0020] FIG. 4 is an SEM image showing molded microwells formed on a
flexible substrate in accordance with an embodiment of the present
invention;
[0021] FIG. 5 is a photograph showing completed microcells formed
in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention;
[0022] FIG. 6 is an SEM image showing SU-8 microcells formed in
accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; and
[0023] FIG. 7 is an SEM image showing SU-8 microcells formed in
accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0024] Unless defined otherwise in this specification, all
technical terms are used herein according to their conventional
definitions as they are commonly used and understood by those of
ordinary skill in the art. The term "microwell" refers to cup-like
structures formed in a substantially uniform layer of material by
photolithographic patterning, molding, microembossing or other
manufacturing process. Each microwell thus includes a lower wall
(which may be formed by a substrate on which the microwell material
is deposited) and one or more peripheral side walls (e.g., a single
circular wall, or three or more contiguous substantially straight
walls) that extend upward from the bottom wall and surround a
predefined lower wall area, with upper edges of the peripheral side
walls defining an open end of the microwell. The term "microcell"
refers to an image unit formed by a sealed microwell (i.e., a
microwell including an amount of electrophoretic or other ink and
having a sealing membrane secured to upper edges of the peripheral
walls such that the ink amount is sealed inside an enclosed space
defined by the bottom wall, peripheral side walls, and sealing
membrane.
[0025] Also, positional terms such as "upper", "lower", and "side"
are used below and in the appended claims to identify specific
structures based on their relative position to related structures.
As such, unless otherwise defined, these positional terms are not
intended to be limited based on a fixed external reference.
[0026] FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional side view showing a portion of
an electrophoretic display 100 including a microcell 110-1, which
represents an exemplary particle-based display device formed in
accordance with the present invention. Microcell 110-1 includes a
microwell 120-1 formed by a portion of an electrically insulating
material layer 120 that is patterned or otherwise processed to form
a two-dimensional lower-wall 122-1 and one or more contiguous
peripheral side walls 125-1 that extend upward from lower wall
122-1 and completely surround a two-dimensional region defined by
lower wall 122-1. A width W of microcell 110-1 (i.e., measured
between side walls 125-1) is in the range of 50-1000 microns, and
is more preferably in the range of 100-500 microns. A height
(depth) H of microcell 110-1 (i.e., measured from an inside surface
of lower wall 122-1 and upper edges 127-1 of side walls 125-1) is
in the range of 5 to 200 microns, and more preferably in the range
of 10 to 100 microns, with an opening to total area ratio of 0.5 to
0.98. Microcell 110-1 also includes a membrane (upper wall) 130-1
formed by a portion of a sealing membrane layer 130 that is adhered
to upper edges 127-1 of side walls 125-1 and extends over microwell
120-1 to form a sealed enclosure defined by bottom wall 122-1, side
walls 125-1, and membrane 130-1. Located inside this sealed
enclosure is an amount of electrophoretic ink ("electrophoretic ink
quantity") 140-1 that, in a 1-particle embodiment, includes charged
pigment particles 142 in a dyed suspension fluid 145
(alternatively, a 2-particle ink may include oppositely charged
particles of different colors in a clear suspension fluid).
Electrodes 150-1 and 155-1 are respectively provided under lower
wall 122-1 and over membrane 130-1, and are connected by control
circuitry (not shown) to selected voltage sources. At least one of
lower wall 122-1 and membrane portion 130-1 and the associated
electrode(s) are transparent.
[0027] FIGS. 2(A) and 2(B) are cross-sectional side views showing
microcell 110-1 during operation. When a voltage difference is
imposed between the electrodes 150-1 and 155-1, charged pigment
particles 142 migrate toward the electrode of opposite polarity.
For example, as indicated in FIG. 2(A), when pigment particles 142
are negatively charged and subject to a field produced by a
relatively high (with respect to the potential on electrode 150-1)
positive voltage potential on upper electrode 155-1, pigment
particles 142 migrate upward against membrane portion 130-1,
thereby causing microcell 110-1 to appear substantially the color
of pigment particles 142 when viewed through membrane portion
130-1. Conversely, when a negative (with respect to the potential
on electrode 150-1) voltage potential is applied on upper electrode
155-1, pigment particles 142 migrate downward against lower wall
122-1, thereby causing microcell 110-1 to appear the color of dyed
suspension fluid 145 (or, in 2-particle inks, the color of the
oppositely charged particle) when viewed through membrane portion
130-1.
[0028] According to an embodiment of the present invention, display
100 is formed using a method similar to conventional overcoating
methods (mentioned above), but is distinguished in the particular
materials used to form microcell 110-1. In particular, the success
of the overcoating method performed in accordance with the present
invention is very sensitive to the combined material choices of
electrophoretic ink, microwell surface material, and the polymer
solution used to form the sealing membrane. It is important that
the combination of electrophoretic ink, microwell surface material,
and sealing solution is well chosen, otherwise the following
effects can occur: a) the ink gets pulled out of the microwells
during doctorblading of the sealing solution (this happens, for
example, if the surface of the microwells has low surface energy
and the capillary forces on the ink inside the microwells are
weak); b) the sealing solution pulls back and does not wet the
surface (this happens for example if the microwell walls are very
hydrophobic or if the ink repels the sealing solution); or c) the
sealing solution mixes with the ink (this happens if the ink and
the sealing solution are too compatible).
[0029] According to an aspect of the present invention, suspension
fluid 145 of electrophoretic ink 140-1 includes an
isoparaffinic-based solvent (e.g., ISOPAR.TM.) or an oil-based
solvent (e.g., a silicone-oil-based solvent), and the peripheral
side walls 125-1 of the microwell 120-1 includes a wall material or
wall coating/treatment such that the surface of peripheral side
walls 125-1 have a surface energy in the range of 20 to 30 mN/m
(e.g., an epoxy-type, near-UV photoresist such as SU-8). As
discussed in additional detail below, this combination facilitates
the production of microcell 110-1 using a polymer-based sealing
solution to form membrane portion 130-1 that includes one of an
alkylester of PVM/MA copolymer (e.g., Poly(methyl vinyl
ether-alt-maleic acid monoethyl ester)(CAS Reg. No. 25087-06-3),
Poly(methyl vinyl ether-alt-maleic acid monobutyl ester) (CAS Reg.
No. 25119-68-0), Poly(methyl vinyl ether-alt-maleic acid
monoisopropyl ester) (CAS Reg. No. 31307-95-6)), or PVP-VA (Maleic
acid monoisopropyl ester-vinyl methyl ether copolymer,
Poly(1-vinylpyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate copolymer) (CAS Reg. No.
25086-89-9 suspended in an aqueous or hydroalcoholic solvent. Those
skilled in the art will recognize that an electrophoretic ink
including isoparaffinic, oil-based or silicone-oil-based suspension
fluid provides an advantage in that it is inexpensive, has low VOC
(volatile organic compounds), and is also preferred for safety
reasons (e.g., the suspension fluids are relatively environmentally
friendly, i.e., non-hazardous) compared to display fluids that rely
on fluorocarbons (of which some are expensive and some may damage
the ozone layer) or solvents (which can be harmful to persons when
touched or when the vapors are inhaled), as used in conventional
methods. Although isoparaffinic, oil-based or silicone-oil-based
suspension fluids are presently preferred, suitable suspension
fluids may be formed using less environmentally friendly solvents
such as toluene and xylenes. The present inventors have also
determined that a polymer-based sealing solution including an
ethylester of PVM/MA copolymer suspended in an aqueous or
hydroalcoholic solvent produces a superior membrane. Those skilled
in the art will also recognize that the choice of an
aqueous/hydroalcoholic-based sealing solution precludes mixing
problem "c" (discussed above) due to the oil-in-water repulsion
between the suspension fluid and the sealing solution solvent.
However, although the isoparaffinic/oil-based suspension fluid (ink
solvent) will not mix with the aqueous/hydroalcoholic-based sealing
solution, the ink solvent may become displaced (i.e., "float")
above the sealing solution due to its lower specific gravity (the
lower specific gravity of the suspension fluid is not a necessary
requirement, though). The key, therefore, is to form microwell
120-1 using a wall material that both (1) is attractive enough to
the electrophoretic ink to prevent both problem "a" (discussed
above; i.e., loss of ink during doctorblading) and "floating"
displacement of the ink on the sealing solution, and (2) is
attractive enough to the aqueous/hydroalcoholic-based sealing
solution to facilitate reliable attachment of the membrane to the
side walls of the microwell, thus avoiding problem "b" (discussed
above; i.e., delamination of the membrane). The present inventors
have determined that these beneficial characteristics are achieved
when the microwell is formed from a wall material having a surface
energy in the range of 20 to 30 mN/m, and in one specific
embodiment by utilizing SU-8. SU-8 has been determined
experimentally to provide both sufficient attraction to
isoparaffinic/oil-based electrophoretic ink and sufficient
attraction to aqueous/hydroalcoholic-based sealing solution to
reliably and repeatably produce high quality electrophoretic
display devices.
[0030] According to a specific embodiment of the present invention,
an Isopar-based electrophoretic ink 140-1 was formed by mixing 1 ml
Isopar M (Exxon) with 0.15 g TiO.sub.2 (non-chalking), TINT-AYD
PC9003, from Elimentis Specialities, Hightstown, N.J. (white
pigments), 8 mg Sudan Red 7B (red dye), and 14 mg LamChem PE113
from Lambent Technologies as dispersant. The ingredients were
ground in an attritor mill to decrease the particle size, and the
resulting ink was tested in a test cell and consisting of
approximately 80 micron high SU-8 cells in a parallel plate
configuration. At a voltage potential of approximately 120V the ink
showed acceptable red/white contrast. SU-8 (from MicroChem, Corp.)
cells were filled with this ink and successfully overcoated with a
sealing solution comprising V05.TM. hairspray. The present
inventors found this combination of materials to facilitate a
highly repeatable and reliably production process that greatly
simplifies the production of flexible electrophoretic displays,
thereby overcoming the production problems associated with
conventional methods.
[0031] According to another specific embodiment of the present
invention, silicone-based electrophoretic ink was formed by mixing
1 ml Dow Corning 200 (50 cst) silicone oil, 0.15 g TiO2
(non-chalking), TINT-AYD PC9003, from Elimentis Specialities, and 4
mg blue dye (e.g., Oil Blue N from Aldrich, Milwaukee, Wis.). The
ingredients are ground in an attritor mill to decrease the particle
size, and some blue/white contrast was observed when switching the
ink in a similar test cell as the one mentioned above. The ink was
then successfully sealed in SU-8 cells according to the sealing
method described above. The inventors believe Dow Corning 510 may
be utilized in place of Dow Corning 200.
[0032] Other potential pigments, dyes, charge additives and
suspending fluids for forming electrophoretic inks that can be
utilized in accordance with the present invention are listed in
U.S. Pat. No. 6,067,185 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,745,094.
[0033] FIGS. 3(A) through 3(D) are simplified cross-sectional side
views illustrating the basic process steps associated with the
production of microcell 110-1 according to another embodiment of
the present invention.
[0034] Referring to FIG. 3(A), the production method begins by
forming a cup-like microwell structure 120-1 in an insulating
material layer 120 including lower wall 122-1 wall and one or more
peripheral side walls 125-1 extending upward from lower wall 122-1.
Peripheral side walls 125-1 have upper edges 127-1 defining an
opening 128 through which an electrophoretic ink may be inserted
into a microcavity 129 defined by lower wall 122-1 and side walls
125-1.
[0035] In one specific embodiment, microwell 120-1 is fabricated by
depositing an epoxy-type, near-UV photoresist (e.g., SU-8) layer
120 on a flexible substrate (e.g., an Indium Tin-Oxide (ITO) coated
Mylar sheet having a thickness of 50-250 microns, and then
patterning the photoresist using known photolithographic techniques
to form an array of microwell structures that are substantially
identical to microwell 120-1. Alternatively, the microwell
structures may be patterned directly onto an active matrix
backplane, thereby providing the lower electrode described above
with reference to FIG. 1.
[0036] In an alternative embodiment, microwell 120-1 is molded by
transferring a pattern (e.g. in SU-8) into silicone to form a mold,
which is then used to replicate the desired structures in a curable
(e.g., UV curable, heat curable, or catalyst assisted curable)
polymer layer. In particular, Sylgard 184 silicone (Dow Corning
Corporation) is used to form the mold, and the UV polymer 60-7165
(urethane acrylate produced by Epoxies, Etc. of Cranston RI) is
used to fabricate the replicated structures. Curable polymers
include, for example, acrylic or epoxy-based photopolymers (i.e.,
imaging compositions based on polymers/oligomers/monomers which can
be selectively polymerized and/or crosslinked upon imagewise
exposure by light radiation such as ultra-violet light) or
radiation curable polymers. In one specific embodiment, a mixed
composition resin was formed by mixing the epoxy-based polymer
60-7155 and urethane acrylate 60-7165 (both from Epoxies, Etc. of
Cranston). The cured UV polymer layer is flexible and it does not
swell in ISOPAR. In one embodiment, microwell 120-1 is molded onto
a thin sheet of Mylar (not shown). In this case the molding process
has to be adjusted so that only a thin (a few microns) polymer
layer remains at the bottom to form the lower walls of each
microwell. The molded polymer may have to be cleaned (e.g. plasma
clean or solvent clean) in order to remove silicone residue from
the molding process. A surface coating or surface treatment may
also be applied to the molded microwell to produce the desired
surface energy.
[0037] In addition to photolithograpy and molding, several other
alternative fabrication methods may be utilized to produce
microwell 120-1. For example, microwell 120-1 may also be formed by
microembossing or a known microfabrication method (e.g. etching,
laser ablation, etc.). Moreover, in addition to using photoresist
and UV polymers, other polymer systems (e.g., two-component
systems) may also be used to form microwell 120-1.
[0038] Referring to FIG. 3(B), electrophoretic ink quantity 140-1
is then inserted into microwell 120-1 through opening 128. As
discussed above, electrophoretic ink quantity 140-1 includes
electrophoretic (charged) pigment particles 142 dispersed in a
suspension fluid 145 (i.e., either an isoparaffinic-based solvent
such as ISOPAR, or an oil-based solvent or silicone oil) having a
surface tension in the range of 18 to 30 mN/m. Other surface
tension values may be possible if the values for the walls and the
sealing solution change accordingly. The viscosity of the
suspending fluid may also affect how broad this range can be. The
insertion process is preferably performed such that the cells are
slightly underfilled (i.e., such that upper edge 127-1 of side
walls 125-1 extends above an upper surface 146 of electrophoretic
ink quantity 140-1. In alternative embodiments, the insertion
process is performed using doctorblading or injection by inkjet
printing or spray coating and evaporating the excess ink.
[0039] FIG. 3(C) depicts overcoating microwell 120-1 with a sealing
solution layer 130 including a polymer suspended in one of an
aqueous solution and a hydroalcoholic solvent. In one embodiment,
sealing solution layer 130 is overcoated by doctorblading or
curtain coating sealing solution onto upper edge 127-1 of side
walls 125-1 such that a lower surface 136 of sealing solution layer
130 contacts upper surface 146 of electrophoretic ink solution
140-1. In a currently preferred embodiment, sealing solution layer
130 includes an aqueous/hydroalcoholic solvent containing an
ethylester of PVM/MA copolymer (i.e., a film forming polymer:
monoethyl ester of poly (methyl vinyl ether/maleic anhydride))
having a surface tension of about 100-140 mN/m. Sealing solution
layer 130 may include several additional additives including (but
not limited to) aminomethylpropanol (makes the film more resistant
to humidity), triethyl citrate (plasticizer, and reduces
tackiness), and dimethicone copolyol (surfactant and reduces
tackiness). In one specific embodiment the aqueous/hydroalcoholic
solvent includes 40% ethanol in water. Sealing solution layer 130
may also contain a dye or pigments to change the display color (in
case the sealed side is the viewed side), and may contain
nanoparticles to increase or lower its refractive index (e.g., if
index matching to a glass substrate is desirable). Moreover,
conductive materials such as carbon nanotubes and Baytron
conductive polymer may be added (this may be particularly useful in
magnetophoretic displays to dissipate static charge). As discussed
above, by forming microwell 120-1 using a material having a surface
energy in the range of 20 to 30 mN/m and by forming microwell 120-1
such that it has a width in the range of 50 to 1000 microns, the
attraction between electrophoretic ink solution 140-1 and
peripheral side walls 125-1 produces a force on electrophoretic ink
solution 140-1 that prevents upward displacement (floating) of the
lighter electrophoretic ink solution 140-1 above sealing solution
layer 130. Accordingly, sealing solution layer 130 is stably and
reliably supported by electrophoretic ink solution 140-1 and upper
edges 127-1 of side walls 125-1 in an ideal position to form a
polymer membrane.
[0040] FIG. 3(D) depicts curing of the sealing solution (indicated
by vertical wavy lines) such that the aqueous/hydroalcoholic
solvent is evaporated from the sealing solution, thereby causing
the remaining polymer to form membrane 130-1 that covers the
microwell opening, thereby sealing electrophoretic ink solution
140-1 inside a chamber formed by microwell 120-1. The sample may be
heated to an elevated temperature (e.g., up to 90.degree. C.) in
order to achieve more complete evaporation of the
aqueous/hydroalcoholic solvent). As discussed above, by forming
microwell 120-1 using a material having a surface energy in the
range of 20 to 30 mN/m, the attraction between sealing solution
layer 130 and peripheral side walls 125-1 produces a secure
connection between membrane 130-1 and upper edges 127-1 of side
walls 125-1 (however, in general the surface energy values may be
much broader, e.g. by adding adequate surfactants to the
aqueous/hydroalcoholic solution we may be able to broaden the
ranges).
[0041] Membrane 130-1 can be made more robust by coating another
material over membrane 130-1 after the curing process. In one
embodiment, a photosensitive polymer (Dymax 401) is coated on
membrane 130-1, and then cross-linked with UV light. A very smooth
surface is formed by pressing the polymer flat with a Mylar sheet.
After UV exposure the Mylar is peeled off, which is possible due to
its poor adhesion to the polymer.
[0042] The present inventors found that a commercially available
liquid hairspray (V05.TM., produced by Alberto-Culver USA, Inc.)
can be used as the sealing solution used to seal the ink-filled
microcells described above. Like the preferred embodiment, this
hairspray is based on ethylester of PVM/MA copolymer, and includes
aminomethylpropanol, triethyl citrate, and dimethicone copolyol,
along with fragrance and a diisopropyl adipate emollient. The
hairspray, which comes in form of a liquid, was simply spread over
the filled microcells with a doctorblade made from a sheet of Mylar
foil. Afterwards, the layer was cured (the solvent was evaporated
off) with a warm air gun. The inventors found that the resulting
membrane became brittle and started to crack after a few days
(i.e., after it had dried completely). For this reason PEG
20,000(polyethylene glycol) was added at approximately 2-4% (wt) to
the sealing solution as a plasticizer with good results. PEG also
seems to reduce the surface tension of the sealing solution layer,
preventing it from beading up in some cases. It was also found that
an increased viscosity of the sealing solution produced better
results concerning pull-back/de-wetting (the de-wetting is much
less pronounced). A higher viscosity was achieved by evaporating
off some of the solvent. Reducing the liquid volume to 40% of the
original volume resulted in a quite useful viscosity. A higher
viscosity of the sealing solution also produced a thicker membrane.
Thicker membrane layers are also achieved by applying several
layers of the polymer. The adhesion of this material to the SU-8
cell walls was very good. In delamination tests the SU-8 walls
lifted off the ITO substrate instead.
[0043] According to another specific embodiment, the sealing
solution layer includes an aqueous/alcoholic carrier
(hydroalcoholic solution) and a silicone component. One component
in the hairspray-based sealing polymer is silicone. It is known
that silicones reduce adhesion (e.g., they are often used in
de-molding applications). The inventors have observed in
experiments that the particle adhesion seems to be lower when
silicone is present in the surface layer. This means that the
contrast can be higher and the display may switch faster (the
inventors observed faster switching speed and a better dark state
in a one-particle ink system). However, silicone by itself swells
when in contact with ISOPAR, and silicone oil may leach out into
the ink, which changes the ink's behavior. Many silicones are
usually also not compatible with aqueous solutions. However, there
is a group of hydrophilic (organomodified silicones) that are
compatible with aqueous systems. These organomodified silicones
have slight to complete solubility in water and are composed of
dimethylsiloxane molecular backbones in which some of the methyl
groups are replaced by polyalkylenoxy groups linked through a
propyl group to the silicon atom (e.g., DBE or DBP polymers from
Gelest, Inc.). These organomodified silicones are also called
dimethiconecopolyols (see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 6,703,026,
column 5). Other examples of dimethiconecopolyols are BC403 from
Basildon Chemicals or Ultrasil.TM. dimethicone copolyol blends
(blend with polyethylene glycol) from Noveon, Inc.
[0044] FIGS. 4 through 7 are pictures of electrophoretic media
fabricated in accordance with the present invention. FIG. 4 is a
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) image showing molded microwells
formed on a Mylar foil. FIG. 5 is a photograph showing completed
microcells with SU-8 walls. The microcells are approximately 200
microns wide and 50 microns deep. FIG. 6 is an SEM image of sealed
microcells, and shows a thin membrane with excellent adhesion to
the SU-8 walls (no delamination is visible after breaking the
sample in half). FIG. 7 is an SEM image of a sealed sample (filled
with purple electrophoretic ink). The sample was broken in half and
ink has evaporated from the broken cells. Notice that there is
little particle adhesion visible on the membrane; it appears rather
transparent.
[0045] In accordance with another specific embodiment of the
present invention, a magnetophoretic display was produced by
incorporating a magnetophoretic ink in a display structure such as
that described above. The magnetophoretic ink was produced by
mixing 1 ml Isopar M, 14 mg LamChem PE113 from Lambent Technologies
as dispersant, 100 mg white Ti-pure R700 TiO.sub.2 (titania)
particles from Dupont, and 26 mg Iron (II,III) oxide from Alfa
Aesar. The mixture was agitated by ultrasonic agitation for
approximately five minutes. The inventors observed a dark/white
contrast when a magnet is brought in close proximity with the ink
(the Iron oxide particles were magnetized by the magnetic field and
attracted towards the magnet; the white non-magnetic pigments are
being displaced by the dark magnetic particles which causes a
contrast). The Isopar-based magnetophoretic ink was then
successfully sealed in SU-8 cells using the sealing method
described above.
[0046] In addition to the specific embodiments described above,
other combinations of the features associated with the present
invention may be advantageously combined. For example, the sealing
method described herein may be useful for sealing other liquids
(non-aqueous, non-alcoholic) such as liquid crystals, oils, etc. In
addition, although the present invention is described above with
specific reference to electrophoretic and magnetophoretic
particle-based displays, the various aspects and features of the
present invention may be utilized to form display devices using ink
solutions containing other particle types (e.g., fluorescent or
phosphorescent) and may also be utilized to contain liquids in
non-display devices. Accordingly, unless otherwise specified, the
appended claims should not necessarily be interpreted as directed
to electrophoretic and magnetophoretic displays.
* * * * *
References