U.S. patent application number 11/896049 was filed with the patent office on 2008-01-10 for solid-state imaging apparatus for controlling a sweep transfer period in dependence upon the amount of unnecessary charges to be swept out.
This patent application is currently assigned to FUJIFILM CORPORATION. Invention is credited to Kazuya Oda.
Application Number | 20080007639 11/896049 |
Document ID | / |
Family ID | 19097239 |
Filed Date | 2008-01-10 |
United States Patent
Application |
20080007639 |
Kind Code |
A1 |
Oda; Kazuya |
January 10, 2008 |
Solid-state imaging apparatus for controlling a sweep transfer
period in dependence upon the amount of unnecessary charges to be
swept out
Abstract
A solid-state image pickup apparatus includes a solid-state
image sensor having photosensitive cells and vertical transfer
paths. The cells are bidimensionally arranged for converting light
incident from a subject via optics to electric charges
corresponding to the light to store signal charges. The vertical
transfer paths each adjoins the photosensitive cells arranged on a
particular column for vertically transferring the signal charges.
Before the signal charges are transferred from the cells to the
vertical transfer paths, a sweep controller causes unnecessary
charges on the vertical transfer paths to be swept out. The sweep
controller controls a sweep transfer period necessary for the sweep
transfer in dependence upon the amount of the unnecessary
charges.
Inventors: |
Oda; Kazuya; (Asaka-shi,
JP) |
Correspondence
Address: |
MCGINN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW GROUP, PLLC
8321 OLD COURTHOUSE ROAD
SUITE 200
VIENNA
VA
22182-3817
US
|
Assignee: |
FUJIFILM CORPORATION
Tokyo
JP
|
Family ID: |
19097239 |
Appl. No.: |
11/896049 |
Filed: |
August 29, 2007 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
|
|
10225123 |
Aug 22, 2002 |
|
|
|
11896049 |
Aug 29, 2007 |
|
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Current U.S.
Class: |
348/294 ;
348/E3.016; 348/E3.021; 348/E5.047 |
Current CPC
Class: |
H04N 5/23293 20130101;
H04N 5/3595 20130101 |
Class at
Publication: |
348/294 ;
348/E03.016 |
International
Class: |
H04N 3/14 20060101
H04N003/14 |
Foreign Application Data
Date |
Code |
Application Number |
Sep 7, 2001 |
JP |
2001-271774 |
Claims
1. A solid-state image pickup apparatus comprising: a solid-state
image sensor comprising an array of photosensitive cells
bidimensionally arranged for receiving light incident from a
subject via optics and generating electric charges corresponding to
the light to store signal charges, and a plurality of vertical
transfer paths each adjoining part of said array of photosensitive
cells which is arranged on a particular column for vertically
transferring the signal charges; and a sweep controller for
performing, before the signal charges are transferred from said
photosensitive cells to said vertical transfer paths, sweep
transfer by which unnecessary charges on said vertical transfer
paths are swept out; said sweep controller controlling a sweep
transfer period necessary for the sweep transfer in dependence upon
an amount of the unnecessary charges and a maximum transfer
capacity, wherein said sweep controller controls the sweep transfer
period necessary for the sweep transfer in accordance with a pickup
condition input to said sweep controller, and wherein the pickup
condition comprises luminance information on the subject, a shutter
speed and an F value of said apparatus.
2. The apparatus in accordance with in claim 1, wherein said sweep
controller comprises a charge monitoring circuit for monitoring the
amount of the unnecessary charges being swept out from said
vertical transfer paths, and when the amount of the unnecessary
charges being monitored decreases below a preselected threshold,
said sweep controller ends the sweep transfer.
3. A method of driving a solid-state image pickup apparatus,
comprising: preparing a solid-state image pickup apparatus
comprising a solid-state image sensor including an array of
photosensitive cells bidimensionally arranged for receiving light
incident from a subject via optics and generating electric charges
corresponding to the light to store signal charges, and a plurality
of vertical transfer paths each adjoining part of the array of
photosensitive cells which is arranged on a particular column for
vertically transferring the signal charges; effecting sweep
transfer for transferring and sweeping out unnecessary charges
present on the vertical transfer paths; varying a sweep transfer
period necessary for the sweep transfer in dependence upon an
amount of the unnecessary charges and a maximum transfer capacity;
and transferring signal charges stored in the photosensitive cells
to the vertical transfer paths, wherein, in said varying the sweep
transfer period, the sweep transfer period necessary for the sweep
transfer is varied in accordance with a pickup condition, and
wherein the pickup condition comprises luminance information on the
subject, a shutter speed and an F value of said apparatus.
4. The method in accordance with claim 3, further comprising:
monitoring the amount of unnecessary charges being swept out; and
ending the sweep transfer when the amount of the unnecessary
charges being monitored decreases below a preselected
threshold.
5. The apparatus in accordance with in claim 1, wherein the sweep
controller determines a luminance distribution of the subject
during a preliminary pickup operation and performs sweep transfer
of a portion of the vertical transfer paths having a luminance
which exceeds a predetermined luminance.
6. The apparatus in accordance with in claim 1, wherein the sweep
controller determines an amount of the unnecessary charges being
swept out from the vertical transfer paths after performing the
sweep transfer at least one time.
7. The apparatus in accordance with in claim 1, wherein said sweep
controller continuously monitors a quantity of the unnecessary
charges being swept out from the vertical transfer paths over the
sweep transfer period.
8. The apparatus in accordance with in claim 1, wherein said sweep
controller repeats the sweep transfer until a quantity of the
unnecessary charges becomes less than a preselected value.
9. The method in accordance with claim 3, further comprising:
determining a luminance distribution of the subject during a
preliminary pickup operation; and effecting the sweep transfer for
transferring and sweeping out unnecessary charges present on a
portion of the vertical transfer paths which is determined to have
a luminance exceeding a predetermined luminance.
10. The method in accordance with claim 3, further comprising:
determining a quantity of the unnecessary charges being swept out
from the vertical transfer paths after performing the sweep
transfer at least one time.
11. The method in accordance with claim 3, further comprising:
continuously monitoring a quantity of the unnecessary charges being
swept out from the vertical transfer paths over the sweep transfer
period.
12. The method in accordance with claim 3, further comprising:
repeating the sweep transfer until a quantity of the unnecessary
charges becomes less than a preselected value.
13. The apparatus in accordance with in claim 1, wherein at least a
part of the unnecessary charges is transferred to a horizontal
transfer path and swept out.
14. The apparatus in accordance with in claim 1, wherein at least a
part of the unnecessary charges is transferred to a horizontal
transfer path, and then to a charge-to-potential converter and
swept out.
15. The method in accordance with claim 3, wherein at least a part
of the unnecessary charges is transferred to a horizontal transfer
path and swept out.
16. The method in accordance with claim 3, wherein at least a part
of the unnecessary charges is transferred to a horizontal transfer
path, and then to a charge-to-potential converter and swept
out.
17. The apparatus in accordance with in claim 1, wherein said sweep
controller controls said sweep transfer such that, when the amount
of the unnecessary charges exceeds the maximum transfer capacity,
said sweep transfer is repeated equal to or less than three times
during the sweep transfer period.
18. The method in accordance with claim 3, wherein, when the amount
of the unnecessary charges exceeds the maximum transfer capacity,
said sweep transfer is repeated equal to or less than three times
during the sweep transfer period.
19. The apparatus in accordance with claim 1, wherein the pickup
condition further comprises information on at least one of a red
component, a green component, and a blue component of the light
incident from the subject.
20. The method in accordance with claim 3, wherein the pickup
condition further comprises information on at least one of a red
component, a green component, and a blue component of the light
incident from the subject.
Description
[0001] The present application is a Continuation Application of
U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/225,123 filed on Aug. 22, 2002.
Priority is claimed from Japanese Application 2001-271774 filed on
Sep. 7, 2001. The prior Application is assigned of record to
Fujifilm Corporation at Reel 018875 and Frame 0114.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] 1. Field of the Invention
[0003] The present invention relates to a solid-state image pickup
apparatus and a method of driving the same. More particularly, the
present invention relates to a solid-state image pickup apparatus
of the type sweeping out unnecessary charges existing on the
vertical transfer paths before reading out signal charges from
photosensitive cells and transferring them to vertical transfer
paths.
[0004] 2. Description of the Background Art
[0005] A digital still camera and a video camera belong to a family
of image pickup systems using solid-state image sensing devices.
Today, in the imaging art, the charge transfer type of solid-state
image sensing devices typified by a CCD (Charge Coupled Device)
image sensor are predominant over the other types of image sensing
devices. Smear and blooming are undesirable phenomena particular to
a charge transfer type of solid-state image sensing device. Smear
refers to whitish stripe-like noise appearing in a reproduced
picture over the entire field in the vertical direction when the
luminance of part of a subject picked up is predominantly higher.
Blooming refers to an occurrence that when the quantity of light
incident to a photosensitive cell or pixel is excessively greater,
that cell generates an excessive signal charge which in turn leaks
into surrounding photosensitive cells, rendering portions around
the cell white.
[0006] Other noise components particular to semiconductor devices
associated with imaging include dark signal or dark current
components, i.e., charges stored little by little with the elapse
of time even when light is intercepted, e.g., when the shutter of a
camera is closed. The smear components, blooming components and
dark signals appear in a picture as fixed pattern noise, and are
factors which will degrade image quality.
[0007] In light of the above, it is a common practice with a
digital still camera of the type controlling an exposure time with
a mechanical shutter to execute the following procedure in order to
sweep up dark signal components generated on vertical transfer
paths and smear and blooming components leaking from photosensitive
cells. After the mechanical shutter has been closed, the vertical
transfer paths and a horizontal transfer path connected thereto are
driven at a rate higher than a usual transfer rate for thereby
sweeping up charges from the vertical transfer paths. This
processing will be referred to as sweep transfer hereinafter.
Subsequently, signal charges are read out from the cells.
[0008] To give priority to resolution in a still picture mode to
other features, a digital still camera uses either one of a
solid-state image sensing device performing progressive scanning
and a solid-state image sensing device performing frame scanning.
The progressive scanning refers to a procedure that reads out
signal charges from the whole pixels in a picture at the same time
and transfers them pixel by pixel. The frame scanning refers to a
procedure that reads out signal charges alternately field by field
from odd-numbered lines and even-numbered lines.
[0009] When use is made of the image sensing device performing the
frame scanning, two fields of signals are necessary for producing a
single picture, i.e., a single frame. Therefore, when a digital
still camera produces a single picture by a single exposure, its
mechanical shutter must be closed after exposure in order to
intercept light for thereby preventing the first and second fields
from being varied. In this case, unnecessary charges are swept out
after the mechanical shutter has been closed.
[0010] The image sensing device performing the progressive scanning
allows a single picture to be produced by a single exposure without
resorting to a mechanical shutter. However, sweep transfer is
essential even with this type of image sensing device because dark
signal components are generated in the vertical transfer paths and
because smear components and blooming components leak from the
photosensitive cells.
[0011] It has been customary to assign a preselected transfer
frequency and a preselected number of transfer stages to sweep
transfer, and therefore to fix a sweep transfer period necessary
for dissipating unnecessary charges. The transfer frequency and the
number of transfer stages, i.e., the sweep transfer period has
heretofore been determined such that sweeping is repeated, e.g.,
three consecutive times for sweeping out the expected maximum
amount of unnecessary charges. Why sweeping is repeated a plurality
of times will be described hereinafter.
[0012] Assume that an excessive quantity of light is incident to
the image sensing device, causing the smear components and blooming
components to increase. Then, such an amount of unnecessary charges
to be swept out exceeds the transfer capacity of the vertical
transfer paths and cannot be swept out by a single sweeping step.
As a result, part of the unnecessary charges is left on the
vertical transfer paths after the sweeping step.
[0013] More specifically, the operator of a digital still camera
may shoot a desired scene while watching a picture displayed on an
LCD (Liquid Crystal Device) monitor screen, i.e., without viewing
the scene through an optical finder. An excessive quantity of light
may be incident to the image sensing device when the operator
shoots a scene including, e.g., the sun in the daytime while
viewing the LCD monitor screen. Consequently, vertical stripes
ascribable to the defective sweeping appear in the resulting
picture on the monitor screen because the amount of unnecessary
charges to be swept out exceeds the transfer capacity of the
vertical transfer paths.
[0014] The three times of sweeping, for example, have customarily
been effected in consideration of the defective sweeping stated
above. This, however, sometimes makes the sweep transfer time
excessively long in comparison to the amount of unnecessary charges
actually stored on the vertical transfer paths, thereby extending
the overall image-pickup time for a single picture. Furthermore,
the sweep transfer is effected at a high speed and therefore
consumes substantial power per unit period of time. In this sense,
too, the excessively long sweep transfer period is not
desirable.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0015] It is an object of the present invention to provide a
solid-state image pickup apparatus capable of sweeping out
unnecessary charges in an optimal period for sweep transfer, and a
method of driving the same.
[0016] A solid-state image pickup apparatus of the present
invention includes a solid-state image sensor having photosensitive
cells and vertical transfer paths. The cells are bidimensionally
arranged for converting light incident from a subject via optics to
electric charges corresponding to the light to store signal
charges. The vertical transfer paths each adjoins the
photosensitive cells arranged on a particular column for vertically
transferring the signal charges. Before the signal charges are
transferred from the cells to the vertical transfer paths, a sweep
controller causes unnecessary charges on the vertical transfer
paths to be swept out. The sweep controller controls a sweep
transfer period necessary for the sweep transfer in dependence upon
the amount of unnecessary charges.
[0017] Also, in accordance with the present invention, a method of
driving a solid-state image pickup apparatus begins with the step
of preparing a solid-state image pickup apparatus including a
solid-state image sensor having photosensitive cells and vertical
transfer paths. The cells are bidimensionally arranged for
converting light incident from a subject via optics to electric
charges corresponding to the light to store signal charges. The
vertical transfer paths each adjoins the photosensitive cells
arranged on a particular column for vertically transferring the
signal charges. Sweep transfer is effected for transferring and
sweeping out unnecessary charges from the vertical transfer paths.
A sweep transfer period necessary for the sweep transfer is varied
in dependence upon the amount of the unnecessary charges.
Subsequently, signal charges stored in the photosensitive cells are
transferred to the vertical transfer paths.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0018] The objects and features of the present invention will
become more apparent from consideration of the following detailed
description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in
which:
[0019] FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram showing a solid-state
image pickup apparatus embodying the present invention;
[0020] FIG. 2 shows in a schematic block diagram a specific
configuration of an image sensing device included in the image
sensor included in the image sensing device together with the
driver in the embodiment shown in FIG. 1;
[0021] FIG. 3 is a timing chart useful for understanding a specific
operation of the image sensing device shown in FIG. 2;
[0022] FIG. 4 plots the output from an image sensor in the
illustrative embodiment useful for understanding a specific
criterion for decision on a sweep transfer period;
[0023] FIG. 5 is a flowchart useful for understanding a specific
operation of the illustrative embodiment; and
[0024] FIG. 6 is a schematic, vertical cross-sectional view of a
photosensitive cell of an image sensor useful for understanding
factors that bring about smear components.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT
[0025] Referring to FIG. 1 of the drawings, a solid-state image
pickup apparatus including a solid-state image sensing device
embodying the present invention is implemented as a digital still
camera by way of example. Briefly, the digital still camera,
generally 10, continuously monitors the quantity of unnecessary
charges being swept out from the solid-state image sensing device
over a sweep transfer period and ends sweeping when the quantity of
unnecessary charges decreases below a preselected value or
threshold. While the following description will concentrate on a
still picture mode available with a digital still camera, the
present invention is similarly applicable to a movie mode also
available with such a camera and even to a video camera.
[0026] As shown in FIG. 1, the digital still camera 10 generally
includes an optical lens system 12, a control panel 14, a system
controller 18, a signal generator 20, a timing signal feeding
section 22, an iris control mechanism 24, an image sensing device
30, a preprocessor 32, an AD (Analog-to-Digital) converter 34, and
a signal processor 36 as interconnected as shown. It is to be noted
that part of the digital still camera 10 not directly relevant to
the understanding of the present invention is not shown nor will be
described specifically.
[0027] The lens system 12 includes, e.g., a plurality of optical
lenses assembled together, a zoom mechanism, and an AF (Automatic
Focusing) mechanism although not specifically shown. The zoom
mechanism controls the positions of the lenses on the optical axis
25, FIG. 1, thereof, and therefore the angle viewing the field in
response to an operational signal output from the control panel 14.
The AF mechanism controls the focus of the lens system 12 in
accordance with the distance from the camera 10 to a subject to be
picked up. The zoom mechanism and AF mechanism perform such control
on the basis of the luminance of a subject, a shutter speed, an F
value or lens opening and other information produced by preliminary
pickup operation. The preliminary pickup operation is effected when
the operator of the camera 10 pushes a shutter release button, not
shown, included in the control panel 14 to, e.g., its half-stroke
position.
[0028] The signal output from the control panel 14 is delivered to
the system controller 18 over a system bus 16. The timing signal
feeding section 22 is made up of a timing signal generator 22a and
a driver 22b as interconnected as shown. To the optical lens system
12, a drive signal is fed via the signal generator 20, timing
signal generator 22a, and driver 22b. When the operator pushes the
shutter release button to its full-stroke position for actually
picking up a desired subject, a pickup timing signal is delivered
to the various sections of the camera 10.
[0029] The control panel 14, which includes the shutter release
button, is configured to allow the operator to, e.g., choose
desired items appearing on its monitor screen, not shown.
Particularly, the shutter release button is adapted to send out a
particular operation signal to the system controller 18 over the
system bus 16 at each of the half- and full-stroke positions
thereof.
[0030] The system controller 18 includes, e.g., a CPU (Central
Processing Unit) and a ROM (Read Only Memory) storing operation
procedures for working the camera 10, although not shown
specifically. The system controller 18 generates control signals in
accordance with information received from the control panel 14 and
information stored in the ROM. The control signals are delivered to
the signal generator 20, timing signal feeding section 22,
preprocessor 32, AD converter 34, signal processor 36 and so forth
on the system bus 16 although signal lines are not shown
specifically in FIG. 1.
[0031] The system controller 18 plays the role of a sweep
controller at the same time. The sweep controller transfers and
thereby sweeps up unnecessary charges from vertical transfer paths
arranged in the image sensing device 30 before the transfer of
signal charges from photosensitive cells also arranged in the image
sensing device 30 to the vertical transfer paths. Further, the
system controller 18 plays the role of monitoring means for
monitoring the output 36a of the signal processor 36 to determine
the amount of unnecessary charges. As soon as the amount of
unnecessary charges decreases below a preselected value or
threshold, the system controller 18 commands, via the bus 16, the
timing signal feeding section 22 to stop feeding transfer clocks to
the image sensing device 30, thereby ending the sweep transfer. The
preselected value mentioned above is stored in the ROM of the
system controller 18 at the time of manufacturing the camera 10.
Alternatively, the camera 10 may be designed, if desired, such that
the preselected value may be input on the control panel 14 after
the camera 10 has been manufactured.
[0032] The signal generator 20 includes an oscillator, not shown,
for generating a system clock under the control of the system
controller 18. The system clock is delivered to the timing signal
feeding section 22 and signal processor 36. Further, the system
clock is fed to the system controller 18 on, e.g., the system bus
16 for defining a reference operation timing.
[0033] In the timing signal feeding section 22, the timing signal
generator 22a is commanded by the system controller 18 to end the
previously mentioned sweep transfer period. The timing signal
feeding section 22 generates particular timing signals, including
vertical and horizontal transfer clocks, for each of the sweep
transfer and the actual read transfer different from and following
the former. The timing signals assigned to sweep transfer are
higher in rate than the timing signals assigned to read
transfer.
[0034] More specifically, the timing signal generator 22a
generates, in response to the system clock and control signal,
timing signals for causing the image sensing device 30 and other
sections of the camera 10 to operate. Basically, the timing signal
generator 22a generates the timing signals under the control of the
system controller 18 and feeds them to the driver 22b as well as
the other sections, as shown in FIG. 1. The driver 22b delivers
drive signals to the zoom control mechanism and AF mechanism of the
optical lens system 12, iris control mechanism 24 and image sensing
device 30 in response to the timing signals. The driver 22b may
also be adapted to be directly controlled by the system controller
18, if desired.
[0035] The iris control mechanism 24 controls the cross-sectional
area of an incident light beam, i.e., an aperture area such that an
optimal light beam is incident to the image sensing device 30 at
the time of picking up a scene. The iris control mechanism 24 also
operates in response to the drive signal output from the driver 22b
under the control of the system controller 18. More specifically,
the system controller 18 calculates an F value or lens opening and
an exposure time or shutter speed on the basis of the signal
charges output from the image sensing device 30, as referred to as
AE (Automatic Exposure) processing. The system controller 18 then
feeds the timing signal generator 22a with control signals
representative of the AE values, so that the timing signal
generator 22a delivers a drive signal based on the control signals
to the iris control mechanism 24 via the driver 22b.
[0036] FIG. 2 shows a specific configuration of a CCD (Charge
coupled Device) image sensor 26 included in the image sensing
device 30 together with the driver 22b. As shown, the CCD image
sensor 26 in which a array of photosensitive cells or pixels 28 for
photoelectric transduction are arranged in rows and columns in a
plane perpendicular to the optical axis 25, FIG. 1, of the optical
lens system 12. Color filter segments, not shown, for color
separation are arranged on the incidence side of the image sensing
device 26 in one-to-one correspondence to the photosensitive cells.
In the illustrative embodiment, the color filter segments may be
either one of primary color filter segments or complementary color
filter segments. The image sensing device 30 outputs signal charges
generated by photoelectric transduction in the form of electric
image signals in response to the drive signals or transfer clocks.
Although the illustrative embodiment is adapted to effect the
progressive scanning for reading the whole pixels, the progressive
scanning may be replaced with the frame scanning, if desired.
[0037] In the CCD image sensor 26, the photosensitive cells 28 are
implemented as, e.g., the PN-junction type of photodiodes, and each
converts light incident thereto to a signal charge corresponding to
the amount of light and stores the signal charge. One vertical
transfer path, i.e., one column of vertical transfer CCDs 40 is
assigned to each column of cells 28. In this configuration, the
signal charges read out from the cells 28 via associated read gates
38 are vertically transferred along the vertical transfer paths
40.
[0038] More specifically, a read pulse FS (see FIG. 3) is applied
to the gate electrode of each read gate 38 with the result that a
potential beneath the gate electrode becomes deeper. Consequently,
the signal charge stored in the cell 28 connected to the gate 38 is
read out and transferred to the adjoining vertical path 40. To
implement the progressive scanning, three transfer electrodes, for
example, are assigned to each of the pixels on the vertical
transfer path 40, although not shown specifically. The driver 22b
feeds three-phase vertical transfer clocks V1, V2 and V3 to the
three transfer electrodes, respectively. The signal charges read
out from the cells or photodiodes 28, which constitute one line
(horizontal scanning line), are vertically transferred together in
response to the vertical transfer clocks V1, V2 and V3. Such
transfer is repeated line by line.
[0039] On the vertical transfer paths 40, the transfer electrodes
to which the vertical transfer clock V1 of a first phase are
applied serve as the gate electrodes of the read gates 38 at the
same time. More specifically, in the illustrative embodiment, the
vertical transfer clock V1 is selectively controlled to a low
level, a medium level or a high level thereof. Pulses with the high
level, or the third level, are applied to the gate electrodes of
the read gates 38 as read pulses FS.
[0040] The vertical transfer paths 40 are connected to a horizontal
transfer path or horizontal transfer CCD 46, so that one line of
signal charges are handed over from the vertical transfer paths 40
to the horizontal transfer path 46 at a time. The driver 22b feeds
the horizontal transfer path 46 with, e.g., two-phase horizontal
transfer clocks H1 and H2. The horizontal transfer clocks H1 and H2
cause the horizontal transfer path 46 to transfer each line of
signal charges in the horizontal direction. In the vicinity of the
horizontal transfer path 46, an overflow drain, not shown, extends
horizontally, so that signal charges overflowing from the
horizontal transfer path 46 are swept out via the overflow
drain.
[0041] To the end of the horizontal transfer path 46 in the
direction of charge transfer, a charge-to-voltage converter 48 is
connected which is implemented as, e.g., a floating diffusion
amplifier. The charge-to-voltage converter 48 converts the signal
charges transferred along the horizontal transfer path 46 to
associated signal voltages one by one. The signal voltages are
output from the charge-to-voltage converter 48 via an output
circuit, not shown, as the output OS of the CCD image sensor 26.
Each signal voltage is therefore representative of the quantity of
light incident to a particular cell 28.
[0042] The CCD image sensor 26 additionally includes a
semiconductor substrate 50. To the substrate 50, shutter pulses
OFD, FIG. 3(c), for electronic shutter releasing are also applied
from the driver 22b. Before the start of actual exposure for a
shot, the shutter pulses OFD cause the signal charges stored in the
cells 28 to be discharged to the substrate 50, thereby preparing
the CCD image sensor 26 for the actual exposure. The shutter pulses
OFD are fed to the CCD image sensor 26 via a contact pad 42 during
horizontal blanking periods.
[0043] The cells 28, read gates 38, vertical transfer CCDs 40,
horizontal transfer CCD 46 and charge-to-voltage converter 48 are
arranged on the semiconductor substrate 50, constituting the
progressive scanning type of CCD image sensor 26.
[0044] The three-phased vertical transfer clocks V1, V2 and V3 each
are fed from the driver 22b to the vertical CCDs 40 via a
particular terminal 52 formed on the substrate 50. Likewise, the
two-phased horizontal transfer clocks H1 and H2 each are fed from
the driver 22b to the horizontal CCD 46 via a particular terminal
54 formed on the substrate 50. FIG. 3 is a timing chart showing the
vertical transfer clocks V1, V2 and V3 and other signals appearing
in the illustrative embodiment. As shown, the illustrative
embodiment sequentially executes actual exposure 44, sweep transfer
56 and actual read transfer 58 in this order, as will be described
specifically hereinafter.
[0045] The actual exposure 44 is effected in accordance with the
exposure time and F value, which are determined by the system
controller 18 on the basis of an image picked up by preliminary
pickup preceding the actual exposure 44. The timing signal
generator 22a receives information defining to the exposure time
and F value and then receives an actual exposure start command from
the system controller 18. The timing signal generator 22a
determines an exposure start time t1 in response to the actual
exposure start command. In the illustrative embodiment, an exposure
end time t2 is coincident with the beginning of a vertical blanking
period during which a vertical synchronizing signal VD shown in
FIG. 3, line (a), remains in its high level. The mechanical shutter
is caused to open at the beginning of preliminary pickup.
[0046] The timing signal generator 22a repeatedly outputs the
shutter pulses OFD up to the actual exposure start time t1, causing
signal charges stored in the cells 28 to be discharged via the
substrate 50. The timing signal generator 22a commands the driver
22b to close the mechanical shutter at the actual exposure end time
t2. Subsequently, the sweep transfer 56 starts at a time t3. The
vertical transfer clocks V1, V2 and V3 have higher frequency during
sweep transfer 56 than during actual read transfer 58. As a result,
before signal charges are actually read out, signal charges stored
in the vertical transfer paths are swept out at a higher rate than
during actual read transfer.
[0047] Before signal charges are read out from the cells 28 in
synchronism with the read pulses FS, the sweep transfer 56 is
executed to sweep out the dark signal components (in the form of
current) generated in the vertical CCDs 40 and the smear and
blooming components (in the form of charges) leaking from the cells
28 into the vertical CCDs 40. More specifically, such unnecessary
signal components and charges are transferred to the horizontal CCD
46 in the vertical direction. Part of the components and charges
overflowing from the horizontal CCD 46 is swept out via the
overflow drain while the remaining part thereof is transferred by
the horizontal CCDs 46 and then swept out via the
charge-to-potential converter 48.
[0048] The amount of unnecessary charges is dependent on the
conditions of a subject to be picked up. In FIG. 3, line (e), a
curve 60 is representative of a specific amount of unnecessary
charges, and reveals that the amount of unnecessary charges
appearing just after the start of the sweep transfer 56 is so great
as to exceed the maximum transfer capacity, or transferability, of
the CCDs, where the height 62 of the curve 60 is representative of
the maximum transfer capacity. As the sweep transfer 56 proceeds,
the amount of unnecessary charges begins to decrease. When the
amount of unnecessary charges exceeds the maximum capacity,
sweeping operation is repeated up to three times, for example,
during the sweeping period of time 56.
[0049] After performing the sweep transfer at least once, the
system controller 18 should preferably determine whether or not the
amount of unnecessary charges has decreased below a reference value
to thereby determine whether or not to end the sweep transfer. FIG.
4 plots with respect to time t a specific curve a under the
condition wherein the amount of unnecessary charges is greater than
a reference value c from the time just after the start of sweep
transfer, and a curve b under the condition wherein the above
amount is smaller than the reference amount c just after the start
of sweep transfer but increases above the reference value c later.
The above decision of the system controller 18 is desirable to cope
with the condition represented by the curve b. Alternatively, the
system controller 18 may be adapted to make such a decision by
determining the luminance distribution of a subject during
preliminary pickup operation and then sweeping part of the vertical
transfer paths which is higher in luminance, rather than repeating
the sweeping operation more than once.
[0050] Referring again to FIG. 3, the amount of unnecessary charges
decreases below the reference value at a time t4. On detecting the
decrease, the system controller 18 commands the timing signal
generator 22a to end the sweep transfer 56. In response, at a time
t5, the timing signal generator 22a stops outputting the high-speed
vertical transfer clocks V1, V2 and V3. At a time t6 following
thereto, the timing signal generator 22a delivers a read pulse FS
together with the vertical transfer clock V1, causing the signal
charges from being transferred from the cells 28 to the vertical
transfer paths 40. The actual read transfer 58 starts at a time t7
and ends at a time t8. At the time t8, a vertical blanking period
begins.
[0051] The preprocessor 32 connected to the image sensing device 30
shown in FIG. 1 includes a CDS (Correlated Double Sampling)
circuit, not shown. The CDS circuit removes various kinds of noise
ascribable to the CCD image sensor 26, FIG. 2, from the signal
input from the image sensing device 30 and feeds the resulting
signal to the AD converter 34. The AD converter 34 quantizes the
input signal, which is an analog voltage signal, with respect to
predetermined levels for thereby converting it to an associated
digital signal in timed with a conversion clock or similar timing
signal, which is output from the timing signal generator 22a. The
digital signal is fed from the AD converter 34 to the signal
processor 36.
[0052] The signal processor 36 on one hand transfers the input
digital signal as a non-processed output 36a and delivers it to the
system controller 18. The non-processed output 36a appears only
during the sweep transfer period. On the other hand, the input
digital signal is provided to a data corrector, a matrix processor
and other processors included in the signal processor 36 for
further enhancing the image quality. The data corrector includes a
gamma correcting circuit for color correction and an AWB (Automatic
White Balance) circuit for white balance adjustment. The matrix
processor transforms R (red), G (green) and B (blue) color data to
luminance data Y and color difference data (R-Y) and (B-Y) to be
displayed as a color picture. The luminance data Y and color
difference data (R-Y) and (B-Y) are delivered as an output 36b to a
compander, a recorder and a monitor, although not shown
specifically.
[0053] Reference will be made to FIG. 5 for describing a specific
procedure to be executed by the digital still camera 10 for actual
pickup following preliminary pickup. Before actual pickup, the AE
and AF mechanisms are set in accordance with the various
information derived from preliminary pickup. The preliminary pickup
starts when the release button is depressed to, e.g., its
half-stroke position while the actual pickup starts when depressed
to its full-stroke position, as stated earlier.
[0054] First, the actual exposure 44 is executed in accordance with
the exposure time and F value, which are determined by the system
controller 18 on the basis of an image picked up during the
preliminary pickup operation. The timing signal generator 22a
receives the information relating to the exposure time and F value.
Subsequently, when the shutter release button is depressed to its
full-stroke position, the system controller 18 sends out an actual
exposure start command to the timing signal generator 22a. In
response, the timing signal generator 22a determines the exposure
start time t1. The exposure end time t2 is coincident with the
beginning of a vertical blanking period, as stated previously.
[0055] The timing signal generator 22a repeatedly outputs the
shutter pulse OFD up to the actual exposure start time t1, causing
signal charges stored in the cells 28 to be discharged via the
substrate 50. The mechanical shutter, which forms part of the AE
control mechanism, is opened from the time when the shutter release
key is depressed to its half-stroke position to the time when the
actual exposure 44 ends. The timing signal generator 22a feeds the
driver 22b with a command for closing the mechanical shutter at the
actual exposure end time t2, thereby closing the mechanical shutter
(step S10).
[0056] Subsequently, the sweep transfer 56 starts at the time t3
(step S12). During sweep transfer 56, the vertical transfer clocks
V1, V2 and V3 higher in frequency than during read transfer 58 are
generated to effect the sweep transfer 56 at a high rate.
Unnecessary charges swept out from the vertical transfer paths 40
and horizontal transfer path 46 of the image sensing device 30 are
sent to the system controller 18 via the preprocessor 32, AD
converter 34 and signal processor 36 as an output 36a. This allows
the system controller 18 to monitor the amount of unnecessary
charges, i.e., the output level (step S14). The system controller
18 determines whether or not the output level is lower than the
reference level inclusive (step S16). If the answer of the step is
negative (NO), then the system controller 18 repeats such a
decision.
[0057] When the output level drops below the reference level at the
time t4 (YES, step S16), the system controller 18 commands the
timing signal generator 22a to end the sweep transfer 56 (step
S18). In response, the timing signal generator 2 stops outputting
the high-speed vertical transfer clocks V1, V2 and V3 at the time
t5, thereby ending the sweep transfer 56. Subsequently, at the time
t6, the timing signal generator 22a outputs the read pulse FS
together with the vertical transfer clock V1 in order to start the
transfer of signal charges from the cells 28 to the vertical
transfer paths 40 (step S20). The read transfer 58 starts at the
time t7 and ends at the time t8. The actual imaging has thus been
finished.
[0058] In the illustrative embodiment, the transfer clocks V1, V2
and V3, and H1 and H2 are high-speed signals. Notwithstanding, the
system consumes the minimum of power as a whole. This is
implemented by controlling a period of time necessary for sweeping
out unnecessary charges (sweep transfer 56, FIG. 3) to be minimized
adaptively under the image pickup condition. Such power saving
successfully increases the number of shots available with a given
battery capacity for the camera.
[0059] Further, the minimum necessary duration of sweep transfer
enhances the image quality of reproduced pictures. More
specifically, the dark signal components increase in the cells 28
with the elapse of time even during the sweep transfer period, so
that the amount of dark signal components decreases with a decrease
in sweep transfer period. The improvement in image quality is more
prominent with a progressing scanning system than with a frame
scanning system for the following reason. Because the frame
scanning system reads out the charges of a second field following
the charges of a first field, the dark signal components increase
during the sweep transfer period and during the read-out of the
first field. In this sense, the effect of the decrease in dark
signal components is not noticeable. By contrast, the progressing
scanning system starts reading out data immediately after the end
of the sweep transfer period, so that a decrease in sweep transfer
period directly translates into a decrease in dark signal
components.
[0060] Another advantage achievable with the minimum necessary
sweep period is that it reduces an image pickup time for a single
shot in a continuous pickup mode, thereby increasing a continuous
pickup speed.
[0061] Moreover, assume that smear and blooming components increase
due to intense light incident during actual exposure. Then, the
illustrative embodiment, which monitors the amount of unnecessary
charges being swept out, can surely sweep up the smear and blooming
components together with dark signal components during the sweep
transfer period. With a conventional digital still camera, the
period of time for dissipating unnecessary charges available is
fixed, so that unnecessary charges cannot be fully swept out when
unexpected incident light is incident, e.g., when the sun is shot
in the daytime. The illustrative embodiment is adapted to set a
longer period of time for sweeping unnecessary charges than the
conventional camera when intense light is incident, and can
therefore surely sweep them out, thereby enhancing the quality of a
still picture.
[0062] While the illustrative embodiment determines an optimal
sweep transfer period by monitoring the quantity of unnecessary
charges being swept out, it may be modified so as to estimate the
quantity of unnecessary charges to determine a sweep transfer
period. For example, the system controller may be adapted to
determine a sweep transfer period in accordance with the conditions
of a subject determined by the preliminary pickup operation. The
conditions of a subject may include at least one of luminance
information on a subject and the shutter speed and F value of the
camera 10.
[0063] More specifically, luminance information and shutter speed
are dependent on the luminance of a subject (quantity of light
incident to the camera) in such a fashion that the quantity of
light to be incident to the image sensing device 30 increases with
an increase in the luminance of a subject field. The smear and
blooming components increase with an increase in the quantity of an
incident light. The smear components, in particular, increase in
proportional to the intensity of an incident light. As the smear
and blooming components increase, the amount of unnecessary charges
on the vertical transfer paths increases, so that the sweep
transfer period must be extended. This is why the system controller
18 may be configured to vary the sweep transfer period in
accordance with luminance information and shutter speed.
[0064] In the alternative configuration stated above, the system
controller 18 feeds the timing signal generator 22a with a sweep
transfer period selected. In response, the timing signal generator
22a sends out the high-speed transfer clock to the image sensing
device 30 over the sweep transfer period selected. In the
configuration where the system controller 18 controls the sweep
transfer period in dependence upon luminance information and
shutter speed, the system controller 18 may be adapted to select a
zero sweep transfer period (no sweeping) when it has determined
that the luminance of a subject is low.
[0065] Another factor that may be used to determine a sweep
transfer period is an F value or lens opening. This is because the
quantity of incident light and the angle of light incident to the
individual cell are dependent on the F value and because the amount
of smear components is dependent on the quantity of the incident
light and the angle of incidence, as will be described with
reference to FIG. 6 hereinafter.
[0066] FIG. 6 schematically shows how unnecessary charges are
generated in the individual photosensitive cell 28 and a vertical
transfer path 80 associated therewith. As shown, there are some
different causes that bring about smear components. First, intense
light 64 incident to the deep portion of a substrate via the cell
region 28 generates a great amount of charge there. As a result,
part 70 of the amount of charge diffuses into the channel of the
vertical transfer path 80. Second, light 66 penetrates shielding
layers 78 and a vertical transfer gate 72 to reach the vertical
transfer path 80. It is to be noted that a protection layer 82 of a
material transparent for light covers the entire surface of the
image sensor 26. Third, light having reached the surface of the
image sensor 26 is propagated through a thin layer of oxide 74
which is formed between the gate electrode 72 and the substrate and
functions as a waveguide, and then enters the vertical transfer
path 80.
[0067] The amount of light 68 to reach the vertical transfer path
80 increases with a decrease in the incidence angle 76 thereof. As
the F value decreases, the iris opens wider, i.e., the
cross-sectional area of the incident beam becomes greater. As a
result, the amount of light components with small incidence angles
76 increases, causing the amount of smear components to increase.
It follows that the smear components increase with a decrease in F
value for a given shutter speed. The system controller 18 may
therefore be configured to determine an F value by preliminary
pickup operation and then determine a sweep transfer period
matching with the F value. The system controller 18 feeds the
timing signal generator 22a with the sweep transfer period
selected. In response, the timing signal generator 22a sends out
the high-speed transfer clock to the image sensing device 30 over
the sweep transfer period selected.
[0068] The propagation of light is dependent on the wavelength of
the light so that red light easily reaches the deeper level of the
substrate. In light of this, the sweep transfer period may be
adjusted in accordance with information on R, G and B components of
the incident light determined at the time of preliminary pickup.
More specifically, when the amount of red component is greater, the
sweep transfer period should preferably be extended because the
amount of smear components is presumably richer.
[0069] While the illustrative embodiment is adapted for
automatically determining pickup conditions during preliminary
pickup operation, it may be modified to allow the user of the
camera 10 to input desired pickup conditions on the control panel
14.
[0070] The alternative configurations described above that vary the
sweep transfer period in accordance with the pickup conditions
achieve the same advantages as the illustrative embodiment that
monitors the amount of unnecessary charges.
[0071] In summary, it will has been seen that the present invention
provides a solid-state image pickup apparatus capable of sweeping
out unnecessary charges in an optimal period of time and a method
of driving the same.
[0072] The entire disclosure of Japanese patent application No.
2001-271774 filed on Sep. 7, 2001, including the specification,
claims, accompanying drawings and abstract of the disclosure is
incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0073] While the present invention has been described with
reference to the particular illustrative embodiment, it is not to
be restricted by the embodiment. It is to be appreciated that those
skilled in the art can change or modify the embodiment without
departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention.
* * * * *