U.S. patent number 5,736,347 [Application Number 08/307,279] was granted by the patent office on 1998-04-07 for nucleic acids of rochalimaea henselae and methods and compositions for diagnosing rochalimaea henselae and rochalimaea quintana infection.
This patent grant is currently assigned to The United States of America as represented by the Department of Health. Invention is credited to Burt E. Anderson, Russell L. Regnery.
United States Patent |
5,736,347 |
Anderson , et al. |
April 7, 1998 |
Nucleic acids of Rochalimaea henselae and methods and compositions
for diagnosing Rochalimaea henselae and Rochalimaea quintana
infection
Abstract
A method of diagnosing cat scratch disease and a method of
diagnosing bacillary angiomatosis in a subject by detecting the
presence of Rochalimaea henselae or an antigenic fragment thereof
in the subject is provided. Also provided is a vaccine comprising
an immunogenic amount of a nonpathogenic Rochalimaea henselae or an
immunogenically specific determinant thereof and a pharmaceutically
acceptable carrier. A method of diagnosing Rochalimaea quintana
infection in a subject by detecting the presence of a nucleic acid
specific to Rochalimaea quintana in a sample from the subject is
provided. A purified, 60-kDa heat shock protein of Rochalimaea is
provided. Also provided is a 17-kDa antigenic polypeptide of
Rochalimaea.
Inventors: |
Anderson; Burt E. (Valrico,
FL), Regnery; Russell L. (Tucker, GA) |
Assignee: |
The United States of America as
represented by the Department of Health (Washington,
DC)
|
Family
ID: |
26937129 |
Appl.
No.: |
08/307,279 |
Filed: |
September 16, 1994 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
|
|
245294 |
May 18, 1994 |
5644047 |
|
|
|
822539 |
Jan 17, 1992 |
5399485 |
|
|
|
Current U.S.
Class: |
435/7.32;
530/387.1; 530/391.1; 530/391.3; 530/389.5; 530/388.4; 435/975;
436/811; 435/6.15 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C07K
14/29 (20130101); A61K 39/0233 (20130101); G01N
33/56911 (20130101); Y10S 435/975 (20130101); Y10S
436/811 (20130101); C07K 2319/00 (20130101); A61K
38/00 (20130101); A61K 39/00 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
A61K
39/02 (20060101); C07K 14/195 (20060101); G01N
33/569 (20060101); C07K 14/29 (20060101); A61K
38/00 (20060101); A61K 39/00 (20060101); G01N
033/554 (); C12Q 001/68 (); C07K 016/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;435/7.32,6,975 ;436/811
;530/388.4,387.1,389.5,391.1,391.3 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Other References
Anderson et al., J. Clin. Micro. 32(4):942-948, 1994. .
Roop et al, Infect. Immun., 62(3):1000-1007, 1994. .
Anderson et al. "Molecular Cloning . . . " Abstract D-90, 93rd Gen.
Meeting Amer. Soc. for Microbiol., Atlanta, GA 1993. .
Koehler et al, N. Eng. J. Med. 327(23):1625-1631, 1992. .
Anderson et al. Amer. Soc. for Rickettsiology and Rickettsial Dis.
p. 16, Apr. 13, 1991. .
Regnery et al. Amer. Soc. for Rickettsiology and Rickettsial Dis.
p. 37, Apr. 13, 1991. .
Brenner et al. J. Clin. Micro. 29:1299-1302, 1991. .
O'Connor et al. J. Clin. Micro. 29:2144-2150, 1991. .
Brenner et al. J. Clin. Micro. 29:2450-2460, 1991. .
Cockerelle et al. N. Eng. J. Med. 324:1511-1512, 1991. .
Birtles et al. N. Eng. J. Med. 325:1447-1448, 1991. .
Relman et al. N., Eng. J. Med. 323:1573-1580, 1990. .
Slater et al. N. Eng. J. Med. 323:1587-1593, 1990. .
Schlossberg et al. Arch. Intern. Med. 149:1437-1439, 1989. .
English et al. JAMA. 259:1347-1352, 1988. .
Angritt et al. Lancet 1:996, 1988..
|
Primary Examiner: Housel; James C.
Assistant Examiner: Shaver; Jennifer
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Fitch, Even, Tabin &
Flannery
Parent Case Text
This is a continuation-in-part application of application Ser. No.
08/245,294, filed May 18, 1994, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,644,047, which
is a continuation-in-part application of application Ser. No.
07/822,539, filed Jan. 17, 1992, now U.S. Pat. No. 5,399,485.
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A method of diagnosing current or previous cat scratch disease
in a subject by detecting the presence of an antibody that
specifically binds Rochalimaea henselae, wherein the detecting step
comprises the steps of contacting an antibody-containing fluid or
tissue sample from the subject with an amount of the purified
polypeptide set forth in the Sequence Listing as SEQ ID NO:11 or an
immunogenic fragment thereof which binds to the antibody, detecting
the binding of the purified polypeptide or immunogenic fragment
thereof to the antibody, and correlating the presence of an
antibody that specifically binds to the purified polypeptide or
immunogenic fragment thereof with cat scratch disease in the
subject.
2. A method of diagnosing current or previous cat scratch disease
in a subject by detecting the presence of an antibody that
specifically binds Rochalimaea henselae, wherein the detecting step
comprises the steps of contacting an antibody-containing fluid or
tissue sample from the subject with an amount of an immunogenic
polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid which can specifically
hybridize with the nucleic acid encoding the amino acid sequence
set forth in the Sequence Listing as SEQ ID NO:11 under the
stringency conditions of 60.degree. C. and 5.times. SSC, followed
by the initial washing condition of room temperature, 2.times. SSC
and 0.1% SDS, and two secondary washes with stringency conditions
of 50.degree. C., 0.5% SSC and 0.1% SDS.
3. A method of diagnosing bacillary angiomatosis in a subject by
detecting the presence of an antibody that specifically binds
Rochalimaea henselae, wherein the detecting step comprises the
steps of contacting an antibody-containing fluid or tissue sample
from the subject with an amount of the purified polypeptide set
forth in the Sequence Listing as SEQ ID NO:11 or immunogenic
fragment thereof which binds to the antibody, and detecting the
binding of the purified polypeptide or immunogenic fragment thereof
to the antibody.
4. A diagnostic kit for detecting the presence of a serum antibody
specifically reactive with Rochalimaea henselae or an immunogenic
fragment thereof comprising: the purified polypeptide set forth in
the Sequence Listing as SEQ ID NO:11 or immunogenic fragment
thereof bound to a substrate; a secondary antibody reactive with
the serum antibody specifically reactive with the purified
polypeptide or an immunogenic fragment thereof; and a reagent for
detecting a reaction of the secondary antibody with the serum
antibody.
5. A method of diagnosing current or previous cat scratch disease
in a subject by detecting the presence of an antibody that
specifically binds Rochalimea henselae, wherein the detecting step
comprises the steps of contacting an antibody-containing fluid or
tissue sample from the subject with an amount of the purified
polypeptide set forth in the Sequence Listing as SEQ ID NO:7 or an
immunogenic fragment thereof which binds to the antibody, detecting
the binding of the purified polypeptide or immunogenic fragment
thereof to the antibody, and correlating the presence of an
antibody that specifically binds to the polypeptide or immunogenic
fragment thereof with cat scratch disease in the subject.
6. A method of diagnosing current or previous cat scratch disease
in a subject by detecting the presence of an antibody that
specifically binds Rochalimaea henselae, wherein the detecting step
comprises the steps of contacting an antibody-containing fluid or
tissue sample from the subject with an amount of an immunogenic
polypeptide encoded by a nucleic acid which can specifically
hybridize with the nucleic acid encoding the amino acid sequence
set forth in the Sequence Listing as SEQ ID NO:7 under stringency
conditions of 60.degree. C. and 5.times. SSC, followed by an
initial wash with stringency conditions of room temperature,
2.times. SSC and 0.1% SDS, and two secondary washes with stringency
conditions of 50.degree. C., 0.5% SSC and 0.1% SDS.
7. A method of diagnosing current or previous cat scratch disease
in a subject by detecting the presence of an antibody that
specifically binds Rochalimea henselae, wherein the detecting step
comprises the steps of contacting an antibody-containing fluid or
tissue sample from the subject with an amount of the 30-kDa fusion
protein produced by subcloning the Rochalimea henselae polypeptide
set forth in the Sequence Listing as SEQ ID NO:11 as a biotinylated
fusion protein in the expression vector PinPoint Xa-2, detecting
the binding of the 30-kDa fusion protein to the antibody, and
correlating the presence of an antibody that specifically binds to
the 30-kDa fusion protein with cat scratch disease in the subject .
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Cat scratch disease (CSD) has been the subject of considerable
clinical and microbiologic interest for many years. An estimated
7,000 cases of cat scratch disease occur each year in the United
States. Due to difficulty in diagnosing CSD and its potentially
confusing clinical similarity with other disease syndromes, the
number of actual cases of CSD in the United States may be closer to
70,000 per year. CSD is described as a subacute regional
lymphadenitis temporally associated with the scratch or bite of a
cat, and it occasionally results in meningoencephalitis.
Diagnosis of CSD has been a problem because the etiologic agent of
the disease has not been previously identified. An unidentified
bacillus has been visualized in biopsies from patients with CSD
using Warthin-Starry stain but has resisted identification because
of difficulties in obtaining an isolated culture. The etiologic
agent of CSD has recently been proposed to be "Afipia felis" (7).
Despite these efforts, it has not been possible thus far to isolate
or otherwise associate this agent with most persons suffering from
cat scratch disease.
A clinically related disease, bacillary angiomatosis (BA), is a
condition characterized by multiple tumors or swelling due to
proliferation of the blood vessels. BA is often found in
association with an immunocompromised condition, particularly HIV
infection. An unidentified bacillus has been visualized in the
angiomatous tissues using Warthin-Starry stain (28). DNA extracted
from the angiomatous tissues was shown to contain a fragment of 16S
rRNA gene related to, but not identical to, the 16S rRNA gene of
Rochalimaea quintana. This DNA was not obtained from a pure culture
of the organism (28). These investigators were unable to isolate an
infectious organism from patient tissues and, therefore, were
unable to clearly associate the DNA sequences observed in tissues
with an identifiable disease-causing organism. Neither the organism
seen in these tissues nor the actual causative agent of the disease
was identifiable.
Thus, despite intensive research and widespread effects of the
diseases, the etiologic agent(s) of both CSD and BA have evaded
identification. This invention describes the identification of an
organism, named R. henselae herein, which is causative of both
diseases.
R. quintana has been associated with varied clinical syndromes
including persistent fever with bacteremia in normal and
immunosuppressed individuals (18, 23, 30, 34). Despite the
association of R. quintana with disease, R. quintana, has not been
firmly linked to CSD. Given the controversy surrounding the
etiology of CSD and the association R. quintana with human disease,
there exists a need for a method of directly detecting each of
these organisms in lymph node tissue from CSD patients.
The invention meets this need by providing a nucleic acid based
method of detecting R. quintana infection in a subject. The
isolated nucleic acid sequences of the present invention allow
primers and probes to be readily designed for such a nucleic acid
based detection system.
A need also exists to rapidly identify the presence of infection of
a patient by R. henselae. Rapid and efficient determination of such
infections will aid in the diagnosis of the previously ambiguous
symptoms associated with infection by R. henselae and therefore
facilitate the evaluation of a proper course of treatment.
The present invention meets this need by providing purified
antigenic polypeptides necessary for detecting the presence of R.
henselae antibodies circulating in the serum of patients presently,
or previously infected with R. henselae. These same purified
antigenic polypeptides can be used to produce antibodies which
themselves may be utilized in a method to detect the presence of R.
henselae antigen present in a subject, and therefore determine
whether a subject is currently, or has previously been infected
with R. henselae.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a method of diagnosing cat scratch
disease and a method of diagnosing bacillary angiomatosis in a
subject by detecting the presence of Rochalimaea henselae or an
immunogenically specific determinant thereof in the subject. Also
provided by the present invention is a method of diagnosing cat
scratch disease and a method of diagnosing bacillary angiomatosis
in a subject by detecting the presence of antibodies in a subject
which bind to antigenic determinants of R. henselae.
The present invention also provides isolated nucleic acids encoding
immunogenic polypeptides of R. henselae.
Vectors are also provided comprising the nucleic acids of the
present invention. The vectors can be used in a host expression
system to produce antigenic polypeptides reagents for diagnostic
and prophylactic applications.
The present invention further relates to a method of diagnosing
Rochalimaea quintana infection in a subject by detecting the
presence of a nucleic acid specific to Rochalimaea quintana in a
sample from the subject.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
FIG. 1 shows the number of comigrating DNA fragments and the
estimated percentage of sequence divergence among organisms related
to R. henselae. Numbers in parentheses (along the diagonal)
indicate the total number of fragments used in analysis of each
species. Fractions in the upper right sector indicate the number of
comigrating DNA fragments for each pair of species divided by the
number of fragments present for both species. Numbers in the lower
left sector correspond to the estimated percentage of sequence
divergences.
FIG. 2 shows the distribution of R. henselae specific antibody
titers among persons diagnosed with cat scratch disease
syndrome.
FIG. 3 shows the distribution of R. henselae specific antibody
titers among healthy persons.
FIG. 4 shows the nucleotide sequence alignment for the three
regions of the antigen gene corresponding to primers CAT1 and CAT2
and oligonucleotide probes RH1 and RQ1. The antigen gene sequences
were aligned for maximal homology using only the portion
corresponding to the primer and probe sequences. The sequences for
R. henselae and corresponding base substitutions (from the R.
henselae sequence) for other species are shown, and conserved
positions are indicated with a period. The complement of PCR primer
CAT2 is shown [CAT2 (C)].
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Purified R. henselae Antigen
The invention provides immunogenically specific proteins or
antigenic polypeptide fragments of R. henselae. These
immunogenically specific proteins or polypeptides are those that
specifically bind antibodies that specifically bind R. henselae.
The immunogenically specific proteins or polypeptide fragments of
R. quintana are those that specifically bind antibodies that
specifically bind R. quintana. Specific binding denotes the absence
of cross reactivity with antibodies or antigens from organisms
other than the specified species. As contemplated herein, an
antigen or antibody that is specific for both R. henselae and R.
quintana can bind antibodies or antigens from both of these
bacteria, but not antibodies or antigens from other organisms.
An immunogenically specific determinant of R. henselae or R.
quintana can be isolated from the whole organism by chemical or
mechanical disruption of the organism. For example, a carbohydrate
moiety of the organism can be obtained by standard methods such as
digesting the organism with a protease to remove protein
moieties.
Alternatively, a protein moiety of R. henselae or R. quintana can
be obtained by treating the whole organism with an ionic detergent
such as sodium dodecyl sulfate or a nonionic detergent such as
Triton X-100 (C.sub.34 H.sub.6 O.sub.11 average) or
ethylphenyl-polyethylene glycol (NP-40, Shell Oil Company). The
protein fragments so obtained can be tested for immunogenicity and
specificity as described above. Other immunogenically specific
determinants of the organism can be obtained by the standard
methods described above.
Immunogenically specific determinants or antigenic polypeptides of
this invention can be obtained by synthesizing a vector comprising
a nucleic acid sequence encoding an immunogenically specific
determinant of R. henselae or R. quintana. Examples of nucleic
acids that encode immunogenic determinants of and R. henselae are
provided herein, specifically in Examples 3 and 4. The vector can
then be placed in a host wherein the immunogenically specific
determinant can be synthesized. The selection of a nucleic acid
sequence that encodes an immunogenically specific determinant can
be accomplished by screening clone libraries of the organism's DNA.
Briefly, the bacteria are lysed and the DNA extracted via standard
procedure using 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate and proteinase K. The
resulting DNA is then partially digested with restriction
endonuclease EcoRI, size fractionated and gel purified (agarose gel
electrophoresis), and cloned into lambda phage vector lambda ZapII
following standard procedures such as described in Maniatis et al.
(20). The recombinant plaques are screened for antigen production
via ELISA with primary antibody being human or other non-human
(e.g., feline) convalescent sera absorbed with an E. coli lysate.
Alternatively, antigen produced by the recombinant clones can be
screened by expressing the antigen and incubating the antigen with
antibody-containing serum obtained from patients diagnosed with cat
scratch disease. Those recombinant clones expressing R.
henselae-specific antigen can then be identified by conventional
methods (14). Antigen expressing clones are subsequently subcloned
and sequenced. Probes can then be derived that are specific for
each species.
The subclones expressing species-specific antigens are sequenced
and corresponding synthetic peptides can be constructed from the
deduced amino acid sequence for use as diagnostic antigens or
immunogens. Alternatively, recombinant antigens synthesized from
polypeptide-expressing vectors in an appropriate host cell line
could be purified by affinity chromatography, polyacrylamide gel
electrophoresis, fast peptide liquid chromatography (FPLC), high
pressure liquid chromatography, and the like.
For example, the present invention provides an isolated nucleic
acid as set forth in the Sequence Listing as SEQ ID NO:11 which
encodes a polypeptide with an open reading frame of 148 amino acids
with an approximate molecular weight of 17-kDa (17-kilodaltons). As
shown in Example 4, this purified polypeptide specifically binds to
antibody present in the serum of patients diagnosed with cat
scratch disease. This isolated polypeptide, therefore, provides a
valuable reagent for diagnostic applications.
Similarly, the present invention also provides an isolated nucleic
acid as set forth in the Sequence Listing as SEQ ID NO:7. The
polypeptide encoded by this isolated nucleic acid has an open
reading frame of 503 amino acids with an approximate molecular
weight of 60-kDa (60-kilodaltons) and represents a heat-shock
protein encoded by the htrA gene of R. henselae. As shown in
Example 3, this isolated nucleic acid provides a diagnostic reagent
which is valuable in nucleic acid-based detection assays of R.
henselae infection.
Once the amino acid sequence of the antigen is provided, it is also
possible to synthesize, using standard peptide synthesis
techniques, peptide fragments homologous to immunoreactive regions
of the antigen and test these fragments for their antigenicity
using conventional techniques (14). These antigenic fragments can
also be modified by inclusion, deletion, or modification of
particular amino acid residues in the derived sequences. Thus,
synthesis or purification of an extremely large number of peptides
derived from the antigens provided is possible.
Similarly, fragments of the antigenic polypeptides provided can be
cloned into peptide expression vectors for peptide synthesis in
vivo. Such in vivo synthesized polypeptides can be readily purified
using techniques such as affinity chromatography.
The amino acid sequences of the present polypeptides can contain an
immunoreactive portion of the antigen attached to sequences
designed to provide for some additional property, such as
solubility. The amino acid sequences of the polypeptides can also
include sequences in which one or more amino acids have been
substituted with another amino acid to provide for some additional
property, such as to remove/add amino acids capable of disulfide
bonding, to increase its bio-longevity, alter enzymatic activity,
or alter interactions with gastric acidity. In any case, the
peptide must possess a bioactive property, such as
immunoreactivity, immunogenicity, etc.
A nonpathogenic R. henselae or R. quintana antigen can be derived
by modifying the organism using standard techniques. For example,
the whole cell antigen can be subjected to gamma irradiation to
render the organism nonpathogenic. Other standard methods of
inactivating whole cell antigen include treatment with
.beta.-propiolactone or formalin (14).
Determining Antigenicity and Specificity
The antigenicity and specificity of the immunogenic fragments
(antigenic polypeptides) or modified whole bacteria can be
determined by the usual methods. Briefly, various concentrations of
a putative inactivated (nonpathogenic) immunogenically specific
determinant are prepared and administered to an animal and the
immunological response (i.e., the production of antibodies) of an
animal to each concentration is determined. The amounts of antigen
or inactivated or modified-live organism administered depends on
the subject, e.g. a human or a cat, the condition of the subject,
the size of the subject, etc. Thereafter an animal so inoculated to
the nonpathogenic antigen can be exposed to the pathogenic organism
to test the potential vaccine effect of the immunogenically
specific determinant. The specificity of a putative immunogenically
specific determinant can be ascertained by testing sera or other
fluid from the inoculated animal for cross reactivity with another
species (14).
Serological Diagnosis
The present invention provides a method of diagnosing cat scratch
disease in a subject comprising detecting the presence of
Rochalimaea henselae or an immunogenically specific determinant
thereof (hereinafter collectively referred to as "R. henselae
antigen") in the subject. The subject can be a human or other
animal. As used herein, an "immunogenically specific determinant"
can be on an intact R. henselae or an antigenic fragment of R.
henselae.
Given the subject discovery that the presence of R. henselae is
associated with cat scratch disease, bacillary angiomatosis and
splenic hepatic peliosis, many well-known methods of detecting a
bacteria can be applied to detect R. henselae and diagnose a
disease. In one example of the method of diagnosing cat scratch
disease, the step of detecting R. henselae antigen is performed by
contacting a fluid or tissue sample from the subject with an amount
of a purified ligand, e.g. antibodies or antibody fragments, that
specifically bind R. henselae antigen and detecting the reaction of
the ligand with R. henselae antigen. As contemplated herein, the
term "antibody" includes an intact antibody, a fragment of an
antibody or another reagent (ligand) that binds nonrandomly with
the antigen. The fluid sample of this method can comprise any body
fluid which would contain R. henselae, for example, blood, plasma
and serum. Other possible examples of body fluids include urine,
sputum, mucus and the like.
In an alternative embodiment, the method of diagnosing cat scratch
disease of the present invention can be such that the presence of
R. henselae is determined by detecting the presence of an antibody
from the subject which specifically binds with R. henselae antigen.
The presence of antibody which specifically binds with R. henselae
indicates the presence of infection by R. henselae. As used herein,
the term "specifically binds" denotes an antibody or other ligand
that does not cross react, or bind, substantially with any antigen
other than the one specified, in this case, R. henselae
antigen.
When the method of diagnosing cat scratch disease is by detecting
the presence of an antibody specifically reactive (i.e.
specifically binds) with R. henselae antigen, the step of detecting
the presence of an antibody specifically reactive to R. henselae
antigen can, for example, include the steps of contacting a fluid
or tissue sample from the subject with an amount of R. henselae
antigen that binds an antibody which specifically binds with R.
henselae and detecting the binding of the R. henselae antigen with
the antibody. It is expected that the antigen used will
specifically bind antibodies to R. henselae produced in the course
of R. henselae infection. One method of conducting such a diagnosis
is illustrated in Example 2.
Detecting the reaction of the ligand with R. henselae antigen can
be facilitated by the use of a ligand that is bound to a detectable
moiety. Such a detectable moiety will allow visual detection of a
precipitate or a color change, visual deletion by microscopy, or
automated detection by spectrometry or radiometric measurement or
the like. Examples of detectable moieties include fluorescein and
rhodamine (for fluorescence microscopy), horseradish peroxidase
(for either light microscopy or electron microscopy and biochemical
detection), biotinstrepavidin (for light or electron microscopy)
and alkaline phosphatase (for biochemical detection by color
change). The detection method and detectable moiety used can be
selected from the list above or other suitable examples by the
standard criteria applied to such selections (14).
In the diagnostic methods of the present invention, the step of
detecting the reaction of the ligand with R. henselae antigen can
be further aided, in appropriate instances, by the use of a
secondary antibody or other ligand which binds, either specifically
with a different epitope or nonspecifically with the ligand or
bound antibody.
In the diagnostic method which detects the presence of an antibody
which specifically binds with R. henselae antigen, the R. henselae
antigen can be bound to a substrate and contacted by a fluid sample
such as blood, plasma or serum. This sample can be taken directly
from the patient or in a partially purified form. In this manner,
antibodies specific for R. henselae antigen (the primary antibody)
will specifically bind with the bound R. henselae antigen.
Thereafter, a secondary antibody bound to, or labeled with, a
detectable moiety can be added to enhance the detection of the
primary antibody. Generally, the secondary antibody will be
selected for its ability to bind with multiple sites on the primary
antibody. Thus, for example, several molecules of the secondary
antibody can bind with each primary antibody, making the primary
antibody more detectable.
Detecting methods such as immunofluorescence assays (IFA) and
enzyme linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) can be readily adapted
to accomplish the detection of both R. henselae antigen and
antibodies which specifically bind therewith. An example of an IFA
protocol is provided in Example 2. The indirect immunocytochemical
methods taught in Example 2 will be generally applicable for the
detection of antigens or antibodies specific to an organism. An
ELISA method effective for the diagnosis of cat scratch disease
based on the detection of human IgG antibodies can, for example, be
as follows: (1) bind the antigen (R. henselae antigen) to a
substrate; (2) contact the bound antigen with a serum sample,
containing antibodies reactive with R. henselae antigen, from a
subject; (3) contact the above with an anti-human IgG antibody
(secondary antibody) bound to a detectable moiety (e.g.,
horseradish peroxidase enzyme or alkaline phosphatase enzyme); (4)
contact the above with the substrate for the enzyme; (5) contact
the above with a color reagent; (6) observe color change in the
presence of IgG antibody which specifically binds with R. henselae
antigen. An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for
IgG antibodies against R. henselae is briefly as follows:
Flat-bottomed 96-well polystyrene plates are coated with R.
henselae or negative control antigen and allowed to incubate
overnight. The next day, two-fold serial dilutions of test sera and
5 negative control sera, mouse anti-human IgG conjugated to
horseradish peroxidase, and finally the substrate ABTS
(2,2'-azino-di-[3-ethylbenzothiazoline sulfonate]) are added to
each well sequentially. Between each step, plates are incubated for
1 hour at 37.degree. C., and then washed 3 times with 0.1% Tween 20
in phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.4). Dilutions of sera are
considered positive when the difference in absorbance between that
serum specimen when tested with R. henselae antigen and the
negative control antigen exceeds the mean plus 3 standard
deviations of the 5 negative control sera tested with both R.
henselae and negative control antigens.
A modification of the above ELISA effective for diagnosis of cat
scratch disease and bacillary angiomatosis based on the detection
of human IgM antibodies can be as follows: (1) bind an anti-human
IgM antibody capable of reacting with a human IgM antibody to a
substrate (antibody capture); (2) contact the bound antibody with a
serum sample from a subject; (3) contact the above with R. henselae
antigen; (4) contact the above with a rabbit anti-R. henselae
antibody; (5) contact the above with an anti-rabbit antibody bound
to a detectable moiety (e.g., horseradish peroxidase enzyme); (6)
contact the above with substrate for the enzyme; (7) contact the
above with a color reagent; (8) observe a color change in the
presence of an IgM antibody specifically reactive with R. henselae
antigen. For the IgM capture ELISA, flat-bottomed 96-well
polystyrene plates are coated with goat anti-human IgM antibody,
followed by serial two-fold dilutions of sera including 5 negative
controls, R. henselae or negative control antigens, R. henselae
hyperimmune rabbit antisera, and goat anti-rabbit conjugated to
horseradish peroxidase and the substrate (ABTS). Between each step,
plates are incubated for 1 hour at 37.degree. C., and then washed 3
times with 0.1% Tween 20 in phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.4).
Dilutions of sera are considered positive when the difference in
absorbance between that serum specimen when tested with R. henselae
antigen and the negative control antigen exceeds the mean plus 3
standard deviations of the 5 negative control sera tested with both
R. henselae and negative control antigens.
Alternatively, methods such as immunoblot analysis can be readily
adapted to detect the presence of R. henselae antigen and
antibodies which specifically bind therewith. An example of an
immunoblot analysis is provided in Example 4. The immunoblot
analysis taught in Example 4 can be applicable for the detection of
antigens or antibodies specific to the whole organism, or to
antigens or antibodies specific to only a fragment of the whole
organism. An immunoblot analysis effective for the detection of R.
henselae antigen or antibodies specific to R. henselae can, for
example, be as follows: (1) grow recombinant vectors containing R.
henselae encoding nucleic acids in an appropriate host for
expression of the recombinant nucleic acid; (2) induce the host to
express the recombinant nucleic acid; (3) solubilize the host to
release the polypeptide expressed by the vector; (4) electrophorese
the released polypeptides on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide
gels; (5) transfer the proteins to nitrocellulose membranes; (6)
incubate the nitrocellulose membranes with serum from patients
potentially infected with R. henselae; and (7) detecting the bound
antigen or antibody by reacting the filters with goat anti-human
IgG conjugated with horseradish peroxidase.
Another immunologic technique that can be useful in the detection
of R. henselae infection utilizes monoclonal antibodies for
detection of antibodies which specifically bind with R. henselae
antigen. Briefly, sera from the subject is incubated with R.
henselae antigen bound to a substrate (e.g. an ELISA 96-well
plate). Excess sera is thoroughly washed away. A labeled
(enzyme-linked, fluorescent, radioactive, etc.) monoclonal antibody
is then incubated with the previously reacted antigen-serum
antibody complex. The amount of inhibition of monoclonal antibody
binding is measured relative to a control (no patient serum
antibody). The degree of monoclonal antibody inhibition is a very
specific test for a particular species since it is based on
monoclonal antibody binding specificity.
A micro-agglutination test can also be used to detect the presence
of R. henselae in a subject. Briefly, latex beads (or red blood
cells) are coated with R. henselae antigen and mixed with serum
from the subject, such that antibodies in the tissue or body fluids
that specifically bind with R. henselae antigen crosslink with the
antigen, causing agglutination. The agglutinated antigen-antibody
complexes form a precipitate, visible with the naked eye. In a
modification of the above test, antibodies which specifically
reactive bind R. henselae antigen can be bound to the beads and
antigen in the serum thereby detected. Other fluids of a subject
can be effectively used.
In addition, as in a typical sandwich assay, the antibody is bound
to a substrate and incubated with an R. henselae antigen.
Thereafter, a secondary labeled antibody is bound to epitopes not
recognized by the first antibody and the secondary antibody is
detected.
The specific reagents and protocols for use in the detection
methods described above and similar indirect immunocytochemical
methods can be selected from those available in the art based on
standard criteria (14).
The instant invention also provides a method of diagnosing clinical
bacillary angiomatosis in a subject by detecting the presence of R.
henselae antigen in the subject. The step of detecting the presence
of R. henselae can be accomplished using the same protocols as
taught above for the diagnosis of cat scratch disease.
Because R. quintana is also associated with BA, the instant
invention also provides a method of diagnosing clinical bacillary
angiomatosis in a subject by detecting the presence of R. quintana
antigen in the subject. The step of detecting the presence of R.
quintana can be accomplished using the same protocols as taught
above for the diagnosis of cat scratch disease.
Nucleic Acids and Nucleic Acid-Based Diagnosis
In the diagnostic methods of the instant invention, the presence of
R. henselae can also be determined by detecting the presence of a
nucleic acid sequence specific for R. henselae. Thus, CSD can be
diagnosed by detecting in a patient sample a nucleic acid that is
specific for R. henselae. The nucleic acid can be detected by
detecting the presence of an amplification product following
polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or other routine amplification
method, using species-specific primers. Alternatively, the nucleic
acid can be detected by probing non-specific amplification products
of PCR with a species-specific probe, as illustrated in Example 3.
Additionally, a species-specific probe can be used in an in situ
hybridization protocol to detect the presence of a nucleic acid
sequence specific for the organism, for example in lymph node
biopsy tissue from a patient suspected of having BA or CSD.
The invention also provides a method of diagnosing current or
previous R. quintana infection in a subject by detecting the
presence of a nucleic acid sequence specific for R. quintana by
routine methods as described herein. By detecting R. quintana,
bacillary angiomatosis can be diagnosed, because R. quintana is
associated with BA (15).
A rapid two step method of diagnosing cat scratch disease or
bacillary angiomatosis in a subject is provided. The method
comprises amplifying DNA from the subject using a primer mixture
consisting of SEQ ID NO:1, SEQ ID NO:2, SEQ ID NO:3 and SEQ ID
NO:4. Following amplification, CSD or BA or both can be diagnosed
by contacting the amplified DNA with a probe consisting of the
nucleic acid of SEQ ID NO:5 and detecting the hybridization of the
probe with the amplified DNA, the existence of hybridization
indicating the presence of R. henselae, which is correlated with
cat scratch disease, and contacting the amplified DNA with a probe
consisting of the nucleic acid of SEQ ID NO:6 and detecting the
hybridization of the probe with the amplified DNA, the existence of
hybridization indicating the presence of R. quintana, which is
correlated with bacillary angiomatosis. The steps of one example of
this method are set out in detail in Example 3.
As more specifically exemplified below, a nucleic acid sequence
specific for R. henselae can comprise nucleic acids coding for 16S
ribosomal RNA subunit. Alternatively, a nucleic acid sequence
specific for R. henselae can comprise nucleic acids coding for
citrate synthase. It is apparent that a skilled artisan can apply
the methods described herein for detecting the citrate synthase
gene and the 16S ribosomal RNA gene to detect other nucleic acid
sequences specific for R. henselae. Examples of other sequences
specific for R. henselae can include the genes for heat shock
protein, other antigenic proteins and certain metabolic and
synthetic enzymes. The specificity of these sequences for R.
henselae can be determined by conducting a computerized comparison
with known sequences, catalogued in GenBank, a computerized
database, using, for example, the computer program Gap of the
Genetics Computer Group, which searches the catalogued sequences
for similarities to the gene in question.
Examples 3 describes examples of nucleic acids specific for R.
henselae and R. quintana. For example, a nucleic acid specific for
R. henselae consists of the nucleotides in the nucleotide sequence
defined in the Sequence Listing as SEQ ID NO:7. This gene, htrA,
encodes the antigenic heat shock protein of R. henselae. A nucleic
acid consisting of the nucleotides in the nucleotide sequence
defined in the Sequence Listing as SEQ ID NO:5 is derived from SEQ
ID NO:7, and is also specific for R. henselae (SEQ ID NO:8).
A nucleic acid specific for R. quintana, comprising the nucleotides
in the nucleotide sequence defined in the Sequence Listing as SEQ
ID NO:6 is provided. This nucleic acid is effective as a species.
specific probe for detecting R. quintana infection as shown in
Example 3. Having provided the partial nucleotide sequence for the
R. quintana htrA gene, the remainder of the sequence can be readily
obtained using standard methods, such as those described in Example
1 and elsewhere herein. Additionally, given the present invention's
teaching of the sequence of the htrA gene for R. henselae, other
sequences in the corresponding R. quintana htrA gene can be
routinely determined to be specific for R. quintana merely by
obtaining the full sequence and testing segments for specificity in
the methods taught in Example 3.
Example 4 describes another example of a nucleic acid specific for
R. henselae, consisting of the nucleotide sequence set forth in the
Sequence Listing as SEQ ID NO:11. Immunoanalysis of this 17-kDa
polypeptide suggests that this polypeptide is the immunodominant
antigen of R. henselae, and is therefore a valuable immuno-reagent
which can be used in diagnostic and prophylactic applications.
Given the discovery of the nucleic acid sequence of the 17-kDa
polypeptide, a skilled artisan in the relevant field can readily
appreciate that nucleic acid reagents, such as primers and probes,
can easily be designed for use in a nucleic acid detection system
to detect the presence of a nucleic acid encoding the 17-kDa
protein.
By "isolated nucleic acid" is meant the nucleic acid is separated
from at least some of other components of the naturally occurring
organism, for example, the cell structural components. The
isolation of the nucleic acids can therefore be accomplished by
techniques such as cell lysis followed by phenol plus chloroform
extraction, followed by ethanol precipitation of the nucleic acids
(20). It is not contemplated that the isolated nucleic acids are
necessarily totally pure of non-nucleic acid components, but that
the isolated nucleic acids are isolated to a degree of purification
to be used in a clinical, diagnostic, experimental, other procedure
such as gel electrophoresis, Southern or dot blot hybridization, or
PCR. A skilled artisan in the field will readily appreciate that
there are a multitude of procedures which may be used to isolate
the nucleic acids prior to their use in other procedures. These
include, but are not limited to, lysis of the cell followed by gel
filtration or anion exchange chromatography, binding DNA to silica
in the form of glass beads, filters or diatoms in the presence of
high concentration of chaotropic salts, or ethanol precipitation of
the nucleic acids.
The nucleic acids of the present invention can include positive and
negative strand RNA as well as DNA and is meant to include genomic
and subgenomic nucleic acids found in the naturally occurring
organism. The nucleic acids contemplated by the present invention
include double stranded and single stranded DNA of the genome,
complementary positive stranded cRNA and mRNA, and complementary
cDNA produced therefrom and any nucleic acid which can selectively
or specifically hybridize to or encode the isolated nucleic acids
provided herein.
The present invention provides isolated nucleic acids that can
selectively hybridize with and be used to either detect the
presence of, or amplify nucleic acids comprising the nucleotide
sequences set forth in the sequence listing as SEQ ID NO:7 and SEQ
ID NO:11. The stringency conditions can be those typically used in
PCR protocols. In particular, an isolated nucleic acid that
hybridizes with (or amplifies) the nucleic acids set forth in SEQ
ID NO:7 and SEQ ID NO:11 under high stringency conditions and has
at least 70% complementarity with the segment of the nucleic acid
of SEQ ID NO:7 and SEQ ID NO:11 to which it hybridizes is also
provided. The selectively hybridizing nucleic acids can be used,
for example, as probes or primers for detecting the presence of R.
henselae or a genetic homolog thereof that has the nucleic acid to
which the primer or probe hybridizes. Thus, the invention provides
a method of detecting R. henselae and genetic homologs thereof in a
specimen and thereby detecting infection in a subject, comprising
detecting the presence of a selectively hybridizing nucleic acid in
a specimen from the subject, the presence of the nucleic acid
indicating infection with R. henselae or a genetic homolog.
Also provided is a nucleic acid that selectively or specifically
hybridizes with the nucleic acid of SEQ ID NO:7 under high
stringency conditions and has about 85% sequence complementarity
with the segment to which it hybridizes. As shown in Example 3, the
htrA gene sequences of the four related Rochalimaea species
demonstrate from about 85% to about 92% overall sequence identity
with R. quintana being the most similar.
The invention also provides for a nucleic acid of at least 15
nucleotides in length which selectively hybridizes under polymerase
chain reaction (PCR) conditions to the nucleic acid set forth in
the Sequence Listing as SEQ ID NO:11. Since PCR is used extensively
in the art, the conditions for PCR are widely known in the art and
will readily be apparent to a skilled practitioner. These
conditions are stated in instructions that accompany PCR machines,
in standardized PCR kits provided by many biochemical reagent
suppliers, as well as in many articles and standard texts.
The present invention also provides isolated nucleic acid of at
least 15 nucleotides in length which specifically hybridizes with
the nucleic acid set forth in the Sequence Listing as SEQ ID NO:11
under hybridization stringency conditions of 60.degree. C. and
5.times. SSC (1.times. SSC=8.765 grams Sodium Chloride and 4.410
grams Sodium Citrate in a volume of 1 liter of H.sub.2 O, pH 7.0),
followed by the initial washing stringency conditions of room
temperature, 2.times. SSC and 0.1% SDS (sodium dodecyl sulfate),
and two final washes under the stringency conditions of 50.degree.
C., 0.5% SSC and 0.1% SDS is provided.
The present invention therefore provides for a purified homolog of
the polypeptides consisting of the polypeptides set forth in the
Sequence Listing as SEQ ID NO:7 and SEQ ID NO:11. Such homolog may
be obtained from other bacterial species whose genome encodes a
homolog of the purified polypeptides of the present invention. For
instance, Example 4 provides an immunoscreening assay in which a
homolog of the 17-kDa protein of SEQ ID NO:11 can be detected.
Methods used to isolate a nucleic acid encoding a bacterial or
other homolog to SEQ ID NO:11 include, but are not limited to,
screening the genome of a species believed to encode a homolog by
nucleic acid hybridization methods or through polymerase chain
reaction (PCR) techniques. Materials suitable for screening
include, but are not limited to, cDNA or genomic libraries of the
appropriate species cloned into lambda, cosmid, yeast, mammalian,
or plasmid cloning vectors, DNA isolated and subjected to Southern
blot analysis, RNA isolated and subjected to Northern blot
analysis, and isolated DNA or RNA used as a template for PCR.
Also as used herein to describe nucleic acids, the terms
"selectively hybridizes" and "specifically hybridizes" exclude the
occasional randomly hybridizing nucleic acids as well as nucleic
acids that encode heat shock proteins from other genera. The
hybridizing nucleic acids can be used, for example, as probes or
primers for detecting the presence of and location of a gene
encoding a protein of the invention. The hybridizing nucleic acid
can encode a polypeptide, and can, thereby, be placed in a suitable
vector and host to produce the antigen, a functionally similar
antigen, or an antigenic polypeptide fragment.
The selectively hybridizing nucleic acids of the invention can have
at least 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 97%, 98% and 99% complementarity with
the segment and strand of the sequence to which it hybridizes. The
nucleic acids can be at least 12 and up to 4000 nucleotides in
length. Thus, the nucleic acid can be an alternative coding
sequence for the antigen, or can be used as a probe or primer for
detecting the presence of the nucleic acid encoding the antigen. If
used as primers, the invention provides compositions including at
least two nucleic acids which selectively hybridize with different
regions of a nucleic acid so as to amplify a desired region. For
the purpose of detecting the presence of the species-specific
antigen-encoding gene, the degree of complementarity between the
hybridizing nucleic acid (probe or primer) and the sequence to
which it hybridizes (DNA from a sample) should be at least enough,
and the sequence should be long enough, to exclude random
hybridization with a nucleic acid of another species or an
unrelated protein. FIG. 4 illustrates the relationship between
complementarity and probe length.
The selectively hybridizing nucleic acid can also be selective for
the genus, Rochalimaea, or a subset of species in the genus. For
example, the primers CAT1 and CAT2 selectively amplify a product
from both R. quintana and R. henselae, which can then be probed
with a species specific nucleic acid. The invention provides
examples of a range of selectively hybridizing nucleic acids, so
that the degree of complementarity required to distinguish
selectively hybridizing from nonselectively hybridizing nucleic
acids under stringent conditions can be clearly determined for each
nucleic acid.
"High stringency conditions" refers to the washing conditions used
in a hybridization protocol. In general, the washing conditions
should be a combination of temperature and salt concentration
chosen so that the denaturation temperature is approximately
5.degree.-20.degree. C. below the calculated T.sub.M of the hybrid
under study. The temperature and salt conditions are readily
determined empirically in preliminary experiments in which samples
of reference DNA immobilized on filters are hybridized to the probe
or protein coding nucleic acid of interest and then washed under
conditions of different stringencies. For example, high stringency
conditions for the present selectively hybridizing nucleic acids
are given in Example 3. The specific stringency conditions are
readily tested and the parameters altered are readily apparent to
one skilled in the art. For example, MgCl.sub.2 concentrations used
in the reaction buffer can be altered to increase the specificity
with which the primer binds to the template, but the concentration
range of this compound used in hybridization reactions is narrow,
and therefore, the proper stringency level is easily determined.
For example, hybridizations with oligonucleotide probes 18
nucleotides in length can be done at 5.degree.-10.degree. C. below
the estimated T.sub.M in 6.times. SSPE, then washed at the same
temperature in 2.times. SSPE (29). The T.sub.M of such an
oligonucleotide can be estimated by allowing 2.degree. C. for each
A or T nucleotide, and 4.degree. C. for each G or C. An 18
nucleotide probe of 50% G+C would, therefore, have an approximate
T.sub.M of 54.degree. C. Likewise, the starting salt concentration
of an 18 nucleotide primer or probe would be about 100-200 mM.
Thus, stringent conditions for such an 18 nucleotide primer or
probe would be a T.sub.M of about 54.degree. C. and a starting salt
concentration of about 150 mM and modified accordingly by
preliminary experiments. Tm values can also be calculated for a
variety of conditions utilizing commercially available computer
software (e.g., OLIGO.TM.).
Additionally, the nucleic acids of the invention can have at least
80% homology with the coding nucleotides of SEQ ID NO:7 and SEQ ID
NO:11 that are not subject to the degeneracy of the genetic code,
i.e., with the non-"wobble" nucleotides (the wobble nucleotides
usually being the third nucleotide in a codon) in the coding
sequence. Preferably, the nucleic acids will have 90%, or more
preferably, 95%, or even more preferably, 99% homology with the
coding nucleotides of SEQ ID NO:7 and SEQ ID NO:11 that are not
subject to the degeneracy of the genetic code.
Modifications to the nucleic acids of the invention are also
contemplated as long as the essential structure and function of the
polypeptide encoded by the nucleic acids is maintained. Likewise,
fragments used as primers or probes can have substitutions so long
as enough complementary bases exist for selective
amplification.
One skilled in the art can readily obtain the nucleic acids of the
present invention using routine methods to synthesize a full gene
as well as shorter nucleotide fragments. For example, techniques
for obtaining nucleic acids such as those provided in the Sequence
Listing are specifically provided in the application. Furthermore,
additional methods are provided in the art that can be utilized
without significant modification. Ferretti et al. (38) and Wosnick
et al. (39) show routine methods to synthesize a gene of known
sequence. More specifically, Ferretti et al. teach the synthesis of
a 1057 base pair synthetic bovine rhodopsin gene from synthetic
oligonucleotides. The synthesized gene was faithful to the known
sequence (first sentence, page 603), demonstrating the reliability
of this method of gene synthesis. Additionally, Wosnick et al.
teach the synthesis of a maize glutathione-transferase (GST) gene
using an efficient, one-step annealing/ligation protocol. This
technique also produced a complete synthetic gene with 100%
fidelity, which demonstrates the routine nature of this
protocol.
As described herein, the nucleic acids can be expressed to provide
antigenic polypeptides of the invention.
Diagnostic Kits
The present invention further provides a kit for the diagnosis of
cat scratch disease. Such a kit can be an ELISA kit and can
comprise the substrate, antigen, primary and secondary antibodies
when appropriate, and any other necessary reagents such as
detectable moieties, enzyme substrates and color reagents as
described above. The diagnostic kit of the present invention can
alternatively be constructed to detect nucleic acid sequences
specific for R. henselae antigen comprising the standard kit
components such as the substrate and reagents such as those set
forth in Example 1 for the detection of nucleic acid sequences. The
diagnostic kit can, alternatively, be an IFA kit generally
comprising the components and reagents described in Example 2
below. Because R. henselae infection can be diagnosed by detecting
nucleic acids specific for R. henselae in tissue and body fluids
such as blood and serum, it will be apparent to an artisan that a
kit can be constructed that utilizes the nucleic acid detection
methods taught herein. It is contemplated that the diagnostic kits
will further comprise a positive and negative control test.
The particular reagents and other components included in the
diagnostic kits of the present invention can be selected from those
available in the art in accord with the specific diagnostic method
practiced in the kit. Such kits can be used to detect R. henselae
antigen and antibodies which specifically bind therewith in tissue
and fluid samples from a subject and in cultures of microorganisms
obtained from the tissue or fluids of a subject.
The kits of the instant invention can also be used in a method of
diagnosing bacillary angiomatosis.
Vaccines
Also provided by the present invention is a vaccine comprising an
immunogenic amount of a nonpathogenic Rochalimaea henselae or an
immunogenically specific determinant thereof and a pharmaceutically
acceptable carrier. Alternatively, the vaccine can comprise an
antigenic polypeptide that specifically binds antibodies that
specifically bind both R. henselae and R. quintana and a
pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
The nonpathogenic R. henselae antigen of this invention can be used
in the construction of a vaccine comprising an immunogenic amount
of R. henselae antigen and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
This R. henselae antigen can be killed, modified live or
immunogenic fragments (antigenic polypeptides) of R. henselae.
Alternatively, mixtures of intact R. henselae and immunogenic
fragments can be used. The vaccine can then be used in a method of
preventing cat scratch disease in a subject by administering the
vaccine to the subject. The vaccine can also be used in a method of
preventing bacillary angiomatosis in a subject by administering the
vaccine to the subject. Furthermore, the fact that other disease
syndromes are associated with R. henselae infection, means that
such diseases can also be prevented by use of the vaccines of this
invention. The prevention methods will work when the subject is a
human, or likewise when the subject is a nonhuman animal, such as a
cat.
For example, the vaccine can comprise an antigenic protein encoded
by the nucleic acid of SEQ ID NO:7. This protein (SEQ ID NOs:7 and
8) is the R. henselae heat shock protein. The present purified heat
shock protein strongly binds antibodies in rabbit serum raised
against whole dead R. henselae. The homologous protein from R.
quintana can also be the basis of a vaccine. To further elaborate
the use of the antigen in a vaccine, standard methods can be used
as described below to determine immunogenicity and immunogenic
amounts.
The vaccine can also comprise the antigenic protein encoded by the
nucleic acid of SEQ ID NO:11. Example 4 provides evidence that the
17-kDa protein encoded by the isolated nucleic acid of SEQ ID NO:11
is the major immunodominant antigen of R. henselae and this protein
therefore provides a candidate for development of a successful
vaccine for protection against R. henselae infection.
The vaccine can also comprise an antigenic polypeptide fragment
encoded by a nucleic acid that selectively hybridizes with the
nucleic acids of SEQ ID NO:7 or SEQ ID NO:11 under high stringency
conditions and is specific for R. henselae. Because the sequences
of the R. henselae and the R. quintana htrA genes share regions of
high sequence similarity, a polypeptide encoded by those regions
can be specific for both species and can be used in the vaccine
against both CSD and BA.
The pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in the vaccine of the
instant invention can comprise saline or other suitable carriers
(1). An adjuvant can also be a part of the carrier of the vaccine,
in which case it can be selected by standard criteria based on the
particular R. henselae antigen used, the mode of administration and
the subject (2). Methods of administration can be by oral or
sublingual means, or by injection, depending on the particular
vaccine used and the subject to whom it is administered.
It can be appreciated from the above that the vaccine can be used
as a prophylactic or a therapeutic. Thus, subjects with the disease
can be treated utilizing the vaccine. Further, through such
vaccination the spread of disease between animals and humans can be
prevented. For example, a cat or dog can be immunized, thereby
preventing much of the exposure risk to humans.
Immunogenic amounts of R. henselae antigen can be determined using
standard procedures. Briefly, various concentrations of a putative
inactivated (nonpathogenic) immunogenically specific determinant
are prepared, administered to an animal and the immunological
response (i.e., the production of antibodies) of an animal to each
concentration is determined.
Thus, the invention provides methods of preventing or treating an
R. henselae infection and the associated disease by administering
the vaccine to a subject.
Other compositions of this invention include a purified R. henselae
bound to a ligand, e.g. an antibody. The term "purified" is used
herein to describe antigens, antibodies and other ligands that are
substantially free of other components of serum, blood or other
body fluids, or other proteins associated with R. henselae in
vivo.
A purified R. henselae antigen bound to a substrate and a ligand
which specifically binds with R. henselae antigen are also
contemplated. Such a purified ligand which specifically binds with
R. henselae antigen can be an antibody. The antibody can be a
monoclonal antibody obtained by standard methods. The monoclonal
antibody can be secreted by a hybridoma cell line specifically
produced for that purpose (14). Likewise, polyclonal antibodies
which bind to R. henselae antigen are within the scope of the
present invention. The polyclonal antibody can also be obtained by
the standard immunization and purification protocols (14).
The antibody can be bound to a substrate or labeled with a
detectable moiety or both bound and labeled. The detectable
moieties contemplated with the composition of the present invention
are those listed above in the description of the diagnostic
methods, including fluorescent, enzymatic, and radioactive
markers.
The compositions of the instant application further include an
antibody reactive to a unique portion of an antibody which
specifically binds with R. henselae antigen (primary antibody). The
antibody which binds to the primary antibody is known as a
secondary antibody, and can further comprise a detectable moiety.
As described above, the binding of the secondary antibody to the
primary antibody which specifically binds with R. henselae antigen
facilitates detection of the binding of primary antibody with R.
henselae antigen.
An isolated immunogenically specific determinant or fragment of R.
henselae is also provided. The manner of obtaining such
determinants is as described above for the construction of
vaccines.
The following examples are intended to illustrate but not limit the
invention. While they are typical of those that might be used,
other procedures known to those skilled in the art may be
alternatively employed.
EXAMPLE 1
Identification of R. henselae
A previously asymptomatic HIV-antibody positive, 40-year old man
was admitted with a two month history of daily fever, extreme
fatigue, anorexia, and loss of 10 Kg of weight. Five weeks after
admission, blood cultures taken on the first and eighth day of
hospitalization were reported positive for a Rochalimaea-like
organism. With the presumptive diagnosis of trench fever, the
patient was started on a 21-day course of doxycycline (100 mg,
twice a day); after 48 hours he defervesced. Blood, urine, bone
marrow, and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cultures remained negative
for mycobacteria and fungi. Six weeks after discontinuation of
therapy, fever, anorexia, and malaise recurred. Blood cultures
drawn at this time were again positive for a Rochalimaea-like
organism, and treatment with doxycycline for one month (same dose
as above) was reinstituted with immediate and positive response.
After a second relapse of fever, the patient completed two months
of doxycycline (same dose as above). Repeated blood cultures taken
in the subsequent 6 months have been negative and symptoms
associated with his initial infection have not recurred. The
organism isolated is hereinafter designated "Houston-1 isolate",
which is considered the prototype isolate of R. henselae. The
organism is deposited with the American Type Culture Collection
(ATCC, Beltsville, Md.) under Accession No. 49882.
A. Type Cultures
Two Rochalimaea isolates, representing two different recognized
species, were obtained from the kmerican Type Culture Collection
(ATCC, Beltsville, Md.). Rochalimaea quintana (ATCC VR-358) and R.
vinsonii (ATCC VR-152) were routinely cultivated at 35.degree. C.,
5% carbon dioxide atmosphere on tryptic soy agar, supplemented with
5% defibrinated sheep blood. Rickettsia prowazekii, isolate Breinl
(ATCC VR-142), was cultivated in Vero cell cultures and cytoplasmic
extracts containing rickettsiae were made by Regnery et al.
(25).
B. Growth Characteristics
1. Isolation and cultivation of the organism from patient's blood
(Houston-1 isolate).
Blood from the patient was drawn either directly into a Wampole
Isostat tube (Wampole Laboratories, Cranberry, N.J.) or simply into
a Vacutainer tube containing EDTA (Becton Dickinson, Rutherford,
N.J.); isolates were made using both starting preparations. The
organism was reisolated from frozen (-85.degree. C.), EDTA treated
blood without significant loss of titer. Primary isolations were
made on commercial brain heart infusion agar (BHIA) containing 5%
sheep blood (BBL, Becton Dickinson, Cockeysville, Md.), tryptic soy
agar (TSA) supplemented with 5% sheep blood (BBL), and heart
infusion agar (HIA) containing 5% rabbit blood (BBL). Cultures were
maintained at 35.degree. C. in a humidified incubator containing 5%
carbon dioxide. Bacteriological plates were routinely examined. As
noted elsewhere, the Houston-1 isolate was cultivated from blood at
various times during the course of the patients disease episode
including after relapse of fever following cessation of antibiotic
therapy. The key to obtaining isolated cultures of R. henselae is
to allow the culture to grow long enough for this slow-growing
organism to form detectable colonies.
Blood from the febrile patient, when cultured on either commercial
BHIA-sheep blood, TSA-sheep blood, or HIA-rabbit blood, yielded
characteristic colonies which were visible after 9-10 days
incubation. The approximate titer of colony forming organisms in
the patient's blood was 30 per milliliter after recrudescence of
fever following the second course of antibiotic therapy. Primary
colonies were deeply invaginated (cauliflower-like), firm,
adherent, and tenaciously imbedded in the surface of the agar. All
original individual colonies isolated from the patient's blood had
similar morphologic and growth characteristics. Close inspection of
subcultured plates revealed minute colony formation by 6 days after
inoculation, although clear colony morphology was not evident at
this time. After multiple passages of fresh colonies, incubation
time to colony visualization decreased substantially and discrete
colonies could be discerned after 3 to 4 days. The invaginated
colony morphology became less pronounced after multiple, relatively
rapid passages. Colony growth was not limited by incubation time,
and colonies continued to grow progressively larger over a period
of several weeks.
Several of these latter initial growth characteristics of the
Houston-1 isolate were in contrast with those noted for the ATCC
Rochalimaea type strains, which typically grew relatively rapidly
without any delay in passaging, had shiny, smooth colonies, and
were not similarly imbedded in the agar. Likewise, although
Rochalimaea species isolates obtained from ATCC proliferated
rapidly on the surface of cultured cells, initial Houston-1 isolate
material did not produce a similar generalized infection when
inoculated on Vero cell monolayers, thus suggesting that
co-cultivation with eukaryotic cells is not the method of choice
for primary isolation. The Houston-1 isolate, after additional
laboratory passages on solid medium (and perhaps more analogous to
the ATCC type strains in terms of more extensive passage history),
was not fetested for the ability to grow rapidly on eukaryotic
monolayers.
After reinoculation of the organism onto either chocolate agar or
TSA-sheep blood, there was no growth in air at 22.degree. C. or
42.degree. C. but good growth at 30.degree. C. and 35.degree. C.
Colonies grew to slightly larger size when incubated in CO.sub.2
(8%) at 35.degree. C. than when cultured without added CO.sub.2 at
35.degree. C. Growth on subculture was also achieved on HIA-rabbit
blood or TSA-sheep blood when plates were incubated in candle jars
as previously described for other Rochalimaea isolates by Slater et
al. (30). There was no growth observed on Sabouraud-dextrose
medium. The growth characteristics of the freshly isolated
Houston-1 agent contrasted with those of well-established type
species of Rochalimaea. With passaging, colony morphology and speed
of growth of the novel agent began to more closely resemble those
of other Rochalimaea-type species. Although R. henselae appears to
be a fastidious and slow growing organism, it can be cultivated by
standard laboratory procedures. Relatively rapid growth (4 days
between subculture) of the Houston-1 isolate was achieved by
multiple passaging of fresh colonies shortly after they initially
became visible. Semi-automated, clinical bacterial isolation
procedures, which often rely on liquid media-based assays, in the
absence of exogenous gaseous carbon dioxide, may not be suitable
for cultivation/detection of primary Rochalimaea isolates.
Moreover, such cultures are generally not maintained for an
incubation period sufficient to detect growth of a primary
isolate.
Preliminary attempts to-cultivate the Houston-1 isolate in
stationary, liquid media did not produce turbid suspensions of
individual organisms; however, the blood agar plate-derived
inoculum material appeared to act as foci for growth of limited
numbers of large cohesive aggregates. Reinoculation of agar-grown
organisms into Bactek 660 6A or 7A bottles (Becton Dickinson,
Cockeysville, Md.) did not result in sufficient growth to change
the growth index as compared to uninfected controls.
2. Additional Rochalimaea isolates.
Four Rochalimaea-like isolates, previously submitted to the Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) for microbial
identification were compared with the Houston-1 isolate and
recognized Rochalimaea species. Two of these isolates were
recovered from patients in Oklahoma, one isolate originated in a
patient who apparently acquired his illness in Arkansas, and a
fourth isolate which originated in San Diego County, California.
This last isolate currently represents one of the first Rochalimaea
isolates, that we are aware of, that has been made in recent years
as well as one of the first isolates reported from an HIV-infected
individual (November, 1986).
C. Clinical Biochemical Analysis Biochemical tests were performed
by standard methods (16) and using the RapID ANA II System which
tests for the presence of preformed enzymes (Innovative Diagnostic
Systems, Inc., Atlanta, Ga.). Tests for motility included
observation of growth characteristics in motility agar and direct
observation of bacilli with dark field microscopy. Presence of
catalase was tested for by emulsifying a colony in hydrogen
peroxide and checking for the presence of microscopic bubbles
formed under a cover slip. The presence of oxidase was tested for
using tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine.
Except for the production of peptidases, the Houston-1 isolate was
biochemically inert when tested by typical clinical procedures. The
RapID ANA II system, designed primarily for the clinical
identification of anaerobic organisms by detection of specific
preformed enzymes, is also useful for the identification of
difficult to identify aerobic organisms. The RapID ANA II system,
when used for analysis of the Houston-1 isolate, detected a limited
number of enzyme-substrate cleavage reactions which included the
cleavage of leucylglycine, glycine, proline, phenylalanine,
arginine, and serine resulting in an identification number 000671.
No known microbe is currently associated with this identification
number, however, members of the genus Rochalimaea are not yet part
of the commercial diagnostic database (Rapid ID ANA II Code
Compendium, Innovative Diagnostic Systems, Atlanta, Ga., 1989).
Negative clinical assays included those testing for catalase,
urease, esculin hydrolysis, motility, nitrate reduction, and
oxidase.
D. Staining and Morphologic Characteristics
Four day-old cultures of the Houston-1 isolate were prepared for
microscopy by flooding a blood agar plate containing the colonies
with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and then gently sweeping
adherent colonies off the agar surface with a bacteriological loop.
A small aliquot of this material was placed directly on a clean
microscope slide, heat-fixed, and stained with Gimenez stain. Other
material was fixed with glutaraldehyde and prepared for electron
microscopy. Briefly, the glutaraldehyde fixed material was filtered
onto a Nucleopore filter (0.2 .mu.m pore size, Nucleopore Corp.,
Pleasanton, Calif.) and washed three times with Sorenson's buffer
(pH 5.0). The filtered material was treated in 1% osmium tetroxide
for 2 hours and again washed three times with Sorenson's buffer.
The specimens were dehydrated in a graded series of increasing
concentrations of ethanol (30% to 100%). The dehydrated specimens
were immersed in hexamethyldisilizane (Polysciences, Inc.,
Warrington, Pa.) for 2 hours and then dried in a desiccator
overnight. Finally, the specimens were placed on a stub, sputter
coated with gold, and observed with a Philips (model 515) scanning
electron microscope.
Rapidly proliferating organisms from four day-old cultures,
obtained after several subpassages, stained readily with Gimenez
histological stain. Organisms so stained appeared as small red
bacilli, often slightly curved. Organisms obtained from older, but
still quite viable colonies, resisted uptake of Gimenez stain. The
material which was successfully used for light microscopy was also
prepared for and observed using a scanning electron microscope. As
with the Gimenez-stained material, and the observations of growth
habits noted during various culturing experiments, the organisms
viewed with the scanning electron microscope appeared to form
cohesive aggregates, with relatively few organisms existing freely.
The average size of organisms visualized was approximately 2 .mu.m
in length by 0.5 to 0.6 .mu.m in width. All organisms observed
within individual microscopic preparations, which presumably
include the products of multiple generations, appeared to be
relatively uniform in size.
E. Fatty Acid Analysis
Whole cell fatty acid analysis was performed on R. henselae, sp.
nov. (Houston-1) cultures incubated at 35.degree. C. in air and
harvested after four days growth on chocolate agar. Fatty acid
methyl esters were chromatographed on a Hewlett Packard series II
5890 gas chromatograph (Miller, L., T. Berger, "Bacterial
identification by gas chromatography of whole cell fatty acids,"
Hewlett-Packard application note 228-41, Hewlett-Packard, Avondale,
Pa., 1985) and identified using a computer-assisted comparison of
retention times of the sample with that of a standard mixture
(Microbial-ID, Newark, Del.).
The major fatty acids observed after whole cell fatty acid analysis
of the Houston-1 isolate were octadecenoic acid (C.sub.18:1,
54-56%), octadecanoic acid (C.sub.18:0, 18-20%), and hexadecanoic
acid (C.sub.16:0, 17%). The absence of other detectable fatty acids
excluded identification of almost all other bacteria except members
of the genus Brucella. This fatty acid pattern was similar to that
observed with R. quintana and other recent Rochalimaea-like
isolates (30).
F. 16S rRNA Gene Sequence Analysis
1. DNA extraction, amplification and cloning.
DNA for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification was extracted
from pure cultures of R. quintana, R. vinsonii, and R. henselae
(Houston-1 isolate) using sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)/proteinase K
lysis followed by phenol/chloroform extraction as previously
described (29). The resulting aqueous phase was concentrated using
a Centricon 30 concentrator (Amicon Corp., Danvers, Mass.) and
washed three times with 2 ml of TES (10 mM Tris, pH 8.0; 1 mM EDTA;
10 mM NaCl).
PCR amplification was performed using a thermal cycler and GeneAmp
reagents (Perkin Elmer-Cetus, Norwalk, Conn.). Two pairs of
"universal," degenerate primers known to amplify approximately 92%
of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene, as two separate PCR products, from
all eubacteria previously studied were used to prime PCR synthesis
of products that were subsequently used for cloning and sequence
analysis. The 5' end of each primer was modified to contain unique
restriction endonuclease sites to facilitate cloning. Each sample
was amplified for three cycles at: 94.degree. C., 1 minute;
48.degree. C., 2 minutes; 66.degree. C., 1 minute 30 seconds,
followed by 27 cycles at: 88.degree. C., 1 minute; 52.degree. C., 2
minutes; 68.degree. C., 1 minute 30 seconds.
The resulting PCR products were isolated from a 1.0% agarose gel
and cloned into pUC 19 (29). Clones were sequenced using
double-stranded sequencing with T7 DNA polymerase (SEQUENASE, U.S.
Biochemicals, Cleveland, Ohio). Each isolate was amplified, cloned,
and sequenced at least twice to prevent the reading of PCR
incorporation errors; if discrepancies were detected, a third,
independent sequence was produced. Great care was taken not to
introduce contaminating bacterial DNA into the PCR reactions using
the universal primers because of their broad range of
amplification. GenBank accession numbers for the respective 16S
rRNA gene sequences are as follows: R. quintana, M73228; R.
vinsonii, M73230; R. henselae (submitted as R. americana),
M73229.
Universal primers allowed amplification of approximately 1400
nucleotides of the rRNA gene sequence as two separate PCR products.
767-base pair (bp) products, corresponding to the 5' half of the
16S rRNA gene, produced using primers EC11 and EC12 (modified
versions of POmod and PC3mod primers used by Wilson et al. (26)
were observed when the Houston-1 isolate, R. quintana and R.
vinsonii were amplified. No product was observed when these primers
were used to amplify a negative control containing no DNA template.
Similarly, a 737 bp product corresponding to the 3' half of the 16S
rRNA gene, produced with primers EC9 and EC10 (modified versions
primers P3mod and PC5 used by Wilson et al. (40) was seen when
using Houston-1 isolate, R. quintana, R. vinsonii. No PCR product
was seen in the no DNA control. These PCR products were cloned and
sequenced.
2. DNA sequencing.
The 16S rRNA gene sequences used for comparison and alignment were
obtained by taking a consensus of three independent sequences for
each cloned PCR product. The first and second sequences obtained
for the Houston-1 isolate had three nucleotides in disagreement,
and the first and second sequences for R. vinsonii had two
ambiguities. In both cases a third sequence agreed with one of the
two previous sequences at these ambiguous positions and was taken
as the consensus. The occasional disagreement among sequences was
assumed to be the result of polymerase-nucleotide incorporation
errors. The entire sequence was used for alignment using the Gap
program of the Genetics Computer Group. The sequence of the
Houston-1 isolate was compared with 16S rRNA gene sequences on file
with GenBank and showed the greatest homology with R. quintana
(98.7%) and lesser homologies with 16S rRNA gene sequences from
organisms more distantly related (Table 1).
In our laboratory, we sequenced the 16S rRNA gene from R. quintana
(Fuller strain) and found it to differ slightly from the sequence
previously reported by Weisberg et al. (35) and obtained from
GenBank. Using our data, we found the 16S rRNA gene sequence from
the Houston-1 isolate to be 98.7% related to R. quintana and 99.3%
related to the R. vinsonii. The R. quintana and R. vinsonii
sequences were found to be 98.9% related. The 0.7% 16S rRNA gene
sequence divergence seen between the Houston-1 isolate and R.
vinsonii is greater than the 0.5% divergence reported for
Rickettsia prowazekii and Rickettsia typhi. These two species of
Rickettsia are clearly distinct species among the order
Rickettsiales, to which Rochalimaea belong.
The partial 16S rRNA gene sequence determined by Relman et al. (28)
(GenBank Acc. #M59459) for the putative etiologic agent of BA was
found to be identical to the corresponding portion of the 16S rRNA
gene sequence obtained from the Houston-1 isolate of R. henselae,
sp. nov. (Table 1). Partial 16S rRNA gene sequences obtained from
one of the Oklahoma isolates are identical to 16S rRNA gene
sequences obtained from the Houston-1 isolate. These completely
homologous sequences indicate that the causative agents are one and
the same species. The variation between 16S rRNA gene sequences
noted between the Houston-1 isolate and other type species of
Rochalimaea (Table 1) indicates that the Houston-1 isolate
represents a new species within the genus Rochalimaea.
Additionally, the R. henselae 16S rRNA gene sequence is present in
CSD skin test antigens that have been used for diagnosis of this
disease for many years.
Thus, the nucleic acid encoding the 16S rRNA subunit is specific
for R. henselae and can be compared against the 16S rRNA DNA
sequences of other organisms or in test samples to detect the
presence of R. henselae.
TABLE 1 ______________________________________ Relatedness between
the Houston-1 isolate 16S rRNA gene and various eubacteria %
Homology with Houston-1 Isolate Species.sup.a Rochalimaea henselae
______________________________________ BA-TF.sup.b 100.0
Rochalimaea vinsonii 99.3 Rochalimaea quintana 98.7 Bartonella
bacilliformis 98.2 Brucella abortus 94.0 Cat scratch fever agent
(AFIP) 87.9 Rickettsia rickettsii 84.9 Ehrlichia risticii 84.9
______________________________________ .sup.a The entire 16S rRNA
gene sequence (when available) was used for alignment. The R.
henselae, Houston1 isolate, R. vinsonii, and R. quintan sequences
were determined in our laboratory, all other sequences were
obtained from GenBank. .sup.b Partial 16S rRNA gene sequence from
Relman et al. (28).
G. Citrate Synthase Gene PCR/RFLP Analysis
Restriction-endonuclease length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis was
applied to PCR-amplified DNA, which was primed with nondegenerate
oligonucleotides previously demonstrated to initiate synthesis of
PCR products approximately 381 nucleotides long from a portion of
the rickettsial citrate synthase gene (25). Chromosomal DNA from
Rickettsia prowazekii was used as a positive control for PCR
synthesis and digestion; controls containing no DNA template were
always included in PCR amplifications.
1. DNA digestion and electrophoresis.
RFLP analysis of specific genes, amplified by the PCR technique, is
useful for identifying rickettsial genotypes and species.
Oligonucleotides, previously demonstrated to be suitable for
priming PCR amplification of a portion of the citrate synthase
genes from nearly all rickettsial species, as well as from R.
quintana, were tested for their ability to prime DNA amplification
from DNA purified from the Houston-1 isolate and R. vinsonii. PCR
products were readily produced using conditions comparable to those
previously reported. Briefly, PCR amplification was accomplished in
100-.mu.l volumes, using the protocols supplied with the GeneAmp
DNA amplification reagent kit (Perkin-Elmer Cetus, Norwalk, Conn.).
Typically, 1 .mu.l of undiluted cytoplasmic extract DNA was used as
PCR template. DNA amplification was done in a Perkin-Elmer Cetus
DNA Thermal Cycler, using 35 cycles of denaturation (20 seconds at
95.degree. C.), annealing (30 seconds at 48.degree. C.), and
extension (2 minutes at 60.degree. C.).
PCR amplification of DNA was verified by rapid agarose
electrophoresis of a small amount of PCR product. Restriction and
endonuclease digestion was done with 20 .mu.l of PCR reaction
mixture, following standard techniques (29) and incubations were at
37.degree. C. All restriction endonucleases were obtained from New
England BioLabs, Beverly, Mass. After addition of dye-Ficoll
loading mixture (29), the digested reactions were loaded on 1.5 mm
thick, 8% polyacrylamide vertical gels (Bio-Rad Laboratories,
Richmond, Calif.) made by standard procedures (29). Gels were run
at 80 volts for 4 hours in simple vertical electrophoresis chambers
(Bethesda Research Laboratories, Life Technologies, Inc.,
Gaithersburg, Md.). The gels were then stained with ethidium
bromide prior to illumination on a UV light source (365 nm;
Spectronic Corp., Westbury, N.Y.) and photographed with Polaroid
type 655 P/N film (Polaroid Corp., Cambridge, Mass.).
Digested DNA fragments were separated and analyzed using standard
electrophoretic protocols and methods previously described by
Regnery et al. (25). The number of comigrating DNA fragments,
observed between homologous PCR/RFLP digests of two or more
isolates, were counted. Data from the number of comigrating DNA
fragments were used to derive estimates of sequence relatedness by
methods described by Upholt (32) and subsequently used by others to
estimate sequence divergence between related bacteria.
All three of the uncut Rochalimaea citrate synthase PCR products
were slightly larger (approximately 400 bp) than those produced for
members of the genus Rickettsia (approximately 381 bp). Variation
was noted between the sizes of PCR-amplified citrate synthase
products obtained from different Rochalimaea isolates.
PCR-amplified products were digested with seven restriction
endonucleases and subjected to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
Obvious differences were seen in many of the digest patterns of
PCR-amplified citrate synthase sequences from the various isolates;
PCR/RFLP analysis allowed for rapid differentiation of other
isolate genotypes.
The numbers of DNA fragments produced by digestion of the
PCR-amplified, citrate synthase-specific DNA with seven restriction
endonucleases are tabulated in FIG. 1, together with the number of
comigrating fragments. Estimates of sequence divergence derived by
numerical analysis of the percentage of comigrating fragments
illustrate that all of the isolates examined have substantial
inferred citrate synthase sequence divergence (6 to 11%) equalling
or exceeding similar estimates for citrate synthase sequence
divergence among recognized rickettsial species (e.g., 2 to
6%).
PCR/RFLP analysis clearly differentiated R. henselae, sp. nov.,
genotype from that of either R. quintana or R. vinsonii. Multiple
restriction-endonuclease digests of the citrate synthase-specific
PCR products from other Rochalimaea-like isolates from Oklahoma
(two isolates), Arkansas (one isolate), and Southern California
(one isolate) demonstrated that all of the isolates studied are
identical to one another, and R. henselae (Houston-1 isolate),
according to the PCR/RFLP methods applied herein.
It is clear that in addition to cat scratch disease and bacillary
angiomatosis the disease spectrum of this organism may be variable
and include a syndrome of fever and bacteremia and bacillary
peliosis hepatis. Thus, the nucleic acid methods described herein
can be used to detect the presence of R. henselae associated with
these disease syndromes.
EXAMPLE 2
Serological Methods
An immunofluorescent assay (IFA) test was developed to detect
antibodies specifically reactive with R. henselae antigen in order
to begin to assess distribution and prevalence of infection, and
also to help define the full spectrum of R. henselae-induced
disease. Infectious organisms were rendered nonpathogenic by
inactivation by gamma irradiation.
A. Preparation of R. henselae antigenic determinant
R. henselae bacilli cultivated on erythrocyte-enriched agar media,
and then kept in solution, tend to auto-agglutinate as previously
described; this clumping obstructs the production of a well
dispersed IFA antigen. inhibition of auto-agglutination was
achieved by co-cultivation of R. henselae with Vero cells to which
individual Rochalimaea organisms avidly adhered. Briefly, R.
henselae cells are cultured in liquid medium with Vero cells for 4
days. After decanting most of the liquid medium, glass beads are
added to the culture flask and gently agitated in the remaining
medium. This agitation with beads loosens the Vero cells and their
adherent R. henselae cells from the flask walls. The R. henselae
cells complexed with the Vero cells are then inactivated (rendered
nonpathogenic) by gamma irradiation. Antigen and antisera were
prepared for IFA testing by standard techniques.
B. Preparation of antisera (antibodies)
Briefly, the R. henselae antigen obtained from isolated R. henselae
cultures and suspended in PBS is inoculated into a rabbit to cause
the rabbit to produce antibodies specifically reactive with the
antigen. A blood sample from the animal is taken and red blood
cells are removed to obtain antisera. The serum containing R.
henselae antibodies is then subjected to ammonium sulfate to
precipitate gamma globulins (IgG) out of the antiserum.
C. IFA
The IFA of this example is conducted briefly as follows: The Vero
cell-associated R. henselae antigenic determinant prepared above is
spotted into a well of a 12-well microscope slide and a second spot
of R. quintana (Fuller isolate) is also placed in the well. The
spots are air dried and then acetone fixed for 10 minutes. Serial
dilutions of the antisera being tested (e.g. 1/32, 1/64, etc.,
dilution endpoint) are placed in the paired wells with the antigen.
The slides are then incubated in a moist chamber at 37.degree. C.
for 30 minutes and thereafter washed 3 times with PBS, rinsed with
distilled water and air dried. Fluorescein labeled goat antihuman
IgG is then spotted into each well, and the slides incubated,
washed, rinsed and dried as above. Buffered glycerol is added to
the wells for optical enhancement and the slides are then analyzed
by fluorescence microscopy to detect the presence of antibody
specifically reactive with R. henselae antigen.
In an alternative method, the R. henselae specific antibody
purified above can be directly labeled with a detectable moiety
such as fluorescein (14).
In all IFA determinations, antisera from humans with
culture-confirmed R. henselae or R. quintana infections were used
as positive controls.
Sera from 40 patients with suspected cat scratch disease were
evaluated by IFA for reactivity with R. henselae antigen.
Thirty-five (87.5%) patients had antibody titers to R. henselae
that were equal to, or exceeded, 1/64 serum end-point dilution
(FIG. 2). Many patients had sera with titers exceeding 1/1024. Sera
collected during acute and convalescent phases of illness were
available from several patients. Of five sets of paired sera that
had different titers and included at least one specimen with a
titer equal to, or exceeding, 1/64, three demonstrated four-fold
rises or falls in antibody titer. Three additional paired sets of
sera could not be evaluated for change in titer because both sera
had antibody specifically reactive with R. henselae antigen of, or
exceeding, a titer of 1/1024 (the maximum titer assayed). Eight of
the sera with a titer of, or exceeding, 1/64 also had low antibody
titers to R. quintana which did not exceed 1/32. In each of these
sera, the titer of antibody specifically reactive with R. henselae
exceeded the titer to R. quintana by at least four-fold.
107 sera collected from persons who identified themselves as
healthy individuals were obtained from a contract vendor (Worldwide
Biologics, Cincinnati, Ohio). When these sera were tested by IFA
for antibody reactive with R. henselae and R. quintana, 101 (94%)
had titers less than 1/64 (FIG. 3). Of the six sera that had
antibody titers to R. henselae antigen equal to or greater than
1/64, three had considerably elevated antibody titers (i.e., 1/512
and 1/1024). Antibody titers to R. quintana exceeding 1/16 were not
detected among the serum donors.
Sera from persons with a variety of diseases were evaluated for the
presence of possible antibodies specifically reactive with R.
henselae. Titers less than or equal to 1/64 were detected in two of
ten persons with brucellosis, however, the two low level positive
serologic responses did not correlate with increasing titers of
antibody to Brucella abortus as detected by microagglutination. One
of three sera from patients with Lyme disease had a titer of 1/64
to R. henselae. Sera from patients with tularemia and sera from
patients with Yersinia entercolitica infections did not show
antibody titers to R. henselae that were in equal to or greater
than 1/64. A number of other reference human antibodies used as
reagents in diagnostic kits were evaluated with the R. henselae IFA
test. None of these sera showed a titer of antibody for R. henselae
at or above 1/64. The reference sera included human antisera to:
Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Treponema pallidum, Coxiella burnetii,
Ehrlichia chaffeensis, chlamydia group, spotted fever group
rickettsiae, typhus group rickettsiae, varicella zoster, influenza
type A, adenovirus, dengue virus type 2, herpes simplex,
coxsackievirus group A, poliovirus type 2, cytomegalovirus,
rubella, human immunodeficiency virus type I, as well as
alpha-fetoprotein and rheumatoid factors.
Sera containing high-titered human antibody specifically reactive
with R. henselae and antibodies for R. quintana did not react with
"A. felis" antigen in the IFA test. Hyperimmune rabbit antisera and
monoclonal antibodies directed against "A. felis" antigen were not
reactive with R. henselae whole cell antigen.
High titered R. quintana antibody (1/1024 dilution endpoint)
obtained from a human volunteer infected with R. quintana (Fuller
isolate) yielded no discernable reaction with R. henselae antigen
(<1/16 dilution endpoint). Similarly, minimal (<1/32 dilution
endpoint) R. quintana antibody titers were noted when high titered
(e.g. >1/1024 dilution endpoint) serum was used from a culture
positive R. henselae-infected patient.
Thus, it is seen that the human serologic responses to R. henselae
and R. quintana (Fuller isolate) antigens, as assayed in the IFA
test, are species-specific and it is unlikely that the antibody
reactions observed with R. henselae antigen were due to antigenic
stimulation by any species other than R. henselae.
There was a low prevalence of significantly elevated levels of
antibody specifically reactive with R. henselae found among
apparently healthy serum donors, indicating that R. henselae
infection may be relatively common. Out of 40 patients clinically
diagnosed with cat scratch disease, 35 (87.5%) had sera antibody
titers to R. henselae antigen that equaled or exceeded 1/64 and
several paired sets of sera showed four-fold changes in titer. This
method of detecting R. henselae antigen or antibodies specifically
reactive therewith provides a useful diagnostic tool for
identification of patients with cat scratch disease and thereby
reduces reliance on clinical diagnosis alone, use of
non-pharmaceutically approved CSD skin test antigen preparations,
and need for surgical biopsy.
The method of diagnosing cat scratch disease exemplified herein can
be applied equally effectively to the diagnosis of bacillary
angiomatosis, because an etiologic agent of both diseases is R.
henselae. Also, because R. henselae infection is associated with
other disease syndromes, such as a syndrome of fever and bacteremia
and bacillary peliosis hepatis, the serological,
immunocytochemical, cytological and nucleic acid detection methods
described above can be effectively used to diagnose these
diseases.
EXAMPLE 3
Detection of R. henselaea and R. quintana by PCR
A. Bacterial Strains
All strains of bacteria used for evaluating the specificity of the
PCR and hybridization assay are listed in Table 2. Rochalimaea spp.
were grown on heart infusion agar plates supplemented with 5%
defibrinated rabbit blood (HIA-RB) (BBL, Rockville, Md.) incubated
for 3 to 5 days at 34.degree. C. in the presence of 5% CO.sub.2.
Bartonella bacilliformis was cultivated on HIA-RB for 6 to 8 days
at 28.degree. C. without supplemental CO.sub.2. A. felis was grown
on charcoal-yeast extract agar plates (Carr-Scarborough
Microbiologicals, Decatur, Ga.) for 2 to 3 days at 32.degree. C.
without CO.sub.2.
TABLE 2 ______________________________________ Isolates whose DNA
was used for specificity testing of the PCR primers and
oligonucleotide probes. Probes ID bacteria source (ref.) PCR RH1
RQ1 ______________________________________ Houston-1* R. henselae
HIV+ patient (23) + + - San Ant-1 R. henselae HIV- patient (18) + +
- San Ant-2 R. henselae CSD patient (9) + + - San Ant-3 R. henselae
CSD patient (9) + + - San Diego-2 R. henselae San Diego, HIV+ + + -
OK88-64 R. henselae HIV+ patient (34) + + - OK88-712 R. henselae
HIV- patient (34) + + - OK89-674 R. henselae HIV- patient (34) + +
- OK89-675 R. henselae HIV- patient (34) + + - OK90-615 R. henselae
HIV- patient (34) + + - OK90-782 R. henselae HIV+ patient (34) + +
- CAL-1 R. henselae San Diego, HIV+ + + - Fuller* R. quintana ATCC
VR358 + - + OK90-268 R. quintana HIV+ (34) + - + SH-PERM R.
quintana Russia + - + D-PERM R. quintana Russia + - + F9251* R.
elizabethae heart valve (8) -.sup.a - - RV* R. vinsonii ATCC VR152
- - - KC584 B. bacilliformis ATCC 35686 - - - BV* A. felis ATCC
53690 (7) - - - ______________________________________ .sup.a The
414bp PCR product was not observed. A larger product of
approximately 1300 bp was amplified from R. elizabethae that failed
to hybridize with either the RH1 or RQ1 probe. *Denotes type strain
for the species.
B. Clinical Samples
Twenty-five samples from patients clinically diagnosed with CSD
were used for evaluating a further example of a PCR assay (Table
3). All CSD cases were clinically diagnosed by the physician and
had regional lymphadenopathy and cat contact in the absence of
other obvious diagnosis. All patients whose samples were used met
this definition except patient #16 (Table 3), who had no known
history of cat contact. Sixteen of these were fresh lymph node
biopsy specimens and nine were lymph node aspirates. In addition,
five lymph node aspirates from non-CSD patients, from whom other
organisms were isolated, were included as negative controls.
Likewise, three lymph node biopsies from non-CSD patients were used
as additional negative controls. Serology was performed on some
patients (when serum was available) by the indirect fluorescence
antibody test illustrated in Example 2.
Fresh frozen tissue from both lymph node biopsy specimens and lymph
node aspirates were suitable samples.
TABLE 3 ______________________________________ Information and
PCR/dot-blot results on CSD patients. hybridization with probe:
patient state sample PCR-CSD RH1 RQ1 serology.sup.a
______________________________________ 1 MA aspirate + + - + 2 MA
biopsy + + - + 3 MO biopsy + + - + 4 FL biopsy + + - + 5 FL biopsy
+ + - + 6 OH biopsy + + - + 7 SC biopsy - - - + 8 NJ biopsy + + - +
9 VA biopsy - - - + 10 NJ biopsy + + - + 11 NJ biopsy + + - + 12 PA
biopsy + + - + 13 MA aspirate + + - + 14 WV biopsy - - - + 15 ME
biopsy + + - + 16 NC biopsy + + - + 17 WA biopsy + + - + 18 MA
aspirate + + - + 19 GA biopsy - - - - 20 TN aspirate + + - + 21 TN
aspirate + + - + 22 TN aspirate + + - + 23 FL aspirate + + - ND 24
TN aspirate + + - ND 25 VA aspirate + + - ND 26 TN aspirate -.sup.b
- - ND 27 TN aspirate -.sup.b - - ND
______________________________________ .sup.a serology was
performed by the indirect fluorescence antibody test as previously
described (23). An antiRochalimaea titer of 1:64 or higher was
considered positive. .sup.b Two representative negative controls of
nonCSD cases from which other bacteria were isolated.
C. DNA Extraction
DNA was extracted from bacterial cells, lymph node tissue, or lymph
node aspirates using modifications of a procedure previously
described (4). Briefly, bacterial growth harvested from
approximately 1/8th of a standard size (85 mm) HIA-RB plate was
resuspended in 300 .mu.l of PCR diluent (10 mM Tris, 10 mM NaCl, 1
mM EDTA, pH 8.0). For lymph node tissue, samples (approximately 100
mg) were dispersed using a disposable homogenizer in minimal
essential medium, (0.5 ml) and 50 to 100 .mu.l of this homogenate
was diluted to 300 .mu.l with PCR diluent. Lymph node aspirates (50
to 100 .mu.l) were resuspended and diluted to 300 .mu.l with PCR
diluent. The samples were then made 1.0% sodium dodecyl sulfate
(SDS) and proteinase K was added to a final concentration of 100
ng/.mu.l, and the samples were incubated for 2 hours at 55.degree.
C. After incubation, the lysates were extracted three to four times
with a 50:50 mixture of buffer saturated phenol and
chloroform/isoamyl alcohol (24:1). The resulting aqueous
supernatant was diluted to 2.0 ml with PCR diluent, filtered
through a Centricon 30 filter (Amicon, Danver Mass.) and washed
twice more with 2.0 ml aliquots of PCR diluent. The subsequent
filter retentate (average volume of 40 .mu.l) was collected and
used as template for the PCR. For every DNA extraction run, a
reagent blank was processed exactly as described above to ensure
that all extraction buffers and reagents were not contaminated with
Rochalimaea DNA.
D. PCR Primer and Hybridization Probe Design
A library of R. henselae DNA was constructed in the vector lambda
ZapII (5). The library was screened with either a pool of eight
monoclonal antibodies or rabbit hyperimmune serum for expression of
antigenic proteins. A clone expressing a 60-kilodalton antigen
reactive with rabbit anti-R. henselae serum has been isolated and
the gene sequenced (6)(GenBank Accession L20127). (SEQ ID NO:7) The
deduced amino acid sequence was shown to have 37% sequence homology
(over the entire sequence) with the htrA locus described from
Escherichia coli (17). Primer pair CAT1 5' GATTCAATTGGTTTGAA(G and
A)GAGGCT 3' (SEQ ID NOs:1 and 2) and CAT2 5' TCACATCACCAGG(A and
G)CGTATTC 3' (SEQ ID NOs:3 and 4) (FIG. 4), which defines a 414
base pair (bp) fragment from both R. henselae and R. quintana, was
used for PCR amplification. Twenty-base pair oligonucleotide probes
RH1 (SEQ ID NO:5) and RQ1 (SEQ ID NO:6) (FIG. 4) were used as
species-specific hybridization probes.
Partial nucleotide sequences (150-200 nucleotides) of the same gene
from the other three species of Rochalimaea were obtained using
conserved PCR primers. PCR with the primer pair htr5 (5'
AATCTAGATTGCTTTCGCTATTCCGGC 3' (SEQ ID NO:8)) and htr6 (5'
AAGGATCCATTTGTTCGCACTTGTAGAAG 3' (SEQ ID NO:9)) resulted in the
amplification of a 650 base pair product from each of the four
Rochalimaea species. The 150-200 base pair sequences of the other
three species obtained from these amplification products were found
to be 85 to 92% conserved with the R. henselae sequence. No
evidence of the present htrA gene was found in B. bacilliformis, an
organism phylogenetically closely related to Rochalimaea spp. (21,
27). This observation is interesting since B. bacilliformis does
not grow at elevated temperatures, a trait which in part may be do
to the lack of a functional htrA gene product.
E. PCR Assays
DNA prepared from bacteria, fresh lymph node tissue, or lymph node
aspirates was used as template for the PCR assays. Five .mu.l
portions of the template DNA (undiluted and diluted 1:10) extracted
from the clinical samples was used for each PCR assay. The
approximate concentration of DNA extracted from bacterial isolates
was determined by agarose gel electrophoresis next to known
quantities of standard DNA. Diluted bacterial DNA (approximately 1
ng) was used for the initial determination of primer specificity.
For subsequent PCR on clinical samples, 10 pg (in 10 .mu.l) of DNA
extracted from either R. henselae or R. quintana was used as a
positive control and the DNA extraction blank and water (10 .mu.l
each) were used as a negative controls. The GeneAmp reagent
(Perkin-Elmer Cetus, Norwalk, Conn.) kit was used for all PCR
assays. Degenerate primer pair CAT1 and CAT2 was used to prime the
polymerization reactions. The primer mixture included about equal
amounts of the R. quintana (SEQ ID NOs:2 and 4) and R. henselae
(SEQ ID NOs. 1 and 3) primer sequences. Amplification was
accomplished by predenaturing for 5 minutes at 94.degree. C.
followed by 35 cycles of 94.degree. C., 30 seconds; 50.degree. C.
for 60 seconds; and 70.degree. C. for 45 seconds in a model 9600
thermal cycler (Perkin-Elmer). Ten microliters from each PCR assay
was electrophoresed through a 1.2% agarose gel, stained with
ethidium bromide, and photographed. The presence of a 414 bp band
was considered positive. Each sample of DNA extracted from the
clinical specimens was also amplified with primer pair GHPCR1 and
GHPCR2 (36). This primer pair amplifies a 422 bp fragment from a
conserved region of the human growth hormone gene and serves as a
positive control for successful extraction of amplifiable DNA. DNA
extracts from clinical samples that failed to amplify with primer
pair GHPCR1 and GHPCR2 were excluded from further study.
F. Specificity of the PCR Assay
Under the conditions described above and with purified template
DNA, all 12 R. henselae isolates and all four R. quintana isolates
yielded the predicted 414 bp fragment of amplified DNA (Table 2).
No amplification products were observed for R. vinsonii, B.
bacilliformis, and A. felis. R. elizabethae was amplified with this
primer pair, but the product was much larger (approximately 1300
bp) than the 414 bp predicted for R. henselae and R. quintana.
Thus, the 414 bp PCR product appears to be specific for R. henselae
and R. quintana. A PCR product of approximately 50 to 60 bp was
occasionally observed in the no DNA control and presumably
corresponds to primer dimer.
The degenerate primers CAT1 and CAT2 appear to be well conserved
within the isolates of R. henselae and R. quintana.
Greater success was obtained using aspirates (9/9, 100% positive)
than biopsies (12/16, 75% positive), probably because of the
inherent difference between nodes which are fluctuant and thus can
be aspirated and those which are not. Difficulty is encountered in
standardizing the amount of DNA extracted from either lymph nodes
or aspirates. Since we utilized a total lysate procedure, both RNA
and DNA was obtained and measuring the lysates absorbance would be
a poor indicator of DNA concentration. Accordingly, we used each
sample of template undiluted and at a 1:10 dilution for
amplification.
G. Dot-blot Hybridizations
To confirm the identity of the PCR products and to allow
differentiation of products amplified from R. henselae and R.
quintana templates, a dot-blot hybridization assay was performed on
the PCR products amplified from the bacteria listed in Table 2.
Oligonucleotide probes RH1 and RQ1 were used for this purpose. RH1
and RQ1 were nonisotopically labeled by transfer of a
digoxigenin-ddUTP nucleotide to the 3' end of each oligonucleotide
by means of terminal transferase using Genius 5 labeling kit
(Boehringer Mannheim, indianapolis, Ind.). For the dot-blot
hybridization assays, 5 .mu.l of each PCR product was denatured for
10 minutes by the addition of 0.5 .mu.l of 4M NaOH containing 100
mM ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid. One-microliter aliquots were
spotted onto each of two nylon membranes (Boehringer Mannheim) and
the DNA was cross-linked to the nylon by UV irradiation
(Stratalinker, Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif.). The nylon membranes
were then blocked for 1 hour at 62.degree. C., using standard
prehybridization solution from the Genius 7, luminescent detection
kit (Boehringer Mannheim). Standard hybridization solution was
5.times. SSC (1.times. SSC=0.15M NaCl and 0.015M sodium citrate)
containing 0.1% N-laurylsarcosine, 0.02% SDS, and 1.0% blocking
reagent (Boehringer Mannheim). Hybridization was then performed at
62.degree. C. (T.sub.M -8.degree. C. for both probes) for 1 hour in
fresh prehybridization solution containing either probe RH1 or RQ1
at a concentration of 2 pmol/ml. The hybridized membrane was then
washed twice for 15 minutes each in 2.times. SSC containing 0.1%
SDS at room temperature, followed by two washes of 15 minutes each
at 52.degree. C. in 0.5.times. SSC with 0.1% SDS. The hybridized
filter was then blocked, reacted with alkaline phosphatase
conjugated antibody, washed, and soaked in Lumigen PPD
chemiluminescent substrate according to the manufacturer's
directions (Genius 7 kit, Boerhinger Mannheim). The resulting
filter was exposed to X-ray film for 5 to 20 minutes and the film
was developed.
H. Specificity of Dot-Blot Hybridization Assay
PCR products amplified from all 12 isolates of R. henselae
hybridized with probe RH1. PCR products from all four isolates of
R. quintana hybridized only with probe RQ1. Neither probes RH1 or
RQ1 hybridized to the PCR products from R. elizabethae, R.
vinsonii, B. bacilliformis, or A. felis. Thus, the dot-blot
hybridization assay allows differentiation between PCR products
amplified from R. henselae and R. quintana.
The oligonucleotide probes (RH1 and RQ1) while being
species-specific, appear to be well-conserved within the
species.
I. PCR and Dot-Blot Assays on Clinical Samples
To evaluate the PCR and dot blot assays for detection of R.
henselae and R. quintana in clinical samples, these techniques were
applied to 16 samples of fresh lymph node tissue and 9 aspirates
from CSD cases. Twenty-one of 25 samples (84%) produced the 414-bp
product that is characteristic of R. henselae or R. quintana (Table
3). Representative PCR products obtained from lymph node biopsy
samples and a lymph node aspirates of suspect CSD patients were
electrophoresed. Two samples produced the characteristic 414 bp
band only when the template DNA was diluted 1:10 before
amplification. Typical of these samples is #9, the amplification of
which appears to be inhibited by large amounts of leukocyte DNA.
When the sample containing the template DNA was diluted 1:10 prior
to amplification, the 414 bp band was clearly produced. The
characteristic 414 bp fragment was not amplified from any of the
eight lymph node tissue samples from non-CSD cases or from DNA
extraction blanks.
To confirm the identity of the PCR products amplified from the
clinical samples and to sort those infections caused by R. henselae
from those caused by R. quintana, a dot-blot hybridization was
performed using species-specific probes RH1 and RQ1. The PCR
products from all 21 samples that amplified to produce the
characteristic 414 bp fragment hybridized with R. henselae-specific
probe RH1. Conversely, none of these samples hybridized with R.
quintana-specific probe RQ1. Thus, all the PCR positive samples
studied here, from suspected CSD patients in 11 different states
(Table 3), appear to be associated with R. henselae and not R.
quintana. None of the samples that failed to amplify the 414 bp
fragment as determined by agarose gel electrophoresis hybridized
with either probe.
The present results indicate that, unlike BA and other
opportunistic infections seen among AIDS patients that may be
caused in some cases by R. henselae and in others by R. quintana,
CSD appears to be caused primarily (or perhaps exclusively) by R.
henselae.
The 84% positive samples from suspect CSD cases for the PCR assay
described here is virtually identical to the 84% and 88% positive
observed by serologic means on two separate groups of samples from
suspect CSD patients (24, 37). Twenty-two of the samples from CSD
cases tested herein by PCR were also tested by serology (Table 3).
Twenty-one of these (95%) had an IFA titer of 1:64 or greater.
Thus, three samples collected from seropositive individuals were
negative by the PCR assay. This apparent discrepancy may be due in
part to the lack of intact organisms in the lymph nodes from
patients in the later stages of CSD. In fact Gerber et al have
postulated that the lingering cell-mediated immune response and
resulting granulomatous reaction rather than bacterial invasion may
be the major pathogenic mechanism of CSD (13). Alternatively, there
may be inhibitors of PCR present in lymph node tissue that preclude
attaining optimal sensitivity of the assay.
The PCR assay offers the advantage of early diagnosis since it is
not dependent on the patient mounting a detectable humoral immune
response. In addition, the PCR assay differentiates R. henselae
from R. quintana infections. A rapid and specific test for CSD
affords the clinician an alternative to culture or serology for
laboratory confirmation of the diagnosis, thereby permitting the
clinician to rule out malignancies such as lymphoma and to consider
antibiotic therapy. Although the efficacy of antibiotics in
treating CSD remains uncertain, successful treatment with four
antibiotics (rifampin, ciprofloxacin,
trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and gentamicin sulfate) has been
reported (19), and in vitro, R. henselae is sensitive to many
common antibiotics (9).
EXAMPLE 4
Identification of Antigenic Fragments of R. henselae
A library of Rochalimaea henselae DNA was constructed in the
cloning vector lambda ZapII and screened for expression of
antigenic proteins using a pool of sera from patients diagnosed
with cat-scratch disease (CSD) and who had antibodies to
Rochalimaea as determined by the indirect fluorescent antibody
(IFA) assay. Ten immunoreactive phage were subcloned as recombinant
plasmids by in vivo excision. All ten recombinants expressed a
protein of approximately 17-kilodaltons (kDa) when examined by
immunoblot analysis using the pool of human sera. Restriction
endonuclease digestion of each of the ten recombinant plasmids
indicated seven different profiles, suggesting that cloning bias
was not the reason for repeatedly isolating clones expressing the
17-kDa antigen. The gene coding for the 17-kDa antigen was
sequenced and shown to code for an open reading frame of 148 amino
acids and a predicted molecular mass of 16,893 Daltons. (SEQ ID
NO:11) The amino terminus of the deduced amino acid sequence was
hydrophobic in nature and similar in size and composition to signal
peptides found in Gram-negative bacteria. The remainder of the
deduced amino acid sequence was more hydrophilic and may represent
surface-exposed epitopes. Further subcloning of the 17-kDa antigen
as a biotinylated fusion protein in the expression vector PinPoint
Xa-2 resulted in a 30-kDa protein that was highly reactive on
immunoblots with individual serum samples from patients with CSD.
The agreement between reactivity with the 30-kDa fusion protein on
immunoblot analysis and results obtained by the IFA assay was 92%,
n=13 for IFA positive and 88%, n=9 for IFA negative. The
recombinant expressed 17-kDa protein should be of value as an
antigen for serologic diagnosis of CSD and Rochalimaea infections
and warrants further study in attempts to develop a subunit vaccine
to prevent long-term infection by Rochalimaea in cats, and the
potential for further spread of the organism to humans.
A. Cultivation of Rochalimaea
Rochalimaea strains were grown on heart infusion agar supplemented
with 5% defibrinated rabbit blood (BBL, Cockeysville, Md.). The
Houston-1 strain of R. henselae and the Fuller strain of R.
quintana were used for all experiments described in this example.
Cultures were incubated at 34.degree. C. in the presence of 5%
CO.sub.2. After growth was sufficient (3 to 4 days) the bacterial
cells were harvested with sterile applicators and suspended in TE
buffer (10 mM Tris pH 8.0, 1 mM EDTA). Bacteria were concentrated
as needed by centrifugation. Bacterial cells were then frozen and
stored for subsequent immunoblot analysis or the DNA extracted as
outlined below.
B. Construction of R. henselae DNA Library
A lambda phage library of R. henselae DNA was prepared using the
lambda ZAPII vector (Stratagene, Torrey Pines, Calif.) using a
novel method developed specifically for constructing DNA libraries
of A-T rich organisms (5). Total (chromosomal and extrachromosomal)
DNA was isolated from the Houston-1 strain of R. henselae by lysis
of the bacterial cells with 1.0% SDS in the presence of proteinase
K (100 ng/.mu.l) at 55.degree. C. for 90 minutes. The resulting
lysate was extracted with a 50:50 mixture of phenol and chloroform
4 times. The nucleic acids were precipitated from the aqueous phase
by the addition of sodium acetate to 0.3M and 21/2 volumes of
absolute ethanol. The precipitate was collected by centrifugation
and resuspended in TE buffer with 10 ng/.mu.l of ribonuclease A.
The extracted DNA was digested with the restriction endonuclease
EcoRI under conditions that promote enzymatic activity (star
activity). This star activity is less specific and hence more
random than the cleavage with EcoRI under normal conditions. EcoRI
star activity generated DNA fragments are efficiently cloned into
EcoRI-cleaved vectors (5). The resulting DNA was size selected for
fragments 3-8 kilobase pair in length by electrophoresis through a
0.7% agarose gel and purification by adsorption to glass milk
(GeneClean, Bio101, Vista, Calif.). The purified and sized DNA
ligated to EcoRI digested alkaline phosphatase-treated lambda ZAPII
vector. The recombinant phage concatamers were then packaged into
lambda particles using a Gigapack packaging extract (Stratagene,
Torrey Pines, Calif.). After packaging, an aliquot of the library
was titered and assayed for the percentage of recombinants by
plating with Escherichia coli strain XL1 (Stratagene, Torrey Pines,
Calif.) on NZY agar plates. The library was amplified by plating
the entire packaged ligation reaction and collected by overnight
diffusion of the recombinants into phage dilution buffer (10 mM
Tris pH 8.0, 10 mM MgCl.sub.2, 0.1% gelatin).
C. Immunoscreening of recombinant clones
For screening of recombinant phage for immunoreactivity with human
sera, lambda phage clones were plated at a density of approximately
30,000 per 150 mm plate of NZY agar. After incubation for 3-4 hours
at 42.degree. C. (until the plaques were barely visible) the plates
were overlaid with nitrocellulose filters impregnated with 1 mM
isopropyl .beta.-D-thioglactopyranoside (IPTG) and the incubation
continued for an additional 3 hours at 37.degree. C. The filters
were then washed twice in Tris-buffered saline containing 0.1%
Tween 20, pH 8.0 (TBST), and blocked with TBST containing 5.0%
dehydrated skim milk (Difco, Detroit, Mich.) for one hour at room
temperature. The filters were then reacted with a pool of serum
samples (diluted 1:300 in TBST with 5% skim milk) from patients
clinically diagnosed with CSD for two hours. This pool of serum
samples consisted of 10 individual sera from patients diagnosed
with CSD and that were shown to have a titer of 1:1024 or greater
as determined by the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) assay for
Rochalimaea performed as previously described (42). The filters
were then washed four times with TBST and bound antibody detected
by reacting the filters with goat anti-human IgG conjugated with
horseradish peroxidase (diluted 1:3000 in TBST with 5% skim milk)
for one hour at room temperature. The filters were washed four
times in TBST and the color developed using TMB membrane substrate
(Kirkegaard and Perry, Gaithersburg, Md.).
D. Rescue and analysis of recombinant phagemids
After several rounds of plaque purification of immunoreactive
recombinant phage, the isolated phage plaques were subcloned from
the lambda phage recombinants into pBluescript-derived plasmids
according to the directions of the manufacturer (Stratagene, Torrey
Pines, Calif.). Briefly, by superinfecting lambda
recombinant-infected E. coli XL1 MRF' cells with R408 helper phage,
the pBluescript portion of the lambda ZAPII vector containing the
inserted Rochalimaea DNA was rescued. These recombinant phagemids
were then used to infect XL1 MRF' cells, where they replicate as
plasmids upon selection with ampicillin. This procedure results in
colonies harboring pBluescript-derived recombinant plasmids with
Rochalimaea DNA inserts. These recombinant plasmids were used for
further analysis and sequencing of DNA and for immunoblot analysis
of plasmid encoded Rochalimaea proteins expressed in E. coli.
E. Immunoblot analysis
To analyze human antibody response to individual antigens, whole
cell lysates of Rochalimaea and E. coli recombinants were subjected
to SDS-PAGE and immunoblot analysis. Rochalimaea was grown as
described above. E. coli recombinants were grown in LB broth
containing 100 ug/ml of ampicillin at 37.degree. C. with shaking to
mid-log phase and 1 mM IPTG was added. incubation was continued for
an additional 2 hours at 37.degree. C. with shaking and cells were
collected by centrifugation. The resulting cell pellets were
solubilized in sample buffer (2% SDS, 50 mM Tris pH 8.0) for
SDS-PAGE for 5 minutes at 100.degree. C.
Solubilized Rochalimaea and E. coli recombinant cell proteins were
electrophoresed through 8-16% gradient SDS-PAGE mini gels (Novex,
San Diego, Calif.). The resulting cell proteins were stained
directly with Coomassie brilliant blue or transferred to
nitrocellulose using a mini-transfer apparatus (Bio-Rad, Richmond,
Calif.). After electro-transfer of proteins to nitrocellulose, the
resulting filters were reacted with antisera and treated as
described in the "immunoscreening of recombinant phage clones"
section of this Example.
F. Sequencing of phagemid DNA
Plasmid DNA from recombinants was prepared from mini-preps by
alkaline lysis. The resulting plasmid DNA was used for restriction
endonuclease digestion and directly for double-stranded plasmid
sequencing by the dideoxy chain termination method. Plasmids were
sequenced using alkaline denaturation by the method of Zhang (44)
followed by chain extension and termination with T7 DNA polymerase
(Sequenase, US Biochemical) using .sup.35 S dATP. Sequenced DNA was
electrophoresed through a denaturing 6% acrylamide-urea gel and the
resulting gel was fixed with 10% acetic acid and 5% methanol. After
vacuum drying, the gel was exposed to X-ray film for approximately
12-24 hours and developed. Plasmids were sequenced with the M13
forward or reverse primers or using primers that were synthesized
from the R. henselae insert as the sequencing progressed. To
further localize the 17-kDa antigen gene and for additional
sequencing, restriction fragments were subcloned into pUC19 by
standard methods (20) and examined for expression by immunoblot
analysis.
G. Construction of fusion protein
Gene fusion techniques were used to confirm the identity of the
putative 17-kDa antigen gene and allow for it's optimal expression
in E. coli. PCR primers from the putative 17-kDa antigen gene
sequences were designed that contained a HindIII site (underlined)
on the 5' end primer (5' AAAAGCTTGAAAAAATATAGCTTAGTCAC 3', SEQ ID
NO:13) and a BamHI site (underlined) on the 3' end primer (5'
AAGGATCCAGAAATGCTCTCAAAC 3', SEQ ID NO:14). These unique
restriction sites facilitate directional and in-frame cloning. DNA
from the Houston-1 strain of R. henselae was amplified through 35
cycles of 94.degree. C. for 1 minutes, 48.degree. C. for 2 minutes,
and 68.degree. C. for 1.5 minutes using GeneAmp reagents and Taq
polymerase and a thermal cycler (Perkin Elmer, Norwalk, Conn.). The
resulting PCR product was cleaved with HindIII and BamHI,
gel-purified and ligated to the expression vector PinPoint Xa-2 to
produce a fusion of the antigen with the 13-kDa biotinylation tag
sequence of the vector (Promega, Madison, Wisc.). This tag sequence
has been engineered by the manufacturer to permit rapid
purification of biotinylated fusion proteins away from other E.
coli cell proteins. There are also endoprotease cleavage sites to
permit cleavage of proteins from the tag sequence. The ligation
mixture was used to transform E. coli strain XL-1 MRF' (Stratagene,
Torrey Pines, Calif.). Potential clones were examined by
restriction endonuclease analysis to confirm the presence of the
correct size insert. Clones containing the correct size insert were
grown to early log-phase in LB broth and induced with 1 mM IPTG and
growth was allowed to continue an additional two hours. The E. coli
cells were collected by centrifugation and examined for the
expression of biotinylated fusion proteins by immunoblot analysis
using streptavidin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase. Clones
expressing the biotinylated fusion protein were examined for
reactivity with the serum pool from patients with CSD as well as
individual serum samples from patients with CSD and controls. These
sera had previously been subjected to IFA to determine the endpoint
titer.
H. Identification and Characterization of Immunoreactive Clones
Approximately 1.2.times.10.sup.6 recombinant phage clones were
obtained. The quality of the resulting library was previously
examined by assaying for cloning efficiency of a marker gene (3).
For the purpose of that report, the 16S rRNA gene was chosen and
was shown to hybridize with 0.125% of the clones. These results
approach those predicted for random cloning and suggests that all
DNA fragments should be represented in the R. henselae library.
Approximately 0.2-0.3% of the 300,000 R. henselae recombinant
plaques that were screened with the pool of sera from patients
diagnosed with CSD, were immunoreactive. Ten of these
immunoreactive recombinants were selected for further study and
isolated by three or four rounds of plaque-purification. All ten
were subcloned as pBluescript-based phagemids and were used to
infect E. coli strain SOLR (Stratagene, Torrey Pines, Calif.). Each
of the ten subclones appear to direct the synthesis of the same
17-kDa antigen that is highly reactive on immunoblots with the pool
of sera from patients with CSD. A control strain of E. coli XL-1
harboring only the plasmid vector pBluescript SK, did not express
the same immunoreactive 17-kDa antigen. R. henselae organisms when
grown on blood agar appeared to express the 17-kDa antigen weakly,
although expression of this antigen by R. henselae co-cultivated on
Vero cells was not discernable. R. quintana also expressed the
17-kDa antigen that reacted with the pooled sera from CSD patients,
suggesting that this antigen (or portions thereof) may be shared
between R. henselae and R. quintana. The 17-kDa antigen expressed
by R. henselae and the E. coli clones did not react with a control
human serum pool from patients with no history of CSD. The antibody
response from the serum pool did not appear to be directed to
variety of different R. henselae antigens. Major immunoreactive
antigens with approximate molecular masses of 14-, 68-, and 84-kDa
are seen with R. henselae in addition to minor bands seen at 17-,
32-, and 48-kDa. The 17-kDa antigen expressed in E. coli appears to
react with the serum pool much stronger than the protein as
expressed in R. henselae. These results imply that the 17-kDa
antigen is highly immunoreactive but not expressed at high levels
in R. henselae.
I. Analysis of the Gene Encoding the 17-kDa Antigen
To determine if cloning bias was an explanation as to why clones
expressing the 17-kDa antigen were isolated at such frequency,
restriction endonuclease analysis was performed. Digestion of the
plasmids from all ten recombinants expressing the 17-kDa antigen
with EcoRI revealed seven different profiles. Thus, even though
17-kDa antigen-expressing clones represent the first ten clones
isolated, at least seven different DNA fragments contain the entire
gene. These results indicate that cloning bias is not responsible
for isolating the same antigen-expressing clone by
over-representation of a particular fragment of DNA in the library.
Accordingly, these results taken together with the results showing
few immunoreactive bands for R. henselae suggest that the 17-kDa
antigen might be one of a few immunodominant antigens recognized by
patients with CSD.
The gene for the 17-kDa antigen reactive with the pool of sera from
patients with CSD has been localized within a 2.2 kilobase EcoRI
fragment and the entire fragment has been sequenced. The gene
coding for the 17-kDa antigen was localized to a single open
reading frame by subcloning and immunoblot analysis with the serum
pool from patients with CSD. This gene only directed synthesis of
the 17-kDa antigen in E. coli when subcloned into pUC19 in the
direction of the lacZ alpha peptide. Thus, a R. henselae promoter
is either absent upstream of this gene or non-functional in E.
coli. The open reading frame either consisted of 160 or 148 amino
acids depending on which of the two putative initiator methionines
that were identified are functional. The first potential initiator
methionine is preceded by a polypurine rich sequence which is
similar to the consensus ribosome binding site in E. coli (40). The
second potential initiator methionine is preceded eight bases by a
sequence identical to the consensus E. coli ribosome binding site.
Assuming the second potential initiator methionine is used for the
start of translation, then a deduced protein with 148 amino acids
and a predicted molecular weight of 16,893 daltons is obtained.
This is closer to the apparent molecular size of 17-kDa that is
observed on immunoblots than that which would be predicted (18,245
daltons) if the first potential initiator methionine was used. The
deduced amino acid sequence for the 17-kDa antigen gene does not
share significant homology with any other bacterial protein in the
GenBank database. Assuming the second potential initiator
methionine is used, the deduced amino acid sequence shares several
similarities to bacterial membrane-associated proteins. The first
18 amino acids are hydrophobic in nature and contain two lysine
residues at the immediate amino-terminus (residues two and three).
This type of motif is typical of bacterial outer surface proteins
where the lysines residues interact with the phospholipids of the
membrane and the following hydrophobic residues form a
membrane-spanning or membrane anchor sequence (43). An amino acid
sequence identical to the E. coli consensus signal peptidase
cleavage site (A-X-A) is present at residues 18-20 after the second
putative initiator codon. It is not known if this site is cleaved
by R. henselae signal peptidases to yield a mature form of the
17-kDa antigen. The remaining 130 amino acid residues deduced from
the 17-kDa antigen gene sequence are predominantly hydrophilic or
neutral, with no long hydrophobic domains.
Regardless of which of the two potential initiator methionines are
used for the start of translation, there is a short overlap with
another long open reading frame. The reading frame shown upstream
of the 17-kDa antigen gene continues at least an additional 380
nucleotides upstream of what is shown. The entire sequence of this
open reading frame has not yet been obtained. It is likely that the
17-kDa antigen gene is part of an operon that is transcribed from a
promoter upstream of this unidentified open reading frame.
Likewise, a second unidentified open reading frame overlaps the 3'
end of the 17-kDa antigen gene and continues at least for an
additional 700 nucleotides. No sequences that are capable of
forming stable loop and stem type secondary structures that are
characteristic of bacterial transcription terminators are seen
immediately downstream of the 17-kDa antigen gene. This third open
reading frame may be a gene that is co-transcribed from a single
promoter along with the 17-kDa antigen gene and the potential gene
upstream of it. There are no regions upstream of the 17-kDa antigen
gene with the correct spacing and homology to the E. coli consensus
-35 (TTGACA) and -10 (TATAAT) promoter sequences (41). Although,
Rochalimaea promoter sequences may differ from those of E. coli.
The lack of potential promoter sequences and the expression of the
17-kDa antigen only when cloned in the direction of the vector lacZ
promoter, provides further data that this gene is co-transcribed
with an upstream gene.
J. Gene Fusion Construction
To create a highly-expressed hybrid fusion protein, the portion of
the gene coding for amino acid residues 2-148 were synthesized by
PCR amplification using the primers set forth in the Sequence
Listing as SEQ ID NO:12 and SEQ ID NO:13. PCR primers were selected
that permit in-frame fusion of the entire protein (assuming the
second methionine is the start of translation) minus the methionine
residue of this gene to the 13-kDa biotinylation tag sequence of
expression vector PinPoint Xa-2. This results in a fusion protein
which consists of the tag sequence (amino terminal portion) fused
to the antigen (carboxy terminal portion) under the control of the
lacZ promoter of vector pXa-2. The 30-kDa fusion protein is
expressed efficiently in E. coli as determined by immunoblot
analysis with streptavidin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase. A
control consisting of an 8-kDa portion of an unrelated gene fused
to the pXa-2 vector in E. coli strain XL-1 MRF' expresses a
biotinylated protein of approximately 21-kDa. A naturally occurring
biotinylated protein that has an apparent molecular mass of
approximately 26-kDa is found in all three clones. This naturally
occurring biotinylated protein has been observed in all K-12
strains of E. coli used for recombinant DNA purposes by the vector
manufacturer (Promega Corp., Madison, Wisc.).
K. Immunoreactivity of the fusion protein
To examine the reactivity of the 30-kDa fusion protein with
individual serum samples from patients with CSD as well as
controls, immunoblot analysis was performed. When individual serum
samples were reacted with the proteins expressed by the clone
containing the fusion protein, 12 of 13 serum samples that were
positive for antibody to Rochalimaea by the IFA assay were also
reactive with the 30-kDa recombinant fusion protein. Likewise, 8 of
9 serum samples that were negative by IFA did not react by
immunoblot with the 30-kDa fusion protein. When the immunoblot
strips are examined only for reactivity of the 30-kDa fusion
protein there is good correlation with clinical diagnosis of CSD
and IFA titer. These results also indicate that a dominant epitope
of the 17-kDa antigen recognized by serum from patients with CSD is
retained in the fusion protein.
Throughout this application various publications are referenced by
numbers within parentheses. Full citations for these publications
are as follows. The disclosures of these publications in their
entireties are hereby incorporated by reference into this
application in order to more fully describe the state of the art to
which this invention pertains.
REFERENCES
1. (Arnon, R. (Ed.) Synthetic Vaccines I:83-92, CRC Press, Inc.,
Boca Raton, Fla., 1987)
2. (Arnon, R. (Ed.) Synthetic Vaccines I:93-103, CRC Press, Inc.,
Boca Raton, Fla., 1987)
3. Anderson, B. E., J. E. Dawson, D. C. Jones, and K. H. Wilson.
1991. Ehrlichia chaffeensis, a new species associated with human
ehrlichiosis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 29:2838-2842.
4. Anderson, B., C. Kelly, R. Threlkel, and K. Edwards. 1993.
Detection of Rochalimaea henselae in cat-scratch disease skin test
antigens. J. Infect. Dis. 168:1034-1036.
5. Anderson, B., and G. McDonald. 1993. Construction of DNA
libraries of A-T rich organisms using EcoRI star activity. Anal.
Biochem. 211:325-327.
6. Anderson, B., K. Sims, D. Jones, W. Dewitt, and W. Bibb. 1993.
Molecular cloning of Rochalimaea henselae antigens. D-90, p. 111.
Program Abstr. 93rd Annu. Meet. Am. Soc. Microbiol., 1993,
Washington D.C.
7. Brenner D. J., D. G. Hollis, C. W. Moss, C. K. English, G. S.
Hall, J. V. Vincent, J. Radosevic, K. A. Birkness, W. F. Bibb, F.
D. Quinn, B. Swaminathan, R. E. Weaver, M. W. Reeves, S. P.
O'Connor, P. S. Hayes, F. C. Tenover, A. G. Steigerwalt, B. A.
Perkins, M. I. Daneshvar, B. C. Hill, J. A. Washington, T. C.
Woods, S. B. Hunter, T. L. Hadfield, G. W. Ajello, A. F. Kaufmann,
D. J. Wear, and J. D. Wenger. 1991. Proposal of Afipia, gen. nov.,
with Afipia felis sp. nov. (formerly the cat scratch disease
bacillus), Afipia clevelandensis sp. nov. (formerly the Clevland
Clinic Foundation strain), Afipia broomeae sp. nov., and three
unnamed genospecies. J. Clin. Microbiol. 29:2450-2460.
8. Daly, J. S., M. G. Worthington, D. J. Brenner, C. W. Moss, D. G.
Hollis, R. S. Weyant, A. G. Steigerwalt, R. E. Weaver, M. I.
Daneshvar, and S. P. O'Connor. 1993. Rochalimaea elizabethae sp.
nov. isolated from a patient with endocarditis. J. Clin. Microbiol.
31:872-881.
9. Dolan, M. J., M. T. Wong, R. L. Regnery, J. H. Jorgensen, M.
Garcia, J. Peters, and D. Drehner. 1993. Syndrome of Rochalimaea
henselae suggesting cat scratch disease. Ann. Intern. Med.
118:331-336.
10. Drancourt, M., and D. Raoult. 1992. Abstr. Tenth sesquiannual
meeting of the American Society for Rickettsiology and Rickettsial
Diseases, Hamilton, Mont.
11. English, C. K., D. J. Wear, A. M. Margileth, C. R. Lissner, and
G. P. Walsh. 1988. Cat-scratch disease: isolation and culture of
the bacterial agent. JAMA 259:1347-1352.
12. Erler, B. S., A. M. Jiminez, M. L. Gedebou, J. W. Said, and W.
S. Nichols. 1993. Absence of Rochalimaea henselae sequences in cat
scratch disease lymph nodes using a polymerase chain reaction
assay. Modern Pathology 6:105A, abstract 605.
13. Gerber, M. A., P. Rapacz, S. S. Kalter, and M. Ballow. 1986.
Cell-mediated immunity in cat-scratch disease. J. Allergy Clin.
Immunol. 78:887-890.
14. Harlow and Lane, Harlow and Lane, Antibodies: A Laboratory
Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.,
1988.
15. Koehler, J. E., F. D. Quinn, T. G. Berger, P. E. LeBoit, and J.
W. Tappero. 1992. Isolation of Rochalimaea species from cutaneous
and osseous lesions of bacillary angiomatosis. N. Engl. J. Med.
327:1625-1631.
16. Lennette et al., Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 14th Ed.,
Amer. Soc. for Microbiology, Washington, D.C., 1985)
17. Lipinska, B., S. Sharma, and C. Georgopoulos. 1988. Sequence
analysis and regulation of the htrA gene of Escherichia coli: a
.sup.32 -independent mechanism of heat-inducible transcription.
Nucleic Acids Res. 16:10053-10067.
18. Lucey, D., M. J. Dolan, C. W. Moss, M. Garcia, D. G. Hollis, S.
Wenger, G. Morgan, R. Almeida, D. Leong, K. S. Greisen, D. F.
Welch, and L. N. Slater. 1992. Relapsing illness due to Rochalimaea
henselae in immunocompetent hosts: implication for therapy and new
epidemiological associations. Clin. Infect. Dis. 14:683-688.
19. Margileth, A. M. 1992. Antibiotic therapy for cat-scratch
disease: clinical study of therapeutic outcome in 268 patients and
a review of the literature. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. 11:474-478.
20. Maniatis et al. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold
Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1982)
21. Patnaik, M., W. A. Schwartzman, N. E. Barka, and J. B. Peter.
1992. Letter. Lancet 340:971.
22. O'Connor, S. P., M. Dorsch, A. G. Steigerwalt, D. J. Brenner,
and E. Stackebrandt. 1991. 16S rRNA sequences of Bartonella
bacilliformis and cat scratch disease bacillus reveal phylogenetic
relationships with the alpha-2 subgroup of the class
Proteobacteria. J. Clin. Microbiol. 29:2144-2150.
23. Regnery, R. L., B. E. Anderson, J. E. Clarridge, M. C.
Rodriquez-Barradas, D. C. Jones, and J. H. Carr. 1992.
Characterization of a novel Rochalimaea species, R. henselae sp.
nov., isolated from blood of a febrile human immunodeficiency
virus-positive patient. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30:265-274.
24. Regnery, R. L., J. G. Olson, B. A. Perkins, and W. Bibb. 1992.
Serological response to "Rochalimaea henselae" antigen in suspected
cat-scratch disease. Lancet 339:1443-1445.
25. Regnery et al., J. Bacteriol. 173:1576-1589, 1991
26. Wilson et al., J. Clin. Microbiol. 28:1942-1946, 1990
27. Relman, D. A., P. W. Lepp, K. N. Sadler, and T. M. Schmidt.
1992. Phylogenetic relationships among the agent of bacillary
angiomatosis, Bartonella bacilliformis, and other
alpha-proteobacteria. Mol. Microbiol. 6:1801-1807.
28. Relman D. A., J. S. Loutit, T. M. Schmidt, S. Falkow, and L. S.
Tompkins. 1990. The agent of bacillary angiomatosis. N. Engl. J.
Med. 323:1573-1580.
29. Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laborabory Manual, 2nd
Ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.,
1989)
30. Slater, L. N., D. F. Welch, D. Hensel, and D. W. Coody. 1990. A
newly recognized fastidious gram-negative pathogen as a cause of
fever and bacteremia. N. Engl. J. Med. 323:1587-1593.
31. Tappero, J. W., J. Mohle-Boetani, J. E. Koehler, B.
Swaminathan, T. G. Berger, P. E. LeBoit, L. L. Smith, J. D. Wenger,
R. W. Pinner, C. A. Kemper, and A. L. Reingold. 1993. The
epidemiology of bacillary angiomatosis and bacillary peliosis. JAMA
269:770-775.
32. Upholt Nucleic Acids Res. 4:1257-1265, 1977
33. Welch, D. F., D. M. Hensel, D. A. Pickett, V. H. San Joaquin,
A. Robinson, and L. N. Slater. 1993. Bacteremia due to Rochalimaea
henselae in a child: practical identification of isolates in the
clinical laboratory. J. Clin. Microbiol. 31:2381-2386.
34. Welch, D. F., D. A. Pickett, L. N. Slater, A. G. Steigerwalt,
and D. J. Brenner. 1992. Rochalimaea henselae sp. nov., a cause of
septicemia, bacillary angiomatosis, and parenchymal bacillary
peliosis. J. Clin. Microbiol. 30:275-280.
35. Weisberg et al. Science 230:556-558, 1985
36. Wu, D. Y., L. Ugozzoli, B. K. Pal, and R. B. Wallace. 1989.
Allele-specific enzymatic amplification of -globin genomic DNA for
diagnosis of sickle cell anemia. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
86:2757-2760.
37. Zangwill, K. M., D. H. Hamilton, B. A. Perkins, R. L. Regnery,
B. D. Plikaytis, J. L. Hadler, M. L. Cartter, and J. D. Wenger.
1993. Cat scratch disease in Connecticut. N. Engl. J. Med.
329:8-13.
38. Ferretti et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 82:599-603, 1986
39. Wosnick et al. Gene 76:153-160, 1989
40. Gold, L., D. Pribnow, T. Schneider, S. Shinedling, B. Singer,
and G. Stormo. 1981. Translation initiation in prokatyotes. Ann.
Rev. Microbiol. 35:365-407.
41. Hawley, D. K. and W. R. McClure. 1983. Compilation and analysis
of Escherichia coli promoter DNA sequences. Nuc. Acids Res.
11:2237-2255.
42. Mui, B. S. K., M. E. Mulligan, and W. L. George. 1990. Response
of HIV-associated disseminated cat-scratch disease to treatment
with doxycycline. Am J. Med. 89:229-231.
43. Silhavy, T. J., S. A. Benson, and S. D. Emr. 1983. Mechanisms
of protein localization. Microbiol. Rev. 47:313-344.
44. Zhang, H., R. Scholl, J. Browse, and C. Somerville. 1988.
Double stranded DNA as a choice for DNA sequencing. Nuc. Acids Res.
16:1220.
__________________________________________________________________________
SEQUENCE LISTING (1) GENERAL INFORMATION: (iii) NUMBER OF
SEQUENCES: 14 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:1: (i) SEQUENCE
CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 24 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid
(C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE:
DNA (genomic) (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:1:
GATTCAATTGGTTTGAAGGAGGCT24 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:2: (i)
SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 24 base pairs (B) TYPE:
nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii)
MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID
NO:2: GATTCAATTGGTTTGAAAGAGGCT24 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:3:
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 21 base pairs (B) TYPE:
nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii)
MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID
NO:3: TCACATCACCAGGACGTATTC21 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:4: (i)
SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 21 base pairs (B) TYPE:
nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii)
MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID
NO:4: TCACATCACCAGGGCGTATTC21 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:5: (i)
SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 20 base pairs (B) TYPE:
nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii)
MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID
NO:5: GGTGCGTTAATTACCGATCC20 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:6: (i)
SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 20 base pairs (B) TYPE:
nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii)
MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID
NO:6: GGCGCTTTGATTACTGATCC20 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:7: (i)
SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 1791 base pairs (B) TYPE:
nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: double (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii)
MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: CDS (B)
LOCATION: 141..1652 (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:7:
GAAGAGCAATAAAAAGAAAAAAGAATGGTTTTTTAGTGATTTTTTTAGTACTCCAATTTA60
GACAGAAAACGGTAAGGTTTGTTATTTTATAAAGGACTGCAATTGGGATAACAATATGAT120
TAAATAGGAGCACATACCAAATGGTTAAAAAAACTTTCTTCACAACATTA170
MetValLysLysThrPhePheThrThrLeu 1510
GCCGCAGTAAGTTTTTCTGCTGCTTTAGAAACTGCACTGTTTTTTAGT218
AlaAlaValSerPheSerAlaAlaLeuGluThrAlaLeuPhePheSer 152025
GGATGTGGATCAAGCTTGTGGACGACAAAAGCTCATGCAAATTCTGTA266
GlyCysGlySerSerLeuTrpThrThrLysAlaHisAlaAsnSerVal 303540
TTTAGTTCATTAATGCAACAGCAGGGATTTGCAGATATTGTTTCTCAA314
PheSerSerLeuMetGlnGlnGlnGlyPheAlaAspIleValSerGln 455055
GTAAAGCCTGCTGTTGTTTCAGTGCAGGTGAAGAGCAATAAAAAGAAA362
ValLysProAlaValValSerValGlnValLysSerAsnLysLysLys 606570
AAAGAATGGTTTTTTAGTGATTTTTTTAGTACTCCGGGTTTTGACCAA410
LysGluTrpPhePheSerAspPhePheSerThrProGlyPheAspGln 75808590
TTACCAGATCAACATCCCTTGAAAAAGTTTTTTCAAGATTTTTATAAT458
LeuProAspGlnHisProLeuLysLysPhePheGlnAspPheTyrAsn 95100105
CGTGATAAGCCTAGTAATAAATCTTTGCAACGTTCGCATAGACTGCGT506
ArgAspLysProSerAsnLysSerLeuGlnArgSerHisArgLeuArg 110115120
CCTATAGCTTTTGGATCGGGTTTTTTTATCTCGTCTGATGGTTATATT554
ProIleAlaPheGlySerGlyPhePheIleSerSerAspGlyTyrIle 125130135
GTGACCAATAATCATGTGATTTCTGATGGCACAAGTTACGCTGTTGTT602
ValThrAsnAsnHisValIleSerAspGlyThrSerTyrAlaValVal 140145150
CTTGATGACGGTACAGAACTGAATGCAAAACTCATTGGAACGGACCCA650
LeuAspAspGlyThrGluLeuAsnAlaLysLeuIleGlyThrAspPro 155160165170
CGAACTGATCTTGCAGTATTAAAAGTCAATGAAAAAAGAAAATTTTCG698
ArgThrAspLeuAlaValLeuLysValAsnGluLysArgLysPheSer 175180185
TACGTTGATTTTGGTGATGATTCAAAACTTCGTGTTGGTGATTGGGTT746
TyrValAspPheGlyAspAspSerLysLeuArgValGlyAspTrpVal 190195200
GTTGCTATTGGTAATCCATTTGGTCTTGGTGGAACTGTGACAGCAGGT794
ValAlaIleGlyAsnProPheGlyLeuGlyGlyThrValThrAlaGly 205210215
ATCGTTTCAGCACGTGGACGTGATATCGGTACCGGTGTTTATGATGAT842
IleValSerAlaArgGlyArgAspIleGlyThrGlyValTyrAspAsp 220225230
TTTATTCAGATTGATGCTGCAGTTAATCGAGGAAATTCTGGAGGTCCA890
PheIleGlnIleAspAlaAlaValAsnArgGlyAsnSerGlyGlyPro 235240245250
ACTTTTGATCTTAACGGAAAGGTTGTTGGAGTGAATACGGCAATTTTT938
ThrPheAspLeuAsnGlyLysValValGlyValAsnThrAlaIlePhe 255260265
TCTCCTTCTGGGGGCAACGTTGGGATTGCTTTCGCTATTCCGGCAGCA986
SerProSerGlyGlyAsnValGlyIleAlaPheAlaIleProAlaAla 270275280
ACAGCGAACGAGGTTGTGCAACAACTTATCGAAAAAGGTTTAGTTCAG1034
ThrAlaAsnGluValValGlnGlnLeuIleGluLysGlyLeuValGln 285290295
CGTGGTTGGCTTGGGGTTCAGATTCAGCCTGTAACAAAAGAAATTTCT1082
ArgGlyTrpLeuGlyValGlnIleGlnProValThrLysGluIleSer 300305310
GATTCAATTGGTTTGAAGGAGGCTAAAGGTGCGTTAATTACCGATCCA1130
AspSerIleGlyLeuLysGluAlaLysGlyAlaLeuIleThrAspPro 315320325330
TTAAAGGGGCCAGCCGCAAAAGCTGGTATCAAGGCAGGTGATGTTATT1178
LeuLysGlyProAlaAlaLysAlaGlyIleLysAlaGlyAspValIle 335340345
ATTTCGGTAAATGGTGAGAAGATTAATGATGTCCGTGATCTAGCAAAG1226
IleSerValAsnGlyGluLysIleAsnAspValArgAspLeuAlaLys 350355360
CGTATTGCAAATATGAGCCCAGGAGAAACAGTAACCTTAGGAGTTTGG1274
ArgIleAlaAsnMetSerProGlyGluThrValThrLeuGlyValTrp 365370375
AAATCTGGTAAAGAAGAGAATATTAAGGTTAAACTTGATTCGATGCCT1322
LysSerGlyLysGluGluAsnIleLysValLysLeuAspSerMetPro 380385390
GAAGACGAAAATATGAAGGATGGCTCAAAATATTCAAATGAGCACGGT1370
GluAspGluAsnMetLysAspGlySerLysTyrSerAsnGluHisGly 395400405410
AATTCAGATGAAACATTGGAAGATTATGGTTTGATTGTTGCTCCTTCT1418
AsnSerAspGluThrLeuGluAspTyrGlyLeuIleValAlaProSer 415420425
GATGATGGCCTAGGGTTGGTTGTAACTGATGTAGATCCAGATTCTGAT1466
AspAspGlyLeuGlyLeuValValThrAspValAspProAspSerAsp 430435440
GCTGCAGATAAAGGAATACGTCCTGGTGATGTGATTGTAACAGTTAAT1514
AlaAlaAspLysGlyIleArgProGlyAspValIleValThrValAsn 445450455
AATAAATCTGTTAAAAAGGTCTCTGATATTACGGACACTATCAAAAAT1562
AsnLysSerValLysLysValSerAspIleThrAspThrIleLysAsn 460465470
GCCCAAAAGTTAGGACGAAAAGCCATACTTCTACAAGTGCGAACAAAT1610
AlaGlnLysLeuGlyArgLysAlaIleLeuLeuGlnValArgThrAsn 475480485490
GATCAAAATCGTTTTGTCGCTCTTCCTATTTTTAAAAAATAATACTTGA1659
AspGlnAsnArgPheValAlaLeuProIlePheLysLys 495500
TTAATGGTAGGGCAGAAGTTTTGTAAACTTTTGTCCTACAAACGTGATTTGATAAAATAA1719
CGGAGATGCGTTTTATGAAGATACTCGTTATCGAAGATGATCATGAAACGGGACGTTATC1779
TCGAAAAGCTTT1791 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:8: (i) SEQUENCE
CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 503 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein (xi) SEQUENCE
DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:8:
MetValLysLysThrPhePheThrThrLeuAlaAlaValSerPheSer 151015
AlaAlaLeuGluThrAlaLeuPhePheSerGlyCysGlySerSerLeu 202530
TrpThrThrLysAlaHisAlaAsnSerValPheSerSerLeuMetGln 354045
GlnGlnGlyPheAlaAspIleValSerGlnValLysProAlaValVal 505560
SerValGlnValLysSerAsnLysLysLysLysGluTrpPhePheSer 65707580
AspPhePheSerThrProGlyPheAspGlnLeuProAspGlnHisPro 859095
LeuLysLysPhePheGlnAspPheTyrAsnArgAspLysProSerAsn 100105110
LysSerLeuGlnArgSerHisArgLeuArgProIleAlaPheGlySer 115120125
GlyPhePheIleSerSerAspGlyTyrIleValThrAsnAsnHisVal 130135140
IleSerAspGlyThrSerTyrAlaValValLeuAspAspGlyThrGlu 145150155160
LeuAsnAlaLysLeuIleGlyThrAspProArgThrAspLeuAlaVal 165170175
LeuLysValAsnGluLysArgLysPheSerTyrValAspPheGlyAsp 180185190
AspSerLysLeuArgValGlyAspTrpValValAlaIleGlyAsnPro 195200205
PheGlyLeuGlyGlyThrValThrAlaGlyIleValSerAlaArgGly 210215220
ArgAspIleGlyThrGlyValTyrAspAspPheIleGlnIleAspAla 225230235240
AlaValAsnArgGlyAsnSerGlyGlyProThrPheAspLeuAsnGly 245250255
LysValValGlyValAsnThrAlaIlePheSerProSerGlyGlyAsn 260265270
ValGlyIleAlaPheAlaIleProAlaAlaThrAlaAsnGluValVal 275280285
GlnGlnLeuIleGluLysGlyLeuValGlnArgGlyTrpLeuGlyVal 290295300
GlnIleGlnProValThrLysGluIleSerAspSerIleGlyLeuLys 305310315320
GluAlaLysGlyAlaLeuIleThrAspProLeuLysGlyProAlaAla 325330335
LysAlaGlyIleLysAlaGlyAspValIleIleSerValAsnGlyGlu 340345350
LysIleAsnAspValArgAspLeuAlaLysArgIleAlaAsnMetSer 355360365
ProGlyGluThrValThrLeuGlyValTrpLysSerGlyLysGluGlu 370375380
AsnIleLysValLysLeuAspSerMetProGluAspGluAsnMetLys 385390395400
AspGlySerLysTyrSerAsnGluHisGlyAsnSerAspGluThrLeu 405410415
GluAspTyrGlyLeuIleValAlaProSerAspAspGlyLeuGlyLeu 420425430
ValValThrAspValAspProAspSerAspAlaAlaAspLysGlyIle 435440445
ArgProGlyAspValIleValThrValAsnAsnLysSerValLysLys 450455460
ValSerAspIleThrAspThrIleLysAsnAlaGlnLysLeuGlyArg 465470475480
LysAlaIleLeuLeuGlnValArgThrAsnAspGlnAsnArgPheVal 485490495
AlaLeuProIlePheLysLys 500 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:9: (i)
SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 27 base pairs (B) TYPE:
nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii)
MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID
NO:9: AATCTAGATTGCTTTCGCTATTCCGGC27 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID
NO:10:
(i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 29 base pairs (B) TYPE:
nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii)
MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID
NO:10: AAGGATCCATTTGTTCGCACTTGTAGAAG29 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID
NO:11: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 660 base pairs (B)
TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: double (D) TOPOLOGY: linear
(ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (ix) FEATURE: (A) NAME/KEY: CDS
(B) LOCATION: 123..605 (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:11:
TCCGTTGTTGCAGAACTTAACTTACGTGGAATGAATGATGAGATCGCCGTCTTAAGCGGT60
ACAACAAAGAATATTGAACTGGTGAACCAAATTATCAGCGAATATGGAGCAGACCCAGAC120
ATATGGCTGCCTATATTTCATCAAAGGAGAGAAAATCAATGAAAAAA167
MetAlaAlaTyrIleSerSerLysGluArgLysSerMetLysLys 151015
TATAGCTTAGTCACATTGTTATCTTTATTTTGCATCTCTCATGCAAAA215
TyrSerLeuValThrLeuLeuSerLeuPheCysIleSerHisAlaLys 202530
GCACAAACAGCAACCCTTACTGATGAATATTATAAAAAAGCCTTAGAA263
AlaGlnThrAlaThrLeuThrAspGluTyrTyrLysLysAlaLeuGlu 354045
AACACGCAAAAATTAGACGTTGCAAAATCACAAACAGCTGAGTCTATT311
AsnThrGlnLysLeuAspValAlaLysSerGlnThrAlaGluSerIle 505560
TATGAATCTGCAACACAAACTGCAAACAAAATTAAGGACATAAACAAT359
TyrGluSerAlaThrGlnThrAlaAsnLysIleLysAspIleAsnAsn 657075
CAACTTGCAAATCTTAAAGCAGATACAAAGACTAAACCTGAACAATTG407
GlnLeuAlaAsnLeuLysAlaAspThrLysThrLysProGluGlnLeu 80859095
CAAGCCCTGCAAATAGAGCTGACTCTTCTCCAGGCACAGCTGCAAGCG455
GlnAlaLeuGlnIleGluLeuThrLeuLeuGlnAlaGlnLeuGlnAla 100105110
GATACTTTAAAAATCCAGTCTCTTGCTATGATTCAAGCAAAAGATACG503
AspThrLeuLysIleGlnSerLeuAlaMetIleGlnAlaLysAspThr 115120125
AAAACAAAAGAAGAATTGCGTGAAGAGCAAACACAAAAAAAGCATGAA551
LysThrLysGluGluLeuArgGluGluGlnThrGlnLysLysHisGlu 130135140
GATCTTCAAAAACAATTAAAAGAAAAACTTGAGAAATCTGATGTCCGA599
AspLeuGlnLysGlnLeuLysGluLysLeuGluLysSerAspValArg 145150155
CTTTAGTTTTTCCCCGTTTGAGAGCATTTCTGGATATATTTTACAACCACTCAATAATGTA660
Leu 160 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:12: (i) SEQUENCE
CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 160 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid
(D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: protein (xi) SEQUENCE
DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:12:
MetAlaAlaTyrIleSerSerLysGluArgLysSerMetLysLysTyr 151015
SerLeuValThrLeuLeuSerLeuPheCysIleSerHisAlaLysAla 202530
GlnThrAlaThrLeuThrAspGluTyrTyrLysLysAlaLeuGluAsn 354045
ThrGlnLysLeuAspValAlaLysSerGlnThrAlaGluSerIleTyr 505560
GluSerAlaThrGlnThrAlaAsnLysIleLysAspIleAsnAsnGln 65707580
LeuAlaAsnLeuLysAlaAspThrLysThrLysProGluGlnLeuGln 859095
AlaLeuGlnIleGluLeuThrLeuLeuGlnAlaGlnLeuGlnAlaAsp 100105110
ThrLeuLysIleGlnSerLeuAlaMetIleGlnAlaLysAspThrLys 115120125
ThrLysGluGluLeuArgGluGluGlnThrGlnLysLysHisGluAsp 130135140
LeuGlnLysGlnLeuLysGluLysLeuGluLysSerAspValArgLeu 145150155160 (2)
INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:13: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A)
LENGTH: 29 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS:
single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (xi)
SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:13: AAAAGCTTGAAAAAATATAGCTTAGTCAC29
(2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:14: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A)
LENGTH: 24 base pairs (B) TYPE: nucleic acid (C) STRANDEDNESS:
single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: DNA (genomic) (xi)
SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:14: AAGGATCCAGAAATGCTCTCAAAC24
__________________________________________________________________________
* * * * *