U.S. patent number 3,911,117 [Application Number 05/509,529] was granted by the patent office on 1975-10-07 for raw fish and iron chelated with glutamic or ribonucleic acid in a mink diet.
Invention is credited to Fredrik Ender.
United States Patent |
3,911,117 |
Ender |
October 7, 1975 |
Raw fish and iron chelated with glutamic or ribonucleic acid in a
mink diet
Abstract
Diet for fur-bearing animals, particularly mink and a method for
feeding the above mentioned animals to prevent iron-deficiency
anemia provoked by feeding the animals with raw marine fish and to
achieve a better fur quality and reduce kit mortality.
Inventors: |
Ender; Fredrik (1310
Blommenholm, NO) |
Family
ID: |
27352686 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/509,529 |
Filed: |
September 26, 1974 |
Related U.S. Patent Documents
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Application
Number |
Filing Date |
Patent Number |
Issue Date |
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314317 |
Dec 12, 1972 |
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Foreign Application Priority Data
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Dec 20, 1971 [NO] |
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4717/71 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
514/44R; 426/2;
426/643; 426/271; 426/648; 514/502; 514/561; 426/805 |
Current CPC
Class: |
A23K
10/28 (20160501); A23K 20/30 (20160501); A23K
20/142 (20160501); A23K 50/40 (20160501); A23K
20/153 (20160501); A23K 10/22 (20160501); Y02P
60/87 (20151101); Y10S 426/805 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
A23K
1/08 (20060101); A23K 1/10 (20060101); A23K
1/18 (20060101); A23K 1/175 (20060101); A23K
1/16 (20060101); A23K 001/10 (); A23K 001/18 () |
Field of
Search: |
;426/2,74,212,218,224,271,806,805,268,376 ;424/295,180 ;423/150
;260/429J,121,115,211.5R |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Yudkoff; Norman
Assistant Examiner: Ribando; Curtis P.
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Ladas, Parry, Von Gehr, Goldsmith
& Deschamps
Parent Case Text
This application is a continuation-in-part of application Ser. No.
314,317 filed Dec. 12, 1972, and now abandoned.
Claims
Having described my invention, I claim:
1. An improved diet for fur-bearing animals, particularly mink,
comprising raw marine fish and an iron containing additive, wherein
the improvement comprises employing as the iron-containing additive
ferric iron chelated with an organic acid selected from glutamic
acid and ribonucleic acid.
2. Diet according to claim 1 including an ingredient selected from
the group consisting of HCl, lactic acid and sour milk.
3. An improved method of feeding mink with raw marine fish and an
iron containing additive, wherein the improvement comprises
employing as the iron-containing additive ferric iron chelated with
an organic acid selected from glutamic acid and ribonucleic
acid.
4. Method according to claim 3 in which an ingredient selected from
the group consisting of HCl, lactic acid and sour milk is included.
Description
It has previously been proven, and is now generally known, that
feeding mink with cleaned, raw marine fish of various types as
single source of protein results in a hypochromic iron-deficiency
anemia which again results in high kit mortality, fur
depigmentation (i.e. white under-fur) and greatly reduced quality
of fur at the normal time of skinning. It has further been proved
that a diet including boiled marine fish, on the other hand, does
not provoke anemia or, occasionally, only a slight degree of
anemia, which may also be due to the fact that an extreme iron
deficiency occurs in fish at certain times and also depends on the
location of the catch. Anemia of this type is never induced with a
diet of meat and offal, however, it may be mentioned that rancid
fat together with a deficiency of E vitamin can cause iron
deficiency anemia in mink.
It has further proved that iron-deficiency anemia induced by fish
is not relieved by peroral use of inorganic iron preparations such
as FeSO.sub.4 or Fe(OH).sub.3 when these are added to raw fish
feed, and this type of anemia differs from the usual elimentary
iron-deficiency anemia or anemia caused in other manner which, in
human beings and domestic animals, is most frequently prevented and
cured by using inorganic iron preparations.
Numerous experiments carried out by the inventor and others have
shown that the special type of anemia in mink is due to the content
in the raw fish food of trimethylaminoxide (hereinafter called
triox).
The anemogenic property of trimethylaminoxide or the
anemi-provoking effect in raw marine fish is due to the fact that,
with bivalent iron compounds, substantially insoluble, crystalline
iron oxide hydrates of the type Goethite and Lepidocrocite
(established by X-ray diffraction analysis) are formed under
physiologically normal pH conditions. The pH of raw marine fish is
usally about 6,3 - 6,5. Because of the insolubility of the iron
oxide hydrate, even in relatively strong mineral acid
concentrations (HCl and H.sub.2 SO.sub.4), the nutritions iron
content under physiologically normal pH conditions cannot be fully
utilized for hemoglobin production in mink kits, and the result is
that the animals have a high degree of iron-deficiency anemia which
causes a high mortality rate of kits and also leads to strongly
reduced quality of fur in the remaining animals. The anemia
provoking effect of the raw fish diet is undoubtedly also due to
the fact that iron preparations such as FeSO.sub.4 and FeCl.sub.3,
added to raw fish food, are chemically bound to raw fish to a much
greater degree than to cooked, which has also been proved by
chemical analysis.
The object of the invention is to provide a diet for fur-bearing
animals, particularly mink and especially mink fed with raw marine
fish, which ensures a supply of organic ferri iron, and a method of
feeding such animals, so that the anemia is relieved and kit
mortality is reduced, the fur being at the same time of extremely
good quality at the time of skinning.
Surprisingly, it has now proved that organic iron compounds
especially in ferric form such as an organic iron complex formed
from amino acids and/or their derivates, nucleic acids and/or their
derivatives together with special organic acids, prevent this type
of anemia when added to the raw fish diet.
When added to the raw fish diet, the substances eliminate the
unfortunate oxidative effect of the trimethylaminoxide, the
oxidation being inhibited or reduced so strongly in vivo that
insoluble iron compounds are not formed in injurious amounts and
with the result that the anemia neither occurs nor is provoked.
The invention thus relates to an improved diet for fur-bearing
animals, particularly mink, comprising raw marine fish and an iron
containing additive, wherein the improvement comprises an organic
chelate additive containing ferric iron chelated with an organic
acid selected from glutamic acid and ribonucleic acid.
The invention further relates to a method of feeding fur-bearing
animals, particularly mink and especially mink fed with raw marine
fish to ensure a supply of ferri iron by using an iron chelate or
an organic iron compound as organic iron complex, the method being
characterized in that the iron chelate or the organic iron complex
does not react, or reacts only to a very slight degree with
trimethylaminoxide, in that it consists of iron and an amino acid
or nucleic acid and that it is dosed in an amount corresponding to
at least 1 mg Fe per animal per day.
The iron chelate or the organic iron complex is preferably present
in the form of an aqueous solution, in dried state, or adsorbed on
a carrier.
The chelate- or complex-forming compound is preferably an amino
acid, particularly glutamic acid and/or asparaginic acid, and/or
histidine. Further, the chelate- or complex-forming compound can be
a nucleic acid, preferably ribonucleic acid and/or
desoxyribonucleic acid.
The diet according to the invention is preferably utilized as
protective food for fur-bearing animals, particularly mink,
together with vitamins and minerals.
The organic iron preparations can thus be incorporated in a
protective food, for example, as additive to special carbon
hydrates which are included in the protective food, optionally in
another manner also. Experiments have shown that this method is
fully effective. Since the raw fish food in itself is extremely
deficient in iron, it is most expedient that biologically strongly
active iron preparations preferably ferri compounds in tested doses
are incorporated directly into the diet of the fur-bearing animals
(the protective food) which is dried carefully at low
temperatures.
The concentration of the organic complex iron compounds is thus
measured so that it represents a daily ration of minimum 1 mg Fe.
In order to achieve the best effect, the pH value of the food
should be fairly low.
The anemia-preventing effect exerted by the above said group of
substances, used as diet additive according to the invention, is
based on the fact that separately or in combination, strongly or
partially, they inhibit, in vivo, the reaction between bivalent
iron and trimethylaminoxide, so that sparingly soluble iron oxide
hydrates of the type Goethite and Lepidocrocite are not formed, or
possibly only traces thereof.
Characteristic of all the above said anemia-preventing
iron-containing organic substances, used as diet additive in
accordance with the invention, is that they are not, or only to
very slight degree, destroyed by, nor do they react with triox,
which is an anemia-producing agent. The anti-anemic effect of
boiled fish food is assumed to be the result of denatured protein
compounds such as polypeptides, preferably the lower molecular
peptides such as di- and tripeptides, possibly free amino acids,
which are to be found both in cooked and in raw protein food. To
protect the animals against anemia by daily boiling of fish for a
long period diet, with the addition of usual inorganic iron
compounds (FeSO.sub.4), is elaborate and time consuming and is also
expensive for the breeder of fur-bearing animals.
As the organic iron preparations usually give improved protection
at lower pH values -- down to 2,5, this can be adjusted by the
addition of HCl or organic acids which, in themselves, have an
anti-anemic effect, for example, lactic acid, malic acid and/or
citric acid. Malic acid and lactic acid have in, in vitro,
experiments a clear triox prohibiting effect, and citric acid has
in, in vitro, experiments given the same effect despite the fact
that substances such as ferri-citrate are only slightly soluble in
acid environment but readily soluble in alkaline solvent.
The protective feed should not contain rancid fat or large amounts
of unsaturated marine fat which readily becomes rancid in a dry
protective food. The protective food must contain optimal amounts
of all vitamins including linoleic and linolenic acid, in addition
to mineral substances and the balanced ratio of proteins, saturated
fat and carbon hydrates, suitable for fur-bearing animals.
Coalfish is particularly mentioned as raw fish hereinbelow,
however, it is obvious that any marine fish type can be used in
raw, cleaned state as basis for the fur-bearing animal diet.
The results of some feeding experiments are set forth hereinbelow
in a table, where, as basic feed, raw, cleaned coalfish was used
with various additions to the basic diet, and average values of
hemoglobin value, colour, underfur and fur quality, total
impression at the time of skinning, are set forth.
Normal hemoglobin values on skinning are about 17,5 - 19, these
being much lower during the summer.
Evaluation numbers for the colour of the underfur and the total
impression of the fur quality are given, the right-hand number
disclosing the better quality.
It is clear from the table that the hemoglobin values for mink fed
with raw, cleaned coalfish without addition to basic diet of food
additives according to the invention, are as far down as 14,8 -
15,5. Addition to the basic diet of ferrosulphate or ferrihydroxide
has no sure, advantageous effect on this form of anemia either,
whilst the addition of amino acid in the form of an iron complex or
special ferri glutamate, or addition of lactic acid or
ferri-desoxyribonucleate, prevents this special form of anemia, the
colour of the underfur and the total impression of the fur quality
being, at the same time, much higher.
TABLE
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Number of experi- Basic diet Addition to Average values at the time
of skinning mental years basic diet Hemoglobin Colour in Total
impression value underfur of the fur quality
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2 years Raw cleaned Ferridi- 18,1 5,05 5,35 coalfish glutamate
readily soluble 3 years Raw cleaned Ferridi- 17,0 4,86 5,23
coalfish glutamate powder not so readily soluble 2 years Raw
cleaned Ferridi- 18,4 5,05 5,4 coalfish glutamate readily soluble
+HCl or lactic acid or sour milk 1 year Raw cleaned Lactic acid
17,4 4,6 5,1 coalfish 1 year Raw cleaned Ferridesoxy- coalfish
ribonucleate 17,1 5,1 5,1 3 years Raw cleaned Ferro-sul- 14,9 4,0
4,6 coalfish phate 1 year Raw cleaned Ferri- 13,6 3,0 3,9 coalfish
hydroxide 3 years Raw cleaned 14,8 3,4 3,9 coalfish 1 year Raw
cleaned 15,5 4,1 4,4 coalfish
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