U.S. patent number 10,821,421 [Application Number 16/215,521] was granted by the patent office on 2020-11-03 for catalyst, catalyst composition containing pt--ni alloy and methods for synthesizing of hydrogen peroxide using them.
This patent grant is currently assigned to Korea Institute of Science and Technology. The grantee listed for this patent is Korea Institute of Science and Technology. Invention is credited to So Hye Cho, Sang Soo Han, Ho Seong Jang, Seung Yong Lee, Hyo Bin Nam, Byung Chul Yeo.
United States Patent |
10,821,421 |
Lee , et al. |
November 3, 2020 |
Catalyst, catalyst composition containing Pt--Ni alloy and methods
for synthesizing of hydrogen peroxide using them
Abstract
A catalyst and a catalyst composition, a method for preparing
thereof, and a method for synthesizing of hydrogen peroxide using
them are provided. The catalyst and the catalyst composition
contains: an alloy of two elements, wherein the elements are Pt
(Platinum) and Ni (Nickel). The present disclosure enables (a)
replacing a high-priced palladium (Pd) catalyst with a new
catalyst, (b) providing a high-active catalyst which catalyzes the
direct synthesis reaction of the hydrogen peroxide.
Inventors: |
Lee; Seung Yong (Seoul,
KR), Han; Sang Soo (Seoul, KR), Nam; Hyo
Bin (Seoul, KR), Yeo; Byung Chul (Seoul,
KR), Cho; So Hye (Seoul, KR), Jang; Ho
Seong (Seoul, KR) |
Applicant: |
Name |
City |
State |
Country |
Type |
Korea Institute of Science and Technology |
Seoul |
N/A |
KR |
|
|
Assignee: |
Korea Institute of Science and
Technology (Seoul, KR)
|
Family
ID: |
1000005154930 |
Appl.
No.: |
16/215,521 |
Filed: |
December 10, 2018 |
Prior Publication Data
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|
|
|
Document
Identifier |
Publication Date |
|
US 20190176133 A1 |
Jun 13, 2019 |
|
Foreign Application Priority Data
|
|
|
|
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Dec 11, 2017 [KR] |
|
|
10-2017-0169766 |
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Current U.S.
Class: |
1/1 |
Current CPC
Class: |
C01B
15/029 (20130101); B01J 35/0013 (20130101); B01J
35/002 (20130101); B01J 23/892 (20130101); B01J
35/02 (20130101); B01J 37/16 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
B01J
23/89 (20060101); B01J 35/02 (20060101); C01B
15/029 (20060101); B01J 35/00 (20060101); B01J
37/16 (20060101) |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Foreign Patent Documents
Other References
Wakabayasi, Noriaki et al.; "Temperature dependence of oxygen
reduction activity at Pt--Fe, Pt--Co, and Pt--Ni alloy electrodes."
The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 109.12 (2005): 5836-5841. cited
by applicant .
Singh, Sanjay K., Xu, Qiang; "Bimetallic Ni--Pt nanocatalysts for
selective decomposition of hydrazine in aqueous solution to
hydrogen at room temperature for chemical hydrogen storage."
Inorganic chemistry 49.13 (2010): 6148-6152. cited by applicant
.
Mathe, Ntombizodwa R., Scriba, Manfred R., and Coville, Neil J.,
"Methanol oxidation reaction activity of microwave-irradiated and
heat-treated Pt/Co and Pt/Ni nano-electrocatalysts." International
journal of hydrogen energy 39.33 (2014): 18871-18881. cited by
applicant .
Ye, Linsen, et al. "Preparation and characterization of hydrophobic
carbon-supported Pt3M (M= Fe, Co, Ni and Cr) bimetals for H/D
isotope separation between hydrogen and water." International
journal of hydrogen energy 39.25 (2014): 13793-13799. cited by
applicant .
Hu, Yaojuan, et al. "Effects of structure, composition, and carbon
support properties on the electrocatalytic activity of
Pt--Ni-graphene nanocatalysts for the methanol oxidation." Applied
Catalysis B: Environmental 111 (2012): 208-217. cited by applicant
.
Zheng, Yeu, et al. "Three-dimensional PtxNi1-x nanoclusters
supported on multiwalled carbon nanotubes in enzyme-free glucose
biofuel cells." Journal of Power Sources 296 (2015): 30-39. cited
by applicant .
Zheng, Zhaoke, et al. "Epitaxial growth of Au--Pt--Ni nanorods for
direct high selectivity H2O2 production." Advanced Materials 28.45
(2016): 9949-9955. cited by applicant.
|
Primary Examiner: Swain; Melissa S
Attorney, Agent or Firm: Husch Blackwell LLP
Claims
What is claimed is:
1. A catalyst for the direct synthesis of hydrogen peroxide,
comprising: an alloy consisting of two elements, wherein the
elements are Pt(Platinum) and Ni(Nickel), wherein the alloy has a
face-centered tetragonal structure; the molecular formula of the
alloy is represented as Pt.sub.XNi.sub.(100-X), wherein X is no
less than 6 and no more than 45; and the alloy catalyzes a direct
synthesis reaction of hydrogen peroxide (H.sub.2O.sub.2).
2. The catalyst of claim 1, wherein the alloy forms solid
solution.
3. A method for synthesizing hydrogen peroxide, wherein the
hydrogen peroxide is synthesized by using the catalyst of claim
1.
4. A catalyst composition, comprising: an alloy consisting of two
elements, wherein the elements are Pt(Platinum) and Ni(Nickel),
wherein the alloy has a face-centered tetragonal structure; the
molecular formula of the alloy is represented as
Pt.sub.XNi.sub.(100-X), wherein X is no less than 6 and no more
than 45; and the alloy catalyzes a direct synthesis reaction of
hydrogen peroxide (H.sub.2O.sub.2).
5. The catalyst composition of claim 4, wherein the alloy forms
solid solution.
6. A method for synthesizing hydrogen peroxide, wherein the
hydrogen peroxide is synthesized by using the catalyst composition
of claim 4.
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
This application claims priority to and incorporates herein by
reference all disclosure in Korean patent application no.
10-2017-0169766 filed Dec. 11, 2017.
FIELD OF DISCLOSURE
The present disclosure relates to a catalyst and a catalyst
composition; and more particularly, to the catalyst and the
catalyst composition containing: an alloy of two elements, wherein
the elements are Pt (Platinum) and Ni (Nickel); and methods for
synthesizing of hydrogen peroxide using the alloy of the two
elements. For reference, a government research and development
project on future materials is being carried out by the applicant,
Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), from Feb. 1, 2018
to Jan. 31, 2019. Herein, a subject of the government research and
development project on future materials is quantum alchemy catalyst
development.
BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE
In various industries such as pulp and paper manufacturing, fiber,
water treatment, compounds manufacturing, petrochemistry and
semiconductors, etc., hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is used as polish,
disinfectants, oxidants, and fuels, etc. The production of the
hydrogen peroxide is increasing every year, and according to
Transparency Market Research, the global market size of the
hydrogen peroxide is expected to reach approximately six billion
dollars by 2023. A formula for direct synthesis reaction of the
hydrogen peroxide from hydrogen and oxygen may be simple, however,
a commercialization process has not been developed because the
reaction is difficult to achieve. The global market size is
expected to grow gradually through replacing the conventional
inefficient synthesizing process of the hydrogen peroxide with an
eco-friendly thereof.
Meanwhile, noble metals such as a Palladium (Pd) are being widely
used to catalyze the direct synthesis reaction of the hydrogen
peroxide. Herein, the Pd catalyst exhibits high activity on the
synthesis reaction. However, such noble metals have a high cost of
production. Accordingly, it is required to develop a new catalyst
based on low-priced elements to meet the demand of the rapidly
growing global market of the hydrogen peroxide.
SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE
It is an object of the present disclosure to solve all the
aforementioned problems.
It is another object of the present disclosure to replace a
high-priced Palladium (Pd) catalyst with a new catalyst.
It is still another object of the present disclosure to provide a
high-active catalyst which catalyzes direct synthesis reaction of
hydrogen peroxide.
In accordance with one aspect of the present disclosure, there is
provided a catalyst, containing: an alloy of two elements, wherein
the elements are Pt (Platinum) and Ni (Nickel).
As one example, the alloy forms solid solution.
As one example, the alloy has a face-centered tetragonal
structure.
As one example, the alloy catalyzes direct synthesis reaction of
hydrogen peroxide (H.sub.2O.sub.2).
As one example, a molecular formula of the alloy is represented as
Pt.sub.XNi.sub.(100-X), and wherein the X satisfies no less than 1
and no more than 83.
As one example, a molecular formula of the alloy is represented as
Pt.sub.XNi.sub.(100-X), and wherein the X satisfies no less than 6
and no more than 83.
As one example, the Pt--Ni catalyst has 40% or more of a degree of
activity of Pd100 catalyst in the course of direct synthesis
reaction of hydrogen peroxide.
As one example, a structure of the Pt--Ni catalyst is similar to
that of a Palladium (Pd) catalyst.
As one example, an electronic structure of the Pt--Ni catalyst is
similar to that of a Palladium (Pd) catalyst in that DOS (Electron
Density of State) values of the Pt--Ni catalyst are similar to
those of the Pd catalyst.
In accordance with another aspect of the present disclosure, there
is provided a catalyst composition, containing: an alloy of two
elements, wherein the elements are Pt (Platinum) and Ni
(Nickel).
As one example, the alloy forms solid solution.
As one example, the alloy has a face-centered tetragonal
structure.
As one example, the alloy catalyzes direct synthesis reaction of
hydrogen peroxide (H.sub.2O.sub.2).
As one example, a molecular formula of the alloy is represented as
Pt.sub.XNi.sub.(100-X), and wherein the X satisfies no less than 6
and no more than 83.
As one example, an electronic structure of the Pt--Ni catalyst is
similar to that of a Palladium (Pd) catalyst in that DOS (Electron
Density of State) values of the Pt--Ni catalyst are similar to
those of the Pd catalyst.
In accordance with still another aspect of the present disclosure,
there is provided a method for synthesizing hydrogen peroxide,
wherein the hydrogen peroxide is synthesized by using Pt--Ni
catalyst or Pt--Ni catalyst composition.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The patent or application file contains at least one drawing
executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application
publication with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Office
upon request and payment of the necessary fee.
The drawings attached below are to explain example embodiments of
the present disclosure and are only part of preferred embodiments
of the present disclosure. Other drawings may be obtained based on
the drawings herein without inventive work for those skilled in the
art. The above and other objects and features of the present
disclosure will become apparent from the following description of
preferred embodiments given in conjunction with the accompanying
drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is an exemplary diagram to illustrate a crystal structure of
Pt--Ni alloy.
FIG. 2 is an exemplary diagram to illustrate a DOS (Electron
Density of State) result of the Pt--Ni alloy in accordance with the
present disclosure and that of Pd according to a comparative
example of the conventional technology.
FIG. 3 is a table to illustrate respective amounts of synthesized
hydrogen peroxide per each of ratios of Pt and Ni in Pt--Ni
catalyst in accordance with one example embodiment of the present
disclosure.
FIG. 4 includes HAADF (High-angle Annular Dark Field)-STEM
(Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope) images of the Pt--Ni
alloy generated while varying a ratio of the Pt and the Ni in
accordance with one example embodiment of the present
disclosure.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
To make purposes, technical solutions, and advantages of the
present disclosure clear, reference is made to the accompanying
drawings that show, by way of illustration, more detailed example
embodiments in which the disclosure may be practiced. These
preferred embodiments are described in sufficient detail to enable
those skilled in the art to practice the disclosure.
It is to be appreciated that the various embodiments of the present
disclosure, although different, are not necessarily mutually
exclusive. For example, a particular feature, structure, or
characteristic described herein in connection with one embodiment
may be implemented within other embodiments without departing from
the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. In addition, it is
to be appreciated that the position or arrangement of individual
elements within each disclosed embodiment may be modified without
departing from the spirit and scope of the present disclosure. The
following detailed description is, therefore, not to be taken in a
limiting sense, and the scope of the present disclosure is defined
only by the appended claims, appropriately interpreted, along with
the full range of equivalents to which the claims are entitled. In
the drawings, like numerals refer to the same or similar
functionality throughout the several views.
Hereinafter, preferred embodiments of the present disclosure will
be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings
so that those skilled in the art may easily implement the present
disclosure.
FIG. 1 is an exemplary diagram to illustrate a crystal structure of
Pt--Ni alloy.
Referring to FIG. 1, a catalyst may contain an alloy of two
elements. Herein, the elements are Pt (Platinum) and Ni (Nickel).
In detail, the Pt--Ni alloy may form solid solution where particles
of the Pt and particles of the Ni are uniformly distributed.
Also, the Pt--Ni alloy in accordance with the present disclosure
may have a face-centered tetragonal structure (L10), but it is not
limited thereto.
Herein, FIG. 1 illustrates one of various example embodiments of
the present disclosure, however, the respective number of Pt atoms
and Ni atoms per unit cell is not limited to FIG. 1. The Pt--Ni
catalyst in accordance with the present disclosure may be composed
of various atomic ratios (Pt:Ni). Detailed explanation on the
atomic ratios will be made in the following by referring to FIG.
3.
Meanwhile, preparation of the Pt--Ni catalyst in accordance with
one example embodiments of the present disclosure may include steps
of: (a) obtaining a warm solution by dissolving 0.17 mmol of
H.sub.2[PtCl.sub.6].sub.XH.sub.2O, 0.17 mmol of Ni(acac).sub.2, and
2 mL of oleylamine into 10 mL of dioctyl ether at a temperature of
50.degree. C.; (b) obtaining dark brown colloids by preparing a
butyllithium solution containing 15 mL of the dioctyl ether and 1.2
mL of 2.0M butyllithium in cyclohexane and by injecting the warm
solution into the butyllithium solution via a syringe at room
temperatures; (c) stirring the dark brown colloids for 20 minutes,
heating the colloids up to 120.degree. C. for 1.5 hours in Ar
atmosphere, and then heating the colloids up to 260.degree. C. for
an hour; (d) cooling down the colloids to room temperatures,
injecting 1.25 mL of trioctylphosphine into the colloids for
protection and then washing nanoparticles of an obtained catalyst
three times with ethanol.
Herein, at the step of (a), the atomic ratios(Pt:Ni) determined by
the amounts of two elements may be various from 3:97 to 90:10.
Meanwhile, the Pt--Ni catalyst in accordance with the present
disclosure catalyzes direct synthesis reaction of hydrogen peroxide
(H.sub.2O.sub.2). A formula for the direct synthesis reaction of
the hydrogen peroxide using hydrogen and oxygen may be simple,
however, a commercialization process has not been developed because
the reaction is difficult to achieve. To catalyze the direct
synthesis reaction of the hydrogen peroxide, noble metals such as a
palladium (Pd) are being widely used as a catalyst. A Pd catalyst
exhibits high activity on the synthesis reaction, however, such a
metal has shortcomings due to a high cost of production.
The Pt--Ni catalyst may replace the Pd catalyst. It is confirmed
that the Pt--Ni catalyst in accordance with the present disclosure
and the Pd catalyst according to a comparative example of the
conventional technology have similar electronic structures.
Detailed explanation on the similarity will be made below by
referring to FIG. 2.
(The Example Embodiments)
FIG. 2 is an exemplary diagram to illustrate a DOS (Electron
Density of State) result of the Pt--Ni alloy in accordance with one
example embodiment of the present disclosure and that of the Pd
according to a comparative example of the conventional
technology.
In a formula below, .DELTA.DOS.sub.X-Y is a value obtained by
comparing respective DOS values of X and Y, with each other.
Herein, the X and the Y may respectively be a substance or a
composition, etc. The nearer the .DELTA.DOS.sub.X-Y reaches to 0,
the more similar the respective DOS values of the X and the Y
become with each other. If the X and the Y have similar electronic
structures at a specific energy state, similar chemical
characteristics can be exhibited as well. Specifically, if a
substance, or a composition, etc. is determined as having a similar
electronic structure to the Pd by referring to a .DELTA.DOS value
near 0, it is expected that a catalyst containing the substance or
the composition, etc. may have similar catalyst characteristics
with the Pd catalyst.
.DELTA..times..times..function..function..times..function..sigma..times.
##EQU00001##
.function..sigma..sigma..times..times..times..pi..times..times..times..si-
gma. ##EQU00001.2##
In FIG. 2, respective DOS values of the Ni, the Pt, and the Pd are
illustrated as comparative examples to emphasize the similarity of
DOS values of the Pt--Ni alloy (Pt:Ni=50:50) to those of the Pd.
Herein, the DOS values of the Pt--Ni alloy exhibits more
similarities with the DOS values of the Pd compared to the
respective DOS values of the Ni and the Pt.
Further, a .DELTA.DOS.sub.Pd-PtNi shows 1.16, which is closer to 0
compared to a .DELTA.DOS.sub.Pd-Ni showing 1.25 and
.DELTA.DOS.sub.Pd-Pt showing 1.84. That is, the Pt--Ni alloy has
more similar DOS values with the Pd than the Ni and the Pt.
Through these results, it is confirmed that the Pt--Ni catalyst in
accordance with the present disclosure has a similar electronic
structure and similar catalyst characteristics with the Pd
catalyst.
Meanwhile, detailed explanation on respective amounts of
synthesized hydrogen peroxide per each of ratios of the Pt and the
Ni in the Pt--Ni catalyst will be made in the following by
referring to FIG. 3.
Herein, preparing the Pt--Ni catalyst with the respective atomic
ratios to assess the activity of the respective atomic ratios may
be carried out without the heat treatment or the washing process,
but it is not limited thereto. Also, the Pt--Ni catalyst with the
respective atomic ratios may be prepared in a liquid state or a
powder state, but it is not limited thereto.
(Example of Assessment)
An experiment on the direct synthesis reaction of the hydrogen
peroxide to confirm the catalyst characteristics of the Pt--Ni
catalyst was conducted per each of the atomic ratios.
More specifically, in the experiment, the hydrogen peroxide was
synthesized by using 0.0015 mmol nanoparticles of the Pt--Ni
catalyst, 2 mL solution containing deionize water-ethanol (20%),
0.02M phosphoric acid (H.sub.3PO.sub.4), and 0.9 mM NaBr. Herein,
gas flow in the synthesis process was 70 mL/min(4% H.sub.2 in Ar 50
mL/min, O.sub.2 20 mL/min; H.sub.2:O.sub.2=10:1).
Herein, the direct synthesis reaction of the hydrogen peroxide was
conducted for 30 and 60 minutes, by using the Pt--Ni catalyst with
the respective atomic ratios. Strips which change their colors
depending on the amounts of the hydrogen peroxide were used for
measuring the amounts of the hydrogen peroxide per each of the
atomic ratios. The respective results of the amounts of the
synthesized hydrogen peroxide are illustrated in FIG. 3.
The activities of Pt.sub.1Ni.sub.99, Pt.sub.3Ni.sub.97,
Pt.sub.6Ni.sub.94, Pt.sub.33Ni.sub.67, Pt.sub.45Ni.sub.55,
Pt.sub.64Ni.sub.36, and Pt.sub.83Ni.sub.17 were measured as the
example embodiments, and the activities of Ni.sub.100, Pt.sub.100,
and Pd.sub.100 were measured as the comparative examples.
Compared to results that the amounts of the synthesized hydrogen
peroxide with the Ni100 catalyst were respectively 0.5.about.2 ppm
after 30 and 60 minutes of reaction time, the activities per each
of the atomic ratios of the Pt--Ni catalyst
(Pt.sub.xNi.sub.(100-X)) in accordance with the example embodiments
of the present disclosure surpassed the activities of the
Ni.sub.100 when the X satisfied values same as or larger than 1.
Further, the activities of the Pt--Ni catalyst
(Pt.sub.xNi.sub.(100-X)) surpassed the activities of the Pt100 even
when the X satisfied 83. That is, it was confirmed that the Pt--Ni
catalyst (Pt.sub.xNi.sub.(100-X)) exhibits high activities when the
X satisfies no less than 1 and no more than 83.
Also, the amounts of the synthesized hydrogen peroxide with the
Pd.sub.100 were 25 ppm after 30 minutes of the reaction time and
same as or larger than 25 ppm after 60 minutes of the reaction
time. Further, the amounts of the synthesized hydrogen peroxide
with the Pt.sub.100 were 5-10 ppm after 30 minutes of the reaction
time and 10 ppm after 60 minutes of the reaction time. Compared to
these results, it was confirmed that the Pt--Ni catalyst
(Pt.sub.xNi.sub.(100-X)) exhibits high activity as 40%.about.100%
of a degree of activity of the Pd100, when the X satisfies no less
than 6 and no more than 83.
Particularly, it was confirmed that the Pt--Ni catalyst
(Pt.sub.xNi.sub.(100-X)) exhibits distinctly high activity as
almost 100% of a degree of the activity of the Pd.sub.100 when the
X satisfies 6. That is, it was confirmed that the
Pt.sub.6Ni.sub.94, which has large amount of the Ni, exhibits the
highest activity among the example embodiments. This result
indicates that the Pt--Ni catalyst may provide a wide selection
range of the hydrogen peroxide in that the Ni has a lower price
than the Pt.
Further, the Pt--Ni catalyst (Pt.sub.xNi.sub.(100-X)) is a
low-priced and high-active catalyst when the X satisfies no less
than 3 and no more than 64 in that the Ni also has a lower price
than the Pd, and that the Pt--Ni catalyst exhibits higher
activities than the Pt100 and similar activities with the
Pd.sub.100.
Through the results explained above, it was confirmed that the
Pt--Ni catalyst in accordance with the present disclosure catalyzes
the direct synthesis reaction of the hydrogen peroxide. Further, it
was also confirmed that the Pt--Ni catalyst in accordance with the
present disclosure has a competitive price and the high activity,
which enables replacement of the conventional Pd catalyst.
Meanwhile, a Pt--Ni catalyst composition is provided as another
example embodiment of the present disclosure. The explanation on
the catalyst characteristics of the Pt--Ni catalyst and the
activities per each of the atomic ratios thereof will be omitted
not to make a repetition.
Herein, the Pt--Ni catalyst composition including the Pt--Ni alloy
may be carried in a certain catalyst support. Also, the Pt--Ni
catalyst composition may further include a certain substance for
catalyzing the direct synthesis reaction of the hydrogen
peroxide.
Also, a method for synthesizing the hydrogen peroxide by using the
Pt--Ni catalyst or the Pt--Ni catalyst composition may be provided
as still another example embodiment.
The method for synthesizing the hydrogen peroxide of the present
disclosure using the Pt--Ni catalyst may replace a conventional
method using the Pd catalyst owing to its competitive price. Also,
it is expected to meet the demand of the global market of the
hydrogen peroxide by replacing the conventional inefficient
synthesizing process of the hydrogen peroxide with an eco-friendly
process thereof.
Next, detailed explanation on analysis on HAADF (High-angle Annular
Dark Field)-STEM (Scanning Transmission Electron Microscope) images
of the Pt--Ni alloy generated while varying a ratio of the Pt and
the Ni in accordance with one example embodiments will be made
below by referring to FIG. 4.
FIG. 4 includes the HAADF-STEM images of the Pt--Ni alloy in
accordance with example embodiments of the present disclosure. By
analyzing the images for each of the atomic ratios of the Pt--Ni
alloy, FIG. 4 exhibits the catalyst characteristics of the Pt--Ni
catalyst.
In FIG. 4, the HAADF-STEM images shown in White may be illustrated
as original images for each of the atomic ratios of the Pt--Ni
alloy. Herein, the HAADF-STEM images were obtained by Talos F200X
manufactured by FEI Company at an accelerating voltage of 200
kV.
Further, mapping images, shown in Yellow, Green, and Red, generated
from the HAADF-STEM images by using EDS (Energy Dispersive
Spectrometer), may be illustrated. Specifically, the mapping images
may include images of the Pt--Ni alloy in Yellow, those of the Ni
in Green and those of the Pt in Red. Herein, the mapping images
were obtained by Super-X EDS SYSTEM manufactured by Bruker
Corporation at a measurement range of 0.about.40 kV.
By referring to the mapping images of the Pt--Ni alloy in Yellow,
it is observed that the mapping images of the Ni in Green and those
of the Pt in Red exhibit uniform distribution of the Ni and the Pt.
That is, the Pt atoms and the Ni atoms are uniformly distributed in
one or more particles of the Pt--Ni alloy, even if the atomic ratio
of the Pt--Ni alloy changes from the Pt.sub.1Ni.sub.99 to the
Pt.sub.83Ni.sub.17.
In accordance with the present disclosure, there is an effect of
replacing the high-priced palladium (Pd) catalyst with a new
catalyst.
In accordance with the present disclosure, there is another effect
of providing a high-active catalyst which catalyzes the direct
synthesis reaction of hydrogen peroxide.
As seen above, the present disclosure has been specifically
described by such matters as detailed components, limited
embodiments, and drawings. While the disclosure has been shown and
described with respect to the preferred embodiments, it, however,
may be appreciated by those skilled in the art that various changes
and modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and
the scope of the present disclosure as defined in the following
claims.
Accordingly, the thought of the present disclosure must not be
confined to the explained preferred or example embodiments, and the
following patent claims as well as everything including variations
equal or equivalent to the patent claims pertain to the category of
the thought of the present disclosure.
* * * * *