U.S. patent number 3,760,905 [Application Number 05/111,519] was granted by the patent office on 1973-09-25 for human body power converter.
Invention is credited to Gordon E. Dower.
United States Patent |
3,760,905 |
Dower |
September 25, 1973 |
HUMAN BODY POWER CONVERTER
Abstract
Apparatus by means of which the muscles of the human body are
used to develop energy. This may be done in order to exercise the
muscles, or to use the muscles to develop useful power. The
apparatus may be an exercizer only, a device for causing a patient
to perform certain exercises for patient assessment, a vehicle, or
a unit for developing power for some useful purpose.
Inventors: |
Dower; Gordon E. (Vancouver,
British Columbia, CA) |
Family
ID: |
22338992 |
Appl.
No.: |
05/111,519 |
Filed: |
February 1, 1971 |
Current U.S.
Class: |
185/2; 185/10;
185/40H; 280/233 |
Current CPC
Class: |
F03G
5/00 (20130101) |
Current International
Class: |
F03G
5/00 (20060101); F03g 005/00 () |
Field of
Search: |
;185/2,10,14,37,39,4H,44 |
References Cited
[Referenced By]
U.S. Patent Documents
Primary Examiner: Geoghegan; Edgar W.
Claims
I claim
1. A human body power converter comprising a rotatably mounted
output shaft, a ratchet, manual or pedal operating means for the
ratchet, resilient energy-storing means operatively interconnecting
the shaft and ratchet, energy being applied to said energy-storing
means when the ratchet is operated, and means for applying load to
the shaft, whereby operation of the ratchet causes the shaft to
rotate when the energy in the storing means exceeds the resistance
of the load connected to the shaft, said energy storing means
comprising a support mounted near the shaft for relative movement
longitudinally therebetween, thread means on the shaft, and rider
means mounted on the support and riding in said thread means, said
energy-storing means being adapted to cause relative movement
between the shaft and the support thereby to rotate the shaft.
2. A human body power converter as claimed in claim 1 including
means connected to said shaft for measuring and indicating the
output torque of the shaft.
3. A human body power converter comprising a rotatably mounted
output shaft, a ratchet, manual or pedal operating means for the
ratchet, resilient energy-storing means operatively interconnecting
the shaft and ratchet, energy being applied to said energy-storing
means when the ratchet is operated, and means for applying load to
the shaft, whereby operation of the ratchet causes the shaft to
rotate when the energy in the storing means exceeds the resistance
of the load connected to the shaft, said energy-storing means
comprising a support mounted near said shaft for movement
longitudinally thereof, thread means on the shaft, and rider means
mounted on the support and riding in said thread means, said
energy-storing means being adapted to move the support relative to
the shaft thereby to rotate said shaft.
4. A human body power converter comprising a common shaft, a
plurality of motors connected to the shaft to rotate said shaft in
the same direction, a rotatably mounted ratchet in each motor,
resilient energy-storing means operatively interconnecting each
ratchet and the common shaft, energy being applied to each
energy-storing means when the ratchet thereof is operated, pedal
operating means to be worked by the legs of a person operating the
power converter and operatively connected to the ratchet of each of
two of said motors, and manual operating means to be worked by the
arms of said person and operatively connected to the ratchet of
each of two others of said motors, operation of said motor ratchets
causing power to be applied to the shaft through each of said
motors when the energy in the storing means of said each motor
exceeds the resistance to the turning of the shaft, whereby said
person can selectively apply the same or differing amounts of
energy to the shaft by means of his legs and his arms.
5. A human body power converter as claimed in claim 4 including a
supporting frame for holding said person in reclined position, said
pedal operating means being mounted on the frame for reciprocation
longitudinally thereof, and said manual operating means comprising
lever means swingably mounted on the frame.
6. A human body power converter comprising a supporting frame for
holding a person in reclined position, an output shaft mounted on
the frame and extending transversely thereof, a plurality of motors
individually connected to the shaft to rotate said shaft in the
same direction; each of said motors comprising a ratchet, manual or
pedal operating means for the ratchet, resilient energy-storing
means operatively interconnecting the shaft and ratchet, energy
being applied to said energy-storing means when the ratchet is
operated; and means for applying load to the shaft, whereby
operation of the ratchet causes the shaft to rotate when the energy
in the storing means exceeds the resistance of the load connected
to the shaft, the ratchet operating means for at least one of said
motors comprising pedal means mounted for sliding movement along
the frame longitudinally thereof, and the operating means of two
others of said motors comprising a common hand lever swingably
mounted on the shaft between said two motors, the ratchets of said
two motors operating in the same direction but alternately as the
lever is swung back and forth.
7. A human body power converter comprising a rotatably mounted
output shaft, a ratchet, manual or pedal operating means for the
ratchet, resilient energy-storing means operatively interconnecting
the shaft and ratchet, energy being applied to said energy-storing
means when the ratchet is operated, and means for applying load to
the shaft, whereby operation of the ratchet causes the shaft to
rotate when the energy in the storing means exceeds the resistance
of the load connected to the shaft, said energy-storing means
comprising a first sprocket rotatable by said ratchet, a second
sprocket mounted on said output shaft, a third sprocket mounted for
movement towards and away from the first sprocket, a chain trained
around said sprockets, and resilient energy-storing means connected
to said third sprocket biasing the third sprocket away from the
first sprocket.
8. A human body power converter as claimed in claim 4 in which each
of said manual operating means is operatively connected to the
ratchets of each of two others of said motors, the ratchets and
energy storing means of said two others of the motors being
arranged so that when the two ratchets are rotated in opposite
directions energy is applied to rotate the common shaft in said
same direction.
9. A human body power converter as claimed in claim 3 in which said
support surrounds the shaft, and said rider means comprises a
plurality of rollers carried by the support and riding in said
thread means.
10. A human body power converter as claimed in claim 1 in which
said energy-storing means comprises spring means connected to the
ratchet and to said support so as to store energy when the ratchet
is operated to cause relative movement between the support and the
shaft to apply torque thereto through said rider means and thread
means.
11. A human body power converter as claimed in claim 3 in which
said energy-storing means comprises spring means connected to the
ratchet and to said support so as to store energy when the ratchet
is operated to move the support along the shaft to apply torque
thereto through said rider means and thread means.
12. A human body power converter as claimed in claim 11 in which
said support surrounds the shaft and said spring means comprises a
plurality of springs connected at opposite ends to the ratchet and
support.
13. A human body power converter as claimed in claim 12 in which
said rider means comprises a plurality of rollers carried by the
support and riding in said thread means.
14. A human body power converter as claimed in claim 1 in which
said ratchet comprises a drum rotatably mounted on said shaft, said
operating means being adapted to oscillate the drum on the shaft, a
ratchet disc rotatably mounted on the shaft, and pawl means
associated with the drum and disc to cause said disc to rotate with
the drum when the latter is rotated in one direction, and means
connecting the disc to said support to cause the support to rotate
with the disc around the shaft; and said energy-storing means
comprises spring means connected to said disc and said support,
said spring means being tensioned when the support is rotated
around the shaft by said disc.
15. A human body power converter as claimed in claim 14 in which
said support surrounds the shaft, and said rider means comprises a
plurality of rollers carried by the support and riding in said
thread means.
16. A human body power converter as claimed in claim 15 in which
said spring means comprises a plurality of springs.
17. A human body power converter as claimed in claim 14 including
means connected to said shaft for measuring and indicating the
output torque of the shaft.
18. A human body power converter as claimed in claim 4 in which
each ratchet comprises a drum rotatably mounted on said shaft, said
pedal or manual operating means being adapted to oscillate the drum
on the shaft, a ratchet disc rotatably on the shaft, and pawl means
associated with the ratchet disc to cause the shaft to rotate in
one direction during oscillating action of the drum.
19. A human body power converter as claimed in claim 18 in which
said energy-storing means comprises a coil spring surrounding said
shaft and having one end connected to said ratchet disc and an
opposite end connected to the shaft.
20. A human body power converter comprising a ratchet shaft mounted
for longitudinal and rotational movement and having spiral grooves
extending longitudinally thereof, a first ratchet disc rotatably
mounted on said shaft and having inner teeth riding in said
grooves, manual or pedal operating means rotatable on the shaft
adjacent said disc, pawl means on said operating means and engaging
the disc when said operating means is rotated in one direction,
additional pawl means engaging the disc to prevent rotation of said
disc in the opposite direction, said ratchet shaft being rotated
and moved longitudinally in one direction when the first disc is
rotated, spring means connected to the ratchet shaft so as to store
energy when the shaft is moved in said one direction, a second
ratchet disc rotatably mounted on said shaft and having inner teeth
riding in said grooves and being rotated when the ratchet shaft is
moved in the opposite direction by said spring means, an output
shaft, and driving means interconnecting said second ratchet disc
and said output shaft.
21. A human body power converter as claimed in claim 20 in which
said spring means comprises a coil spring on the ratchet shaft and
connected at one end to the said ratchet shaft, the opposite end of
said spring engaging stop means.
22. A human body power converter as claimed in claim 7 in which the
third sprocket is located in the chain on one side of the second
sprocket between the latter and the first sprocket, and including a
forth sprocket entrained by the chain on the opposite side of said
second sprocket between the first and second sprockets, and
resilient means connected to the forth sprocket so as to cause said
forth sprocket to take up slack in the chain.
Description
This invention relates to a power converter for the human body. The
apparatus may be an exercizer for the muscles of the human body, it
may be used in making certain assessments of patients, or it may be
in the form of a conveyance, for example a vehicle or boat,
propelled by a person carried thereby.
Muscles convert chemical energy into work and heat, and in doing so
they increase the oxygen consumption of the body. The oxygen
exchange rate is limited by the cardiorespiratory system but large
masses of muscle must be operated if this limit is to be reached. A
common exerciser, the bicycle ergometer, is somewhat unsatisfactory
as a power take-off because the action of pedalling is unnatural
and the muscles employed become fatigued before the
cardiorespiratory exchange system is fully taxed. This is
particularly true if the subject is unused ty cycling. The
treadmill undoubtedly involves natural muscle movements and
coordinations but it is difficult to separate the supportive and
work-performing aspects of muscular activity. Besides, treadmills
have not so far been developed to measure work output directly.
Rowing machines are a further improvement and use the largest
groups of muscles. However, they do not measure work output. In
addition, the energy developed in the prior exercisers is not
utilized in any way.
In attempting to maximize the work output that can be obtained from
the body it will be useful to recognize the following premises:
1. Muscles use oxygen when they contract.
2. Muscles do physical work only when they actively shorten.
3. A subject standing still is using his muscles for support but is
doing no work. Neither is a subject who is running with a tail wind
that exactly matches his velocity.
4. In the sense employed in this presentation, a muscle is said to
perform work when work is done in a strict physical sense, i.e.,
the product of contractile force and distance shortened. If the
contractile force is not constant over the range of the
contraction, the work done is represented by the line integral of
that force over the distance shortened.
5. The heat generated by the muscles will not be treated as work
done, even though some of it could conceivably be converted into
work by a suitable heat engine.
6. Muscles can build up an oxygen debt by anaerobic metabolism.
However, muscles working under steady state conditions will mainly
be considered, in which oxygen balance remains constant. Muscles
not employed under steady state conditions rapidly become
fatigued.
The foregoing may be summarized by saying that the subject is
considered as, say, a potential generator of electricity. Assuming
the generator to be 100 percent efficient, the only work considered
is that which is converted into electrical energy.
It follows that supporting activities, since they consume oxygen
and chemical energy but result in no physical work, must be
minimized. Breaking or damping actions of muscles, which likewise
result in the generation of heat only, are not useful in a
chemo-electrical transducer system based on muscular activity.
The requirements for the exerciser are that a maximum amount of
electricity could be generated over, say, half an hour period, or
possibly much longer. The body muscles must not be used for
support; large muscle groups should be used and the work load on
the various groups should be flexibly variable so as to avoid
muscle fatigue.
The following large muscle groups lend themselves to the
performance of physical work:
a. The lower limb extensors which include the buttock, anterior
thigh, and calf muscles.
b. The upper limb flexors and shoulder retractors which include the
posterior shoulder girdle muscles, the biceps, brachialis and long
flexors of the fingers.
c. The upper limb extensors and shoulder protractors which include
the anterior shoulder girdle muscles, the deltoid, and triceps.
d. The extensors of the spine, not including those of the neck.
Groups (a), (b), and (d) are used in rowing, group (a) in running
upstairs, group (c) in doing push-ups.
It is recognized that between individuals these groups will show
great variation in relative capacity for work and fatiguability.
The power take-off device to be described makes it possible for the
subject to bring any or all these groups into action to any extent
and to vary continuously their rate of doing work.
When this apparatus is used as an exerciser, it consists of a
supporting chair or frame which completely supports the subject at
all times. The movements that he executes are:
1. flexion of the lower limbs, including the hips
2. extension of the above
3. flexion of the trunk
4. extension of the trunk
5. retraction and flexion of the shoulder and upper limbs
6. protraction and extension of the shoulder and upper limbs
Actions 1 and 3 are unrestricted and no physical work is performed
when they are executed. They may be assisted by energy stored in a
spring during 2 and 4. The reason these are not used in the power
take-off is that the muscle groups employed are relatively small
and easily fatigued.
Actions can occur quite independently. Thus the legs, arms and
trunk may be used together -- as in rowing or the legs may be used
alone or together, alternately or individually; the same applies to
the arms.
The speed, forcefulness and repetition rate may also be varied. If
an arm, for example, is tired but can be operated at a gentler pace
its contribution to the total power output is still fully utilized
even though other muscle groups may be working much harder.
A basic power converter in accordance with the present invention
comprises a rotatably mounted output shaft, a ratchet, manual or
pedal operating means for the ratchet, and resilient energy-storing
means operatively interconnecting the shaft and ratchet. Energy is
applied to the storing means when the ratchet is being operated.
The unit includes means for applying load to the shaft. The load is
varied in accordance with what is required of the apparatus. The
ratchet and the energy-storing means form a motor for rotating the
shaft when the manual or pedal means for the ratchet is being
operated.
In actual practice, the converter preferably comprises a plurality
of these motors connected to a common shaft to rotate it in the
same direction. With this arrangement, there preferably is a motor
for each leg, and two motors for each arm, one motor for each arm
being operated when a lever is swung in one direction, and the
other motor of said arm being operated when the lever is swung in
the opposite direction. When the power converter is to be used as
an exerciser or as a vehicle, it comprises an output shaft, means
for applying load to the shaft, a plurality of motors each
connected to the shaft through a ratchet and energy-storing means
to rotate the shaft in the same direction, pedal means operatively
connected to the ratchet of at least one of the motors, and manual
means for operating at least one of the other of the motors. If the
unit is an exerciser, the load may be any adjustable means for
resisting the rotation of the shaft, and when it is used as a
vehicle, the load is the vehicle itself mounted on wheels.
Examples of apparatus in accordance with this invention are
illustrated, by way of example, in the accompanying drawings, in
which
FIGS. 1 and 2 are diagrams illustrating how the energies of the leg
and arm muscles are accumulated in this apparatus,
FIG. 3 is a side elevation of a power converter in the form of a
vehicle,
FIG. 4 is a plan view of the vehicle of FIG. 4,
FIG. 5 is an enlarged fragmentary horizontal section taken on the
line 5--5 of FIG. 3,
FIG. 6 illustrates one form of motor used in the power
converter,
FIG. 7 is an alternative form of motor for use in this
apparatus,
FIG. 8 is still another alternative form of motor,
FIG. 9 diagrammatically illustrates a load-measuring arrangement
that can be used with power converters, and
FIG. 10 illustrates yet another alternative form of motor for this
power converter,
FIG. 11 is a plan view of the motor of FIG. 10, and
FIG. 12 is an enlarged isometric view of part of the motor of FIG.
10.
The body power converter is described herein as an exerciser and/or
vehicle. The vehicle functions as an exerciser, but the prime
purpose may be to take advantage of the power or energy a person
can develop without undue fatigue. Both legs and both arms of the
person are used in this apparatus.
FIGS. 1 and 2 diagramatically illustrate the way the energy
developed by the operator is gathered, and how that energy is
applied to a working element. In FIG. 1, 10 and 11 represent motors
which are energized by the operator through use of his right arm in
a reciprocating manner, while 12 and 13 are motors energized by the
use of the operator's left arm. Similarly, 15 and 16 represent
motors energized by the operator's left and right legs, these being
utilized in one direction only, that is in an outwardly moving
direction only. The operator can sit upright, but preferably is in
a reclining position. In FIG. 2, the motors 10, 11, 12, 13, 15 and
16 are individually coupled to a common shaft 18 so as to drive the
latter in the same direction. The torques of each of the motors are
proportional to the energy stored and add to give a final torque
proportional to the total energy stored. It is not necessary that
the torques of the motors be equal for this addition to occur. A
load is applied to the shaft 18 to provide the exercise or motion,
or for any other desired purpose.
Referring to FIGS. 3 to 8, 25 is a vehicle which is adapted to be
propelled by an operator 26. This vehicle comprises a frame 30
preferably made of tubular material, and which carries a flexible
support 31 made of canvas or other suitable material. This support
is generally inclined, and there is a seat 33 at its lower end, and
a head rest 34 at its upper end. The operator reclines on support
31.
Vehicle 25 can have any desired wheel arrangement. In this example,
there are a pair of front wheels 37 and a single rear wheel or
driving wheel 38. The front wheels are spaced apart, and frame 30
includes a substantially U-shaped front section 40 having
substantially parallel side members 42 and 43 inside the front
wheels. A pair of pedals 45 and 46 are mounted for fore and aft
movement on side members 42 and 43. Vehicle 25 can be steered in
any desired manner. For example, the front wheels can be mounted so
that when the operator shifts his weight to one side or the other
of the vehicle, the latter steers towards that side, somewhat the
same as some roller skates.
An output shaft 49 is carried by frame 30 centrally thereof and
extends transversely of the frame, this shaft being located so that
it is positioned generally below the middle of the person on
support 31.
FIG. 4 shows motors 10, 11, 15, 16, 12 and 13 mounted side by side
on shaft 49, said shaft extending centrally through these motors. A
hand lever 52 is swingably mounted on the shaft between motors 10
and 11 and is adapted to supply energy to these motors. Another
hand lever 53 is swingably mounted on the shaft 49 between motors
12 and 13 and is adapted to supply energy thereto. Motors 15 and 16
are energized by cables 56 and 57, respectively, which extend
forwardly and are secured to pedals 46 and 45. A suitable driving
connection is provided between shaft 49 and wheel 38. In this
example, a sprocket 60 is fixedly mounted on shaft 49 between
motors 15 and 16, and a chain 61 extends around this sprocket and
another sprocket 62 mounted on a shaft 63 carried by frame 30
between shaft 49 and wheel 38. Another large sprocket 65 is fixedly
mounted on shaft 63 and is in driving connection by a chain 66 to
another sprocket 67 which is operatively connected to wheel 38.
Thus, when shaft 49 is rotated, wheel 38 also is rotated. In this
way, vehicle 25 and the weight of the operator 26 provide a load
for the common output shaft 49.
FIG. 6 illustrates one of the energy motors of shaft 49, for
example, motor 15. This is a very simple motor, and it consists of
a ratchet 72 swingably mounted on shaft 49, a coil spring 73
surrounding the shaft and connected at one end to the ratchet and
its opposite end to the shaft in any suitable manner. In this
example, the end 74 of the spring is fixedly connected to a disc 75
which is mounted on and keyed to shaft 49. Ratchet 72 is made up of
a drum 77 rotatably mounted on shaft 49, and a ratchet disc 78
rotatably mounted on the shaft beside the drum. A pawl 79 is
mounted on the side of the drum and engages the teeth of disc 78 so
as to rotate the latter in one direction with the drum, while
permitting the drum to move in the opposite direction without
moving the disc. Another pawl 81 mounted on a rod 82 which is
common to all of the motors and is carried by frame 30, is
positioned to engage the teeth of disc 78 so as to prevent it from
rotating opposite to the direction indicated by arrow 83. End 85 of
spring 73 is fixedly secured to disc 78.
Cable 56 is wound around ratchet drum 77 and may have its end
secured thereto, but as it is desirably to bias the drum opposite
to the pull of cable 56, the latter may be wound around the drum
one or two times, and its end 88 connected to a spring 89, the
opposite end of which is secured to frame 30. With this
arrangement, when pedal 46 is moved outwardly along frame 30 by the
operator, cable 56 causes drum 77 to turn disc 78 so as to increase
the tension of spring 73. This, in face, applies energy to the
spring, if shaft 49 is stationary or moving relatively slowly, the
energy of some of it is stored in the spring.
All of the motors on shaft 49 are essentially the same, although
the springs may be of different strengths. Motors 15 and 16 are
operated by cables 56 and 57 when the operator moves pedals 46 and
45, respectively, outwardly or forwardly relative to the vehicle.
Motors 10 and 11 are respectively operated indirectly and directly
by hand lever 52, and the portion 91 of this lever rotatably
mounted on shaft 49 is the equivalent of drum 77 for motor 11. When
lever 52 is swung forwardly, its ratchet 79 turns ratchet disc 78
in the same direction, while the adjacent pawl 81 prevents said
disc from rotating in the opposite direction. As drum 77 of motor
10 is rotated when lever 52 is swung rearwardly, it is necessary to
reverse the direction of power movement of cable 56a. This is done
by training cable 56a under and over an idler pulley 92 carried by
frame 30 ahead of shaft 49. This cable extends back to lever 52,
see FIG. 5, to lever 52, to which it is connected. The opposite end
of cable 56a is connected to a spring 89a anchored to the frame.
When lever 52 is swung rearwardly, pawl 79 of drum 77 of motor 10
rotates shaft 49 in the same direction as the other motors.
Lever 53 as it is swung forwardly and rearwardly directly rotates
motor 12 and indirectly rotates motor 13 to cause shaft 49 to turn
in the required direction. This lever rotates motor 13 through a
cable 56b which is trained around an idler outlay 93.
Operator 26 causes vehicle 25 to move forwardly by reciprocating
one or both of the pedals 45 and 46, and/or by oscillating one or
both of the levers 52 and 53. It is obvious that usually both
pedals and both levers will be used. The operator supplies energy
to motors 15 and 16 by moving pedals 46 and 45 outwardly. The
energy is stored in the springs 73 of these motors and is applied
by these springs to shaft 49. The oscillatory action of levers 52
and 53 applies energy to the springs of motors 10, 11, 12 and 13
which is stored in these springs and then applied to the shaft.
Either leg or arm can be used alone, or any combination of these
can be used. The energy developed by the operator's muscles is not
applied directly to shaft 49 but is stored in the energy springs of
the motors. The torque applied to the shaft by each motor is
proportional to the energy stored in the spring of that motor.
The fact that each muscle group charges its own energy the legs and
arms may work in unison as in rowing, one arm and one leg may
alternate with the other arm and leg, the legs or arms may act
alone or at different rates, or a single limb may be used. The
stroke length can be varied continuously since the pedals and
levers do not need to reach the ends of their ranges before
returning. The output shaft is geared to the load, that is, the
drive wheel of the vehicle, and the net energy stored in the motor
springs preferably will be approximately half the total capacity of
the operator when he is working at a rate which is comfortable for
him. The gear ratio of the output to the vehicle wheels is adjusted
so that the operator exerts a comfortable amount of force against
the pedals and levers when he works them at a comfortable speed.
This "comfortableness" represents approximately optimum conditions
for extracting physical work from the muscles. If the resistance
felt is insufficient, the tendency will be to move the arms and
legs too rapidly. Above a certain optimum speed, muscle viscosity
effects begin to reduce efficiency. On the other hand, if the
resistance is too great, the subject will find himself straining
against stiff pedals and levers and the function of the muscles
will tend towards a supportive role. If the resistance is so great
that he cannot move them, his muscles will convert all chemical
energy consumed into heat. By suitably choosing or adjusting the
springs of the motors, the exerciser is made to feel compatible
with the subject's muscular development and capacity for sustained
work.
During operation of the machine, if, for example, the operator's
right arm flexors and retractors fatigue, he will pull back on the
right lever with less vigor. This will produce an imbalance between
energy input and energy release from the corresponding motor
spring. As a result, there will be a diminution of output torque
from this motor since the torque is proportional to the quantity of
energy stored. This will in turn reduce the spring tension in the
motor and hence the resistance of the lever to flexion and
retraction of the right arm. In other words, as the operator works
less hard against this movement, the resistance will fall until he
can maintain the rate at a lower work level. However, as long as he
maintains the vigor of extension and retraction of the right arm,
there will be no reduction in the energy stored in the spring motor
that serves this action. As a result he will be able to push just
as strongly as ever, only pulling will be eased, and the amount of
easing will be continuously variable and self-adjusting to the
operator's need. He will hardly be aware of this, since the muscles
are working against springs, and the feel of the exerciser is one
of resilience, elasticity and flexibility.
Although the described apparatus includes six motors, one for each
leg and two for each arm, it is to be understood that there may be
fewer motors, for example, one motor for both legs, and one motor
for each arm or one motor for both arms. In order to do this it
would only be necessary to provide suitable ratchet arrangements
for the motors.
FIG. 7 illustrates an alternative form of energy motor 15a. In this
example, the portion of shaft 49 within the motor is provided with
threads 105. For minimal friction the angle of the screw threads is
inclined at about 45.degree. to the axis of the shaft. A support
107 is mounted near and for longitudinal movement relative to shaft
49. In this example, the support is in the form of a collar 109
which extends around but is clear of the shaft, and this collar
carries rider means which ride in threads 105. This rider means is
preferably in the form of a plurality of rollers 111 mounted on
shafts 112 projecting inwardly from collar 109 towards the center
of shaft 49. These rollers are mounted so that they extend into
spiral paths 113 between the threads and bear against the sides of
the threads. Shafts 112 radiate outwardly from collar 109, and
there is a spring 115 for each of these shafts, said spring having
one end connected to the shaft thereof and its opposite end
connected to the adjacent ratchet disc 78. As shown, there are
preferably two of the rollers 111, shafts 112 and springs 115,
these sets being diametrically opposite each other, as clearly
shown in FIG. 7. Guide bars 118 and 119 extend between disc 120,
which is rotatably mounted on shaft 49, and ratchet disc 78, said
bars being connected to these discs.
When ratchet disc 78 is rotated in the direction of arrow 122, seen
in FIG. 7, by drum 77, disc 120 is rotated by bars 118 and 119, and
this causes the support collar 109 to rotate around shaft 49. As
rollers 111 are in engagement with threads 105, this causes support
107 to move outwardly away from ratchet 72, extending springs 115
and thereby storing energy in the latter. When the energy of these
springs tends to shorten them, the inward movement of support 107
causes rollers 111 to engage shaft threads 105 to cause shaft 49 to
rotate.
The spring motors of vehicle 25 can be motors similar to motor 15a,
the only difference being that some of the motors are operated by
levers 52 and 53, and others by cables 56 and 57.
FIG. 8 illustrates another alternative energy or spring motor 130
that may be substituted for the motors shown in vehicle 25. Motor
130 has been illustrated as being operated or energized by hand
lever 52, but a cable and drum arrangement can be substituted for
this lever. Motor 130 is shown in association with a common output
shaft 132. Motor 130 has a ratchet shaft 135 mounted for rotational
and longitudinal movement in supporting collars 136. This shaft has
threads 138 therein, and a pair of ratchet discs 139 and 140 are
rotatably mounted side by side on said ratchet shaft and have
internal teeth (not shown) riding in the grooves 138 of said shaft.
Hand lever 52 is rotatably mounted on shaft 138 beside disc 139,
and carries a pawl 142 which is adapted to engage ratchet disc 139
to rotate the latter in the direction of arrow 143 when lever 52 is
moved in that direction. Another pawl 145 is swingably mounted
adjacent disc 139 and engages the latter to prevent it from
rotating in the direction opposite to that shown by arrow 143. A
gear 148 is rotatably mounted on shaft 138 and is fixedly secured
to disc 140 to rotate therewith, said gear meshing with a larger
gear 149 keyed to output shaft 132. Load is applied to shaft 132
through a sprocket 151 fixedly secured to the shaft. If this motor
is used in vehicle 10, sprocket 151 is drivingly connected to
sprocket 62 by a chain 152.
The energy for motor 130 is stored in a spring 155 which surrounds
shaft 135 and is fixed at its outer end 153 to said shaft, the
opposite end of the spring bearing against a support or stop means
157 through which the ratchet shaft extends.
When lever 52 is swung in the direction of arrow 143, pawl 142
engages disc 139 and causes it to move in the same direction. As
the internal teeth of this disc ride in grooves 138 of the shaft,
the latter is rotated, and it moves longitudinally inwardly in the
direction of arrow 159. This compresses spring 155. As the
reciprocation of arm 52 continues, energy is continuously stored in
spring 155 until it is sufficient to overcome the load on shaft
132, at which time the spring reasserts itself or starts to extend,
thereby moving shaft 135 outwardly or, in the direction opposite to
arrow 159. As the internal teeth of disc 140 are riding in grooves
138 of the shaft, this disc and gear 148 start to turn and this
causes shaft 132 to turn through gear 149. In other words, the
energy applied by lever 52 is stored in spring 155, and this spring
applies the energy to rotating shaft 132 against the load thereon.
If the operator oscillates lever 52 in a gentle manner, after he
has built up sufficient energy in spring 155 to cause the output
shaft to rotate, he will just be putting in enough energy to keep
the shaft rotating. The compression of spring 155 would not be very
great at this time. On the other hand, if the operator vigorously
oscillates the lever arm, spring 155 will be highly compressed and
thereby will be applying a relatively great amount of energy to the
rotation of the output shaft.
The basic idea of this body power converter is the utilization of
one or more energy-storing motors for driving against a load, this
load being in accordance with the purpose of the apparatus. The
operator is preferably placed in the apparatus so that he is using
up a minimum of energy in keeping himself in place, and most of the
energy he is capable of developing is applied to the load. The
spring or energy motors used enable the operator to work at a
pleasant rate while maintaining maximum results for his
efforts.
If the apparatus is an exerciser, the output shaft thereof may be
coupled to a load-measuring device which indicates the
instantaneous power output in watts, horsepower, or other suitable
units. By taking the output from a strain gauge measuring twisting
of the output shaft (hence torque) and the output from a tachometer
(giving revolutions per minute), and feeding these to a multiplier
it would be possible to measure instantaneous power output without
adding to the load. Thus, a wattmeter could be incorporated in the
vehicle to tell the rider how hard is is working, regardless of the
wind speed or the slope of the road. For training purposes it would
be useful to integrate the input to the wattmeter so that the total
work done in any training session could be prescribed.
FIG. 9 diagrammatically illustrates, by way of example, a
load-measuring arrangement that can be used in this exerciser. An
output shaft 165 is driven by energy-storing motors (not shown) as
described above, and is connected to a suitable load through a
drive illustrated at 166. A strain gauge 169 includes commutator
rings 171 on the output shaft and commutator contacts 172. This
apparatus also includes a differential strain gauge amplifier 175,
an electromechanical tachometer 177, eg. a DC generator, rotated by
the output shaft, an electronic multiplier 178, and a meter
179.
The resistance of the strain gauge 169 is proportional to the
torque, t, of the output shaft 165 which is proportional to the
load. The output voltage, vt, of the differential strain gauge
amplifier 175 is proportional to the resistance of the strain gauge
and therefore the load. The output voltage, vr, is proportional to
the rate, i.e., revolutions per minute, of the output shaft. The
output voltage, vtr, of the electronic multiplier 175 is
proportional to the product of vr and vt and is displayed on the
meter 179, which is calibrated to read in watts of power
transferred by the output shaft.
An electrocardiograph with a small computer may be combined with
the exerciser so that the subject may be warned if potentially
dangerous irregularities of the heart beat, such a multiple
ventricular ectopic beats, are developing and would indicate a need
to slow down or stop.
While the energy-storing units of the various motors used in this
apparatus may consist of springs, as shown, it is to be understood
that any other suitable energy-storing means may be used, such as,
for example, elastics, pneumatic accumulators and the like.
FIG. 10 illustrates still another alternative energy-storing motor
185. This motor has a stub shaft 187 journalled in a suitable
support 188 projecting upwardly from a base 189. A lever 192 is
rotatably mounted on shaft 187, and has an arm 193 radiating from
the lower end thereof. This arm carries a pawl 194 which rides on a
ratchet wheel 195 rotatably mounted on shaft 187 and fixed to a
sprocket 197 on said shaft. Pawl 194 is arranged so that it will
turn ratchet wheel 195 in the direction of arrow 200, see FIG. 10,
and another pawl 201 carried by support 188 engages sprocket 197 so
as to prevent it from moving in the opposite direction to that
indicated by arrow 203. Lever 192 operates the ratchet to rotate
sprocket 197. A chain 206 extends around sprocket 197 and
successively around sprockets 207, 208 and 209. Sprocket 207 is
carried by a slide 212 mounted on a rail 213 which extends between
support 188 and another support 214 projecting upwardly from base
189. Sprocket 208 is fixedly mounted on an output shaft 216 which
is common to all motors of the power unit, if more than one motor
is used. Sprocket 209 is carried by a second slide 218 mounted on a
rail 219 extending between supports 188 and 214. First sprocket 197
is operated by the ratchet to rotate second sprocket 208 on output
shaft 216. Third sprocket 207 is located between sprockets 197 and
208 on one side of the latter, while fourth sprocket 209 is located
on the opposite side of said sprocket 208 and between it and
sprocket 197. It is preferred to include sprocket 209, but it can
be omitted, in which case the chain would just hang down from
sprockets 197 and 208.
An energy storing unit, such as a spring 222 extends between and is
connected at its opposite ends to slide 212 and support 214.
Another spring 223, which is considerably weaker than spring 222,
extends between and is connected at its opposite ends to slide 218
and support 214. As indicated, sprocket 207 is connected to the
energy-storing unit or spring 222, sprocket 208 is fixed on the
output shaft 216, and sprocket 209 acts as a chain tightener.
Motor 185 is operated or energized when handle or lever 192 is
oscillated about shaft 187. This turns ratchet wheel 195 and
sprocket 197 in the direction of arrows 200 and 203 and causes
chain 206 to move around sprockets 197, 207, 208 and 209. The
operation of handle 192 causes sprocket 207 to be drawn towards
sprocket 197, thereby extending spring 222 and storing energy in
the latter. As sprocket 207 moves towards sprocket 197, sprocket
209 is moved away therefrom by spring 223 to take up the resulting
slack portion of the chain. When the energy is stored in spring 222
is sufficient to overcome the resistance of all the operating
elements and of the load on shaft 216, sprocket 207 is drawn away
from sprocket 197, causing chain 206 to move and rotate sprocket
208 and the output shaft. The more spring 222 is extended, the
greater the energy stored, and the faster will shaft 216 be turned.
Thus, the person operating lever 192 is working against the
resilient load provided by energy-storing unit 222.
While lever 192 has been illustrated for operating ratchet 194,
195, it is obvious that a pulley similar to those shown in FIGS. 6
and 7 can be substituted for this lever so that motor 185 can be
operated by foot power as described above in connection with the
apparatus of FIG. 3.
* * * * *